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Li J, You C, Li Y, Li C, Fan W, Chen Z, Hu W, Wu K, Xu HE, Zhao LH. Structural basis for activation of somatostatin receptor 5 by cyclic neuropeptide agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321710121. [PMID: 38885377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321710121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) is an important G protein-coupled receptor and drug target for neuroendocrine tumors and pituitary disorders. This study presents two high-resolution cryogenicelectron microscope structures of the SSTR5-Gi complexes bound to the cyclic neuropeptide agonists, cortistatin-17 (CST17) and octreotide, with resolutions of 2.7 Å and 2.9 Å, respectively. The structures reveal that binding of these peptides causes rearrangement of a "hydrophobic lock", consisting of residues from transmembrane helices TM3 and TM6. This rearrangement triggers outward movement of TM6, enabling Gαi protein engagement and receptor activation. In addition to hydrophobic interactions, CST17 forms conserved polar contacts similar to somatostatin-14 binding to SSTR2, while further structural and functional analysis shows that extracellular loops differently recognize CST17 and octreotide. These insights elucidate agonist selectivity and activation mechanisms of SSTR5, providing valuable guidance for structure-based drug development targeting this therapeutically relevant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chongzhao You
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenjia Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zecai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Mao C, Gao M, Zang SK, Zhu Y, Shen DD, Chen LN, Yang L, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang WW, Shen Q, Lu Y, Ma X, Zhang Y. Orthosteric and allosteric modulation of human HCAR2 signaling complex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7620. [PMID: 37993467 PMCID: PMC10665550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycarboxylic acids are crucial metabolic intermediates involved in various physiological and pathological processes, some of which are recognized by specific hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCARs). HCAR2 is one such receptor, activated by endogenous β-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) and butyrate, and is the target for Niacin. Interest in HCAR2 has been driven by its potential as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular and neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the limited understanding of how ligands bind to this receptor has hindered the development of alternative drugs able to avoid the common flushing side-effects associated with Niacin therapy. Here, we present three high-resolution structures of HCAR2-Gi1 complexes bound to four different ligands, one potent synthetic agonist (MK-6892) bound alone, and the two structures bound to the allosteric agonist compound 9n in conjunction with either the endogenous ligand 3-HB or niacin. These structures coupled with our functional and computational analyses further our understanding of ligand recognition, allosteric modulation, and activation of HCAR2 and pave the way for the development of high-efficiency drugs with reduced side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Center for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Mengru Gao
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shao-Kun Zang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanqing Zhu
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li-Nan Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Huibing Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Qingya Shen
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- School of Nursing, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Center for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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3
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Qin S, Yang Y, Zhang J, Yin Y, Liu W, Zhang H, Fan X, Yang M, Yu F. Effective Treatment of SSTR2-Positive Small Cell Lung Cancer Using 211At-Containing Targeted α-Particle Therapy Agent Which Promotes Endogenous Antitumor Immune Response. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5543-5553. [PMID: 37788300 PMCID: PMC10630944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a neuroendocrine tumor with a high degree of malignancy. Due to limited treatment options, patients with SCLC have a poor prognosis. We have found, however, that intravenously administered octreotide (Oct) armed with astatine-211 ([211At]SAB-Oct) is effective against a somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2)-positive SCLC tumor in SCLC tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice. In biodistribution analysis, [211At]SAB-Oct achieved the highest concentration in the SCLC tumors up to 3 h after injection as time proceeded. A single intravenous injection of [211At]SAB-Oct (370 kBq) was sufficient to suppress SSTR2-positive SCLC tumor growth in treated mice by inducing DNA double-strand breaks. Additionally, a multitreatment course (370 kBq followed by twice doses of 370 kBq for a total of 1110 kBq) inhibited the growth of the tumor compared to the untreated control group without significant off-target toxicity. Surprisingly, we found that [211At]SAB-Oct could up-regulate the expressions of calreticulin and major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) on the tumor cell membrane surface, suggesting that α-particle internal irradiation may activate an endogenous antitumor immune response through the regulation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which could synergically enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. We conclude that [211At]SAB-Oct is a potential new therapeutic option for SSTR2-positive SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School
of Medicine, No. 301
Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yuanyou Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School
of Medicine, No. 301
Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yuzhen Yin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School
of Medicine, No. 301
Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Weihao Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School
of Medicine, No. 301
Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School
of Medicine, No. 301
Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Mengdie Yang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School
of Medicine, No. 301
Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School
of Medicine, No. 301
Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic
of China
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4
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Yu X, Yang X, Nie H, Jiang W, He X, Ou C. Immunological role and prognostic value of somatostatin receptor family members in colon adenocarcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1255809. [PMID: 37900156 PMCID: PMC10603271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1255809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is among the most prevalent cancers worldwide, ranking as the third most prevalent malignancy in incidence and mortality. The somatostatin receptor (SSTR) family comprises G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which couple to inhibitory G proteins (Gi and Go) upon binding to somatostatin (SST) analogs. GPCRs are involved in hormone release, neurotransmission, cell growth inhibition, and cancer suppression. However, their roles in COAD remain unclear. This study used bioinformatics to investigate the expression, prognosis, gene alterations, functional enrichment, and immunoregulatory effects of the SSTR family members in COAD. SSTR1-4 are differentially downregulated in COAD, and low SSTR2 expression indicates poor survival. Biological processes and gene expression enrichment of the SSTR family in COAD were further analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology. A strong correlation was observed between SSTR expression and immune cell infiltration. We also quantified SSTR2 expression in 25 COAD samples and adjacent normal tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We analyzed its correlation with the dendritic cell-integrin subunit alpha X marker gene. The biomarker exploration of the solid tumors portal was used to confirm the correlation between SSTR2 with immunomodulators and immunotherapy responses. Our results identify SSTR2 as a promising target for COAD immunotherapy. Our findings provide new insights into the biological functions of the SSTR family and their implications for the prognosis of COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuejie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenying Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Gervasoni S, Öztürk I, Guccione C, Bosin A, Ruggerone P, Malloci G. Interaction of Radiopharmaceuticals with Somatostatin Receptor 2 Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4924-4933. [PMID: 37466559 PMCID: PMC10428218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of drugs targeting somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), generally overexpressed in neuroendocrine tumors, is focus of intense research. A few molecules in conjugation with radionuclides are in clinical use for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These radiopharmaceuticals are composed of a somatostatin analogue biovector conjugated to a chelator moiety bearing the radionuclide. To date, despite valuable efforts, a detailed molecular-level description of the interaction of radiopharmaceuticals in complex with SSTR2 has not yet been accomplished. Therefore, in this work, we carefully analyzed the key dynamical features and detailed molecular interactions of SSTR2 in complex with six radiopharmaceutical compounds selected among the few already in use (64Cu/68Ga-DOTATATE, 68Ga-DOTATOC, 64Cu-SARTATE) and some in clinical development (68Ga-DOTANOC, 64Cu-TETATATE). Through molecular dynamics simulations and exploiting recently available structures of SSTR2, we explored the influence of the different portions of the compounds (peptide, radionuclide, and chelator) in the interaction with the receptor. We identified the most stable binding modes and found distinct interaction patterns characterizing the six compounds. We thus unveiled detailed molecular interactions crucial for the recognition of this class of radiopharmaceuticals. The microscopically well-founded analysis presented in this study provides guidelines for the design of new potent ligands targeting SSTR2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilla Guccione
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato
(Cagliari) I-09042, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosin
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato
(Cagliari) I-09042, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggerone
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato
(Cagliari) I-09042, Italy
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato
(Cagliari) I-09042, Italy
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6
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Modena D, Moras ML, Sandrone G, Stevenazzi A, Vergani B, Dasgupta P, Kliever A, Gulde S, Marangelo A, Schillmaier M, Luque RM, Bäuerle S, Pellegata NS, Schulz S, Steinkühler C. Identification of a Novel SSTR3 Full Agonist for the Treatment of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3453. [PMID: 37444563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) agonists have been extensively used for treating neuroendocrine tumors. Synthetic therapeutic agonists showing selectivity for SSTR2 (Octreotide) or for SSTR2 and SSTR5 (Pasireotide) have been approved for the treatment of patients with acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome, as their pituitary tumors highly express SSTR2 or SSTR2/SSTR5, respectively. Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), which express high levels of SSTR3 and show only modest response to currently available SSTR agonists, are often invasive and cannot be completely resected, and therefore easily recur. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of ITF2984, a somatostatin analog and full SSTR3 agonist, as a new potential treatment for NFPAs. ITF2984 shows a 10-fold improved affinity for SSTR3 compared to Octreotide or Pasireotide. Molecular modeling and NMR studies indicated that the higher affinity for SSTR3 correlates with a higher stability of a distorted β-I turn in the cyclic peptide backbone. ITF2984 induces receptor internalization and phosphorylation, and triggers G-protein signaling at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, ITF2984 displays antitumor activity that is dependent on SSTR3 expression levels in the MENX (homozygous mutant) NFPA rat model, which closely recapitulates human disease. Therefore, ITF2984 may represent a novel therapeutic option for patients affected by NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Modena
