EGR1 modulated LncRNA HNF1A-AS1 drives glioblastoma progression via miR-22-3p/ENO1 axis

Tumor Metabolism: A New Field for the Treatment of Glioma

The clinical treatment of glioma remains relatively immature. Commonly used clinical treatments for gliomas are surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but there is a problem of drug resistance. In addition, immunotherapy and targeted therapies also suffer from the problem of immune evasion. The advent of metabolic therapy holds immense potential for advancing more efficacious and tolerable therapies against this aggressive disease. Metabolic therapy alters the metabolic processes of tumor cells at the molecular level to inhibit tumor growth and spread, and lead to better outcomes for patients with glioma that are insensitive to conventional treatments. Moreover, compared with conventional therapy, it has less impact on normal cells, less toxicity and side effects, and higher safety. The objective of this review is to examine the changes in metabolic characteristics throughout the development of glioma, enumerate the current methodologies employed for studying tumor metabolism, and highlight the metabolic reprogramming pathways of glioma along with their potential molecular mechanisms. Importantly, it seeks to elucidate potential metabolic targets for glioblastoma (GBM) therapy and summarize effective combination treatment strategies based on various studies.

Unraveling the noncoding RNA landscape in glioblastoma: from pathogenesis to precision therapeutics

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive type IV brain tumor that originates from astrocytes and has a poor prognosis. Despite intensive research, survival rates have not significantly improved. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as critical regulators of carcinogenesis, progression, and increased treatment resistance in GBM cells. They influence angiogenesis, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and invasion in GBM cells. ncRNAs, such as long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are commonly dysregulated in GBM. miRNAs, such as miR-21, miR-133a, and miR-27a-3p, are oncogenes that increase cell proliferation, metastasis, and migration by targeting TGFBR1 and BTG2. In contrast, lncRNAs, such as HOXD-AS2 and LINC00511, are oncogenes that increase the migration, invasion, and proliferation of cells. CircRNAs, such as circ0001730, circENTPD7, and circFOXO3, are oncogenes responsible for cell growth, angiogenesis, and viability. Developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting ncRNAs, cell migration, and angiogenesis is a promising approach for GBM. By targeting these dysregulated ncRNAs, we can potentially restore a healthy balance in gene expression and influence disease progression. ncRNAs abound within GBM, demonstrating significant roles in governing the growth and behavior of these tumors. They may also be useful as biomarkers or targets for therapy. The use of morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) suppressing the oncogene expression of HOTAIR, BCYRN1, and cyrano, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) suppressing the expression of ncRNAs such as MALAT1 and miR-10b, locked nucleic acids (LNAs) suppressing miR-21, and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) suppressing the expression of miR-155 inhibited the PI3K pathway, tumor growth, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Targeting oncogenic ncRNAs with RNA-interfering strategies such as MOs, ASOs, LNAs, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, and PNA approaches may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for GBM. This review emphasizes the critical role of ncRNAs in GBM pathogenesis, as well as the potential for new therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways to improve the prognosis and quality of life for GBM patients.

Prognostic Analysis of a Hypoxia-Associated lncRNA Signature in Glioblastoma and its Pan-Cancer Landscape

BACKGROUND

 Hypoxia is an important clinical feature of glioblastoma (GBM), which regulates a variety of tumor processes and is inseparable from radiotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are strongly associated with survival outcomes in GBM patients and modulate hypoxia-induced tumor processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a hypoxia-associated lncRNAs (HALs) prognostic model to predict survival outcomes in GBM patients.

METHODS

 LncRNAs in GBM samples were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Hypoxia-related genes were downloaded from the Molecular Signature Database. Co-expression analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs and hypoxia-related genes in GBM samples was performed to determine HALs. Six optimal lncRNAs were selected for building HALs models by univariate Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

 The prediction model has a good predictive effect on the prognosis of GBM patients. Meanwhile, LINC00957 among the six lncRNAs was selected and subjected to pan-cancer landscape analysis.

CONCLUSION

 Taken together, our findings suggest that the HALs assessment model can be used to predict the prognosis of GBM patients. In addition, LINC00957 included in the model may be a useful target to study the mechanism of cancer development and design individualized treatment strategies.

MiR-22-3p suppresses NSCLC cell migration and EMT via targeting RAC1 expression

Previous studies have demonstrated the tumor-suppressive function of microRNA-22-3p (miR-22-3p) in several cancers, whereas the significance of miR-22-3p in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. In this study, we explored the biological function and molecular mechanism of miR-22-3p in NSCLC cells. First, we assessed the expression of miR-22-3p in NSCLC tissues and cells based on RT-qPCR and TCGA database. Compared with normal lung tissues and cells, miR-22-3p expression was dramatically decreased in lung cancer tissues and cells. miR-22-3p expression was also correlated with lymph node metastasis and tumor size, but not TNM stages. We further explored the in vitro function of miR-22-3p on the migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NSCLC cells. The results showed that overexpression of miR-22-3p suppressed the migration and EMT of NSCLC cells, whereas silencing miR-22-3p showed the opposite effect. Luciferase assay demonstrated that RAS-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) was the target gene for miR-22-3p. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that miR-22-3p suppressed the cell migration and EMT via downregulation of RAC1 because the inhibitory effect of miR-22-3p on cell migration and EMT of NSCLC cells was reversed by RAC1 overexpression. Based on these novel data, the miR-22-3p/RAC1 axis may be an alternative target in the therapeutic intervention of NSCLC.

