1
|
Mahor A, M Sawant D, K Goyal A. Chemical and physical approaches for improved biopharmaceutical activity of amphotericin B: Current and future prospective. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1571-1592. [PMID: 35692126 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220610141243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the number of patients with mycotic infections has been increasing gradually. Amphotericin-B is a gold standard drug used in serious systemic fungal infections. However, limited solubility and permeability are challenging issues associated with Amphotericin-B. Chemical modification is one of the ways to get its broader applicability along with improved physicochemical properties. The review article provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical modification approach for investigation of the mechanism of action, biological activity, bioavailability, toxicity of Amphotericin B. Further, several drug delivery approaches have also been utilized to provide better therapeutic outcomes. This gives an overview of chemical approaches for the exploration of various factors associated with Amphotericin B and information on its drug delivery approaches for improved biopharmaceutical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Mahor
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, India
| | - Devesh M Sawant
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, India
| | - Amit K Goyal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ortega-Blake I, Fernández-Zertuche M, Regla I, Sánchez-Peña W, Gómez-Solis A, Jaimes-Chavez P, Galván-Hernández A, Tovar-Garduño E, Rodríguez-Fragoso L. Preclinical safety evaluation of amphotericin A21: A novel antifungal. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:72-81. [PMID: 33900024 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Safety studies are essential in drug development. This study evaluates the safety of Amphotericin A21 (AmB-A21), a derivative of amphotericin B with antifungal therapeutic potential. We performed a chronic toxicity study, a targeted organ study and a dermal irritation test. To evaluate chronic toxicity, 18 male adult rats were treated orally with AmB-21 (2 mg/kg) for 26 weeks. The effects on body-weight and animal health were measured, and haematological, clinical chemistry and histopathological tests were conducted on various organs. In the target organ toxicity study, male adult rats received a daily oral dose of AmB-21 (2 mg/kg) for 6 and 17 weeks; testicle histology and testosterone levels were then evaluated. For the dermal irritation study, AmB-21 (200 and 1000 mg/kg) was placed on the skin of adult male rabbits; macroscopic and microscopic studies, as well as haematological and clinical chemistry tests were then conducted. The chronic toxicity study revealed that AmB-21 caused testicle damage, and the testicle-targeted study showed structural alterations and changes in testosterone levels at 17 weeks. However, these alterations were no longer observed 8 weeks after discontinuation of treatment, and the testes showed very similar characteristics to those in the control group. The dermal irritation study showed skin thickening and reddening in rabbits treated with 2000 mg of AmB-A21 after 14 days of exposure. This same group also showed changes in liver enzymes, renal parameters and platelet levels. Based on our results, we consider AmB-21 to be a potential candidate for safe, long-term antifungal treatment given its reduced side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ortega-Blake
- Institute of Physical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Ignacio Regla
- Faculty of Higher Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Walfred Sánchez-Peña
- Pharmacy School, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Paola Jaimes-Chavez
- Pharmacy School, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Arturo Galván-Hernández
- Institute of Physical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Erika Tovar-Garduño
- Chemical Research Center, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Xu H, Dong Y, Chen M, Zhang Y, Shangguan W, Zhao W, Feng J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel N-aminoacyl derivative of amphotericin B methyl ester as an antifungal agent. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113104. [PMID: 33360798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjiang Xu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhen Dong
- Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Minwei Chen
- Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - You Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wenjie Zhao
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Feng
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Duomirui Biotechnology Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gajdošová M, Vetchý D, Muselík J, Gajdziok J, Juřica J, Vetchá M, Hauptman K, Jekl V. Bilayer mucoadhesive buccal films with prolonged release of ciclopirox olamine for the treatment of oral candidiasis: In vitro development, ex vivo permeation testing, pharmacokinetic and efficacy study in rabbits. Int J Pharm 2020; 592:120086. [PMID: 33188896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections has increased in recent decades not only in patients with predisposing and risk factors, but it has also spread up due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. A limited number of drugs are currently used to treat oral candidiasis (OC). There is an emerging need to look for new antifungals, to rework or to explore the already known molecules. Ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a broad-spectrum antifungal agent, is currently used for topical dermatologic treatment. In this study, bilayer mucoadhesive buccal films (MBFs) containing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and Eudragit® NM 30D (EU) with the prolonged release of ciclopirox olamine, were developed for the treatment of oral candidiasis. During ex vivo testing it was found that CPX does not pass through the porcine buccal tissue but it accumulates in it, which may be beneficial for the treatment of candidiasis in the oral cavity. In a pharmacokinetic study, the drug release from mucoadhesive films was prolonged with the maximum plasma concentration at 3.4 (1.4; 5.5) h. All rabbits with stomatitis showed progressive healing after the treatment with CPX bilayer mucoadhesive buccal films without organ pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Gajdošová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Vetchý
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Muselík
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gajdziok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Juřica
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Karel Hauptman
- Veterinary Clinic Jekl & Hauptman, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Jekl
- Veterinary Clinic Jekl & Hauptman, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; The Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of esterified and acylated derivatives of NH 2-(AEEA) 5-amphotericin B. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 74:133-142. [PMID: 32939075 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Based on NH2-(AEEA)5-amphotericin B (DMR005; AEEA is 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid), a series of novel esterified and acylated derivatives of DMR005 were synthesized. These derivatives were evaluated for their antifungal activities using the broth dilution method, for their hemolytic toxicity with sterile defibrinated sheep blood, and for their self-association through UV-visible spectroscopy. The preliminary screening tests indicated that NH2-(AEEA)5-amphotericin B methyl ester (DMR031) was an ideal compound. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration and time-kill assays showed that antifungal activities of DMR031 (4 μg ml-1) against Candida albicans ATCC10231 and ATCC90028 were reduced by four times compared to these of amphotericin B (AmB) (1 μg ml-1). DMR031 (142 ± 1 mg ml-1) significantly improved the water solubility of AmB as DMR005 did. Preliminary safety assessments of DMR031 were carried out via cell toxicity assay of HEK293T in vitro, which turned out to be much better than AmB. AmB had good efficacy in vivo at a dose of 1 mg ml-1. However, DMR031 still had no efficacy in vivo even at a dose of 16 mg ml-1, merely prolonged the survival time of mice.
Collapse
|
6
|
Howard KC, Dennis EK, Watt DS, Garneau-Tsodikova S. A comprehensive overview of the medicinal chemistry of antifungal drugs: perspectives and promise. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2426-2480. [PMID: 32140691 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new fungal pathogens makes the development of new antifungal drugs a medical imperative that in recent years motivates the talents of numerous investigators across the world. Understanding not only the structural families of these drugs but also their biological targets provides a rational means for evaluating the merits and selectivity of new agents for fungal pathogens and normal cells. An equally important aspect of modern antifungal drug development takes a balanced look at the problems of drug potency and drug resistance. The future development of new antifungal agents will rest with those who employ synthetic and semisynthetic methodology as well as natural product isolation to tackle these problems and with those who possess a clear understanding of fungal cell architecture and drug resistance mechanisms. This review endeavors to provide an introduction to a growing and increasingly important literature, including coverage of the new developments in medicinal chemistry since 2015, and also endeavors to spark the curiosity of investigators who might enter this fascinatingly complex fungal landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlind C Howard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|