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Avni L, Farag N, Ghosh B, Nachman I. Gastruloid optimization. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:409-415. [PMID: 37815089 PMCID: PMC10754328 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The young field of gastruloids brings promise to modeling and understanding early embryonic development. However, being a complex model, gastruloids are prone to variability at different levels. In this perspective, we define the different levels of gastruloid variability, and parameters over which it can be measured. We discuss potential sources for variability, and then propose methods to better control and reduce it. We provide an example from definitive endoderm progression in gastruloids, where we harness gastruloid-to-gastruloid variation in early parameters to identify key driving factors for endoderm morphology. We then devise interventions that steer morphological outcome. A better control over the developmental progression of gastruloids will enhance their utility in both basic research and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Avni
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naama Farag
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Binita Ghosh
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iftach Nachman
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Hong H, Su J, Zhang Y, Xu G, Huang C, Bao G, Cui Z. A novel role of lactate: Promotion of Akt-dependent elongation of microglial process. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110136. [PMID: 37075668 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
As a key component of the innate immune system, over-activation of microglia that occurs in nervous system diseases is usually accompanied by retraction of their branched processes. Reversal of microglial process retraction is a potential strategy to prevent neuroinflammation. In our previous studies, we reported some molecules that can promote the elongation of microglial processes under in vitro and in vivo conditions, such as butyrate, β-hydroxybutyrate, sulforaphane, diallyl disulfide, compound C, and KRIBB11. Here, we found that lactate, a molecule that mimics endogenous lactic acid and has been shown to suppress neuroinflammation, reversibly triggered significant elongations of processes in microglia under cultured and in vivo conditions. Pretreatment with lactate also prevented lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced shortening of microglial processes under cultured and in vivo conditions, pro-inflammatory responses in primary cultured microglia and prefrontal cortex, and depression-like behaviors in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that incubation with lactate increased phospho-Akt levels in primary cultured microglia and inhibition of Akt blocked the pro-elongation effect of lactate on the microglial process under cultured and in vivo conditions, suggesting that the regulatory effect of lactate on the microglial process is dependent on activation of Akt. Inhibition of Akt also abolished the preventive effect of lactate on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in primary cultured microglia and prefrontal cortex and on LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Overall, these results demonstrate that lactate can induce Akt-mediated elongation of the microglial process, which appropriately contributes to the inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Hong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated of Nanjing University Medical School, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guofeng Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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ENO1 Promotes OSCC Migration and Invasion by Orchestrating IL-6 Secretion from Macrophages via a Positive Feedback Loop. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010737. [PMID: 36614179 PMCID: PMC9821438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a five-year survival rate of less than 50% due to its susceptibility to invasion and metastasis. Crosstalk between tumor cells and macrophages has been proven to play a critical role in tumor cell migration and invasion. However, the specific mechanisms by which tumor cells interact with macrophages have not been fully elucidated. This study sought to investigate the regulatory mechanism of tumor cell-derived alpha-enolase (ENO1) in the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages during OSCC progression. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection and recombinant human ENO1 (rhENO1) stimulation were used to interfere with the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages. Our results showed that ENO1 was expressed higher in CAL27 cells than in HaCaT cells and regulated lactic acid release in CAL27 cells. Conditioned medium of macrophages (Macro-CM) significantly up-regulated the ENO1 mRNA expression and protein secretion in CAL27 cells. ENO1 promoted the migration and invasion of tumor cells by facilitating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through macrophages. ENO1 orchestrated the IL-6 secretion of macrophages via tumor cell-derived lactic acid and the paracrine ENO1/Toll-like receptor (TLR4) signaling pathway. In turn, IL-6 promoted the migration and invasion of tumor cells. Collectively, ENO1 promotes tumor cell migration and invasion by orchestrating IL-6 secretion of macrophages via a dual mechanism, thus forming a positive feedback loop to promote OSCC progression. ENO1 might be a promising therapeutic target which is expected to control OSCC progression.
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