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Moras
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sandrone
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Stevenazzi
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Vergani
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Pooja Dasgupta
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Kliever
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gulde
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Marangelo
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mathias Schillmaier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Raul M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Stephen Bäuerle
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07747 Jena, Germany
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7
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Gervasoni S, Guccione C, Fanti V, Bosin A, Cappellini G, Golosio B, Ruggerone P, Malloci G. Molecular simulations of SSTR2 dynamics and interaction with ligands. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4768. [PMID: 36959237 PMCID: PMC10036620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic peptide hormone somatostatin regulates physiological processes involved in growth and metabolism, through its binding to G-protein coupled somatostatin receptors. The isoform 2 (SSTR2) is of particular relevance for the therapy of neuroendocrine tumours for which different analogues to somatostatin are currently in clinical use. We present an extensive and systematic computational study on the dynamics of SSTR2 in three different states: active agonist-bound, inactive antagonist-bound and apo inactive. We exploited the recent burst of SSTR2 experimental structures to perform μs-long multi-copy molecular dynamics simulations to sample conformational changes of the receptor and rationalize its binding to different ligands (the agonists somatostatin and octreotide, and the antagonist CYN154806). Our findings suggest that the apo form is more flexible compared to the holo ones, and confirm that the extracellular loop 2 closes upon the agonist octreotide but not upon the antagonist CYN154806. Based on interaction fingerprint analyses and free energy calculations, we found that all peptides similarly interact with residues buried into the binding pocket. Conversely, specific patterns of interactions are found with residues located in the external portion of the pocket, at the basis of the extracellular loops, particularly distinguishing the agonists from the antagonist. This study will help in the design of new somatostatin-based compounds for theranostics of neuroendocrine tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Camilla Guccione
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Viviana Fanti
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Andrea Bosin
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cappellini
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Bruno Golosio
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggerone
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
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8
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Zhao J, Fu H, Yu J, Hong W, Tian X, Qi J, Sun S, Zhao C, Wu C, Xu Z, Cheng L, Chai R, Yan W, Wei X, Shao Z. Prospect of acromegaly therapy: molecular mechanism of clinical drugs octreotide and paltusotine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:962. [PMID: 36810324 PMCID: PMC9944328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is highly expressed in neuroendocrine tumors and represents as a therapeutic target. Several peptide analogs mimicking the endogenous ligand somatostatin are available for clinical use, but poor therapeutic effects occur in a subset of patients, which may be correlated with subtype selectivity or cell surface expression. Here, we clarify the signal bias profiles of the first-generation peptide drug octreotide and a new-generation small molecule paltusotine by evaluating their pharmacological characteristics. We then perform cryo-electron microscopy analysis of SSTR2-Gi complexes to determine how the drugs activate SSTR2 in a selective manner. In this work, we decipher the mechanism of ligand recognition, subtype selectivity and signal bias property of SSTR2 sensing octreotide and paltusotine, which may aid in designing therapeutic drugs with specific pharmacological profiles against neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hong Fu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jieyu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Suyue Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. .,Department of Nephrology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China.
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Molecular basis for the selective G protein signaling of somatostatin receptors. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:133-140. [PMID: 36138141 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate every aspect of physiological functions mainly through activating heterotrimeric G proteins. A majority of GPCRs promiscuously couple to multiple G protein subtypes. Here we validate that in addition to the well-known Gi/o pathway, somatostatin receptor 2 and 5 (SSTR2 and SSTR5) couple to the Gq/11 pathway and show that smaller ligands preferentially activate the Gi/o pathway. We further determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SSTR2‒Go and SSTR2‒Gq complexes bound to octreotide and SST-14. Structural and functional analysis revealed that G protein selectivity of SSTRs is not only determined by structural elements in the receptor-G protein interface, but also by the conformation of the agonist-binding pocket. Accordingly, smaller ligands fail to stabilize a broader agonist-binding pocket of SSTRs that is required for efficient Gq/11 coupling but not Gi/o coupling. Our studies facilitate the design of drugs with selective G protein signaling to improve therapeutic efficacy.
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