The clinical significance and mechanism of microRNA-22-3p targeting TP53 in lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

At present, studies on MircoRNA-22-3p (miR-22-3p) in lung adenocarcinoma use a single method, lack multi-center validation and multi-method validation, and there is no big data concept to predict and validate target genes.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expression, potential targets and clinicopathological significance of miR-22-3p in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues.

METHODS

LUAD formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors and adjacent normal lung tissues were collected for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Collect miR-22-3p in LUAD and non-cancer lung tissue from high-throughput datasets, standardized mean difference (SMD) and area under the curve (AUC) of the comprehensive receiver operating curve (summary receiver operating characteristic cure, sROC curve) were calculated. Cell function experiments on A549 cells transfected with LV-hsa-miR-22-3p. Target genes were predicted by the miRwalk2.0 website and the resulting target genes were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analysis and constructed to protein-protein interaction network. Finally, the protein expression level of the key gene TP53 was validated by searching The Human Protein Atlas (THPA) database to incorporate TP53 immunohistochemical results in LUAD.

RESULTS

RT-qPCR result from 41 pairs of LUAD and adjacent lung tissues showed that miR-22-3p was downregulated in LUAD (AUC = 0.6597, p= 0.0128). Globally, a total of 838 LUADs and 494 non-cancerous lung tissues were included, and were finally combined into 14 platforms. Compared with noncancerous tissue, miR-22-3p expression level was significantly reduced in LUAD tissue (SMD =-0.32, AUC = 0.72l); cell function experiments showed that miR-22-3p has inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and has promotion effect on apoptosis. Moreover, target genes prediction, GO pathway enrichment analysis and PPI network exhibited TP53 as a key gene of target gene of miR-22-3p; at last, a total of 114 high-throughput datasets were included, including 3897 LUADs and 2993 non-cancerous lung tissues, and were finally combined into 37 platforms. Compared with noncancerous tissue, TP53 expression level was significantly increased in LUAD (SMD = 0.39, p< 0.01) and it was verified by the protein expression data from THPA.

CONCLUSION

Overexpression of miR-22-3p may inhibit LUAD cell proliferation, migration and invasion through TP53, and promote cell apoptosis.

Regulatory mechanisms and potential medical applications of HNF1A-AS1 in cancers

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as a class of non-protein-coding RNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides. Previous studies have shown that lncRNAs play a vital role in the progression of multiple diseases, which highlights their potential for medical applications. The lncRNA hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A (HNF1A) antisense RNA 1 (HNF1A-AS1) is known to be abnormally expressed in multiple cancers. HNF1A-AS1 exerts its oncogenic roles through a variety of molecular mechanisms. Moreover, aberrant HNF1A-AS1 expression is associated with diverse clinical features in cancer patients. Therefore, HNF1A-AS1 is a promising biomarker for tumor diagnosis and prognosis and thus a potential candidate for tumor therapy. This review summarizes current studies on the role and the underlying mechanisms of HNF1A-AS1 various cancer types, including gastric cancer, liver cancer, glioma, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, osteosarcoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, hemangioma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, as well as gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. We also describe the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of HNF1A-AS1 for multiple cancer patients.

HNF1A-AS1：A tumor-associated long non-coding RNA

BACKGROUND

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A antisense RNA 1 (HNF1A-AS1) is a Long non-coding RNA（LncRNA）that participates in the occurrence development of lots of tumors and is supposed to be a new biomarker. The text aims to illustrate the biological effect, specific mechanism and clinical significance of HNF1A-AS1 in various tumors.

METHODS

Via consulting the literature, analyze and summarize the relationship between HNF1A-AS1 and all kinds of tumors and the specific mechanism.

RESULTS

This is a review paper about the tumor-associated long non-coding RNA HNF1A-AS1. Many Researches show that LncRNA HNF1A-AS1 is related to the development of tumorous tumors. Its expression is up-regulated in numerous tumors, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, osteosarcoma， lung cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, oesophageal adenocarcinoma and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, HNF1A-AS1 is down-regulated in gastroenteropancreatic, neuroendocrine neoplasms, oral squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, HNF1A-AS1 can affect tumor proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis by targeting some microRNAs-miR-661 and miR-124. Or HNF1A-AS1 can also influence the development of tumors by regulating EMT.

CONCLUSION

These studies show that LncRNA-HNF1A-AS1 is closely related to the occurrence development of numerous cancers. Through various molecular mechanisms to regulate tumor growth, HNF1A-AS1 can possibly become the new biological biomarker and therapeutic target for many kinds of tumors.