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Yan S, Lin S, Qiu H, Wang X, He Y, Wang C, Huang Y. Regulation of telomerase towards tumor therapy. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:228. [PMID: 38111043 PMCID: PMC10726632 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an aging-related disease, while aging plays an important role in the development process of tumor, thus the two are inextricably associated. Telomere attrition is one of the recognized hallmark events of senescence. Hence, targeting telomerase which could extends telomere sequences to treat tumors is widely favored. Cancer cells rely on high activity of telomerase to maintain a strong proliferative potential. By inhibiting the expression or protein function of telomerase, the growth of cancer cells can be significantly suppressed. In addition, the human immune system itself has a defense system against malignant tumors. However, excessive cell division results in dramatic shortening on telomeres and decline in the function of immune organs that facilitates cancer cell evasion. It has been shown that increasing telomerase activity or telomere length of these immune cells can attenuate senescence, improve cellular viability, and enhance the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumor. In this paper, we review the telomerase-targeting progress using different anti-tumor strategies from the perspectives of cancer cells and immune cells, respectively, as well as tracking the preclinical and clinical studies of some representative drugs for the prevention or treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Lumiere Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Song Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hongxin Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xining Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yijun He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chuanle Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yan Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Wang Y, Li C, Guo K, Hao X, Hou J, Zhang F, Jin R, Kang C, Gao L. Oxidation-responsive G-quadruplex ligand for selective inhibition of the proliferation of tumour cells. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106746. [PMID: 37506624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells show a higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than normal cells. On the basis of this difference, we designed an oxidation-responsive G-quadruplex proligand PDS-B by installing borolanylbenzyls on a well-known pyridostatin (PDS) ligand PDS-S to response high level ROS in tumour cells. The rapid oxidative degradation of the proligand to its active form PDS-S in the presence of H2O2 confirms the oxidation-responsive design. According to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays, circular dichroism (CD) spectra and confocal fluorescence imaging, PDS-B stabilizes telomeric G4 structures after oxidation with H2O2 or intracellular ROS. Apoptosis assays and cell cycle assays showed significant selectivity of PDS-B in inhibiting the proliferation of tumour cells over normal cells through responses to a high level of ROS in the formers. Further assays confirmed higher level of relative Caspase-3 activity in tumour cells than normal cells, consequently the enhanced apoptosis of the tumour cells induced by PDS-B. In summary, the results demonstrate a modification approach to solve the poor selectivity of the G4 ligand in tumour cells and cytotoxicity in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Kai Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xueyu Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jingwei Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Rizhe Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chuanqing Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Lianxun Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Shen Z, Wang Y, Wang G, Gu W, Zhao S, Hu X, Liu W, Cai Y, Ma Z, Gautam RK, Jia J, Wan CC, Yan T. Research progress of small-molecule drugs in targeting telomerase in human cancer and aging. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110631. [PMID: 37451664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are unique structures located at the ends of linear chromosomes, responsible for stabilizing chromosomal structures. They are synthesized by telomerase, a reverse transcriptase ribonucleoprotein complex. Telomerase activity is generally absent in human somatic cells, except in stem cells and germ cells. Every time a cell divides, the telomere sequence is shortened, eventually leading to replicative senescence and cell apoptosis when the telomeres reach a critical limit. However, most human cancer cells exhibit increased telomerase activity, allowing them to divide continuously. The importance of telomerase in cancer and aging has made developing drugs targeting telomerase a focus of research. Such drugs can inhibit cancer cell growth and delay aging by enhancing telomerase activity in telomere-related syndromes or diseases. This review provides an overview of telomeres, telomerase, and their regulation in cancer and aging, and highlights small-molecule drugs targeting telomerase in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuanhui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guanzhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Wei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shengchao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China; Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Rupesh K Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, 453331, India
| | - Jia Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; Translational Medicine Center, Zhejiang Xinda hospital, School of Medicine&Nursing, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313099, China.
| | - Chunpeng Craig Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Tingdong Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; Translational Medicine Center, Zhejiang Xinda hospital, School of Medicine&Nursing, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313099, China.
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Vinayagamurthy S, Bagri S, Mergny JL, Chowdhury S. Telomeres expand sphere of influence: emerging molecular impact of telomeres in non-telomeric functions. Trends Genet 2023; 39:59-73. [PMID: 36404192 PMCID: PMC7614491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the impact of telomeres on physiology stands well established, a question remains: how do telomeres impact cellular functions at a molecular level? This is because current understanding limits the influence of telomeres to adjacent subtelomeric regions despite the wide-ranging impact of telomeres. Emerging work in two distinct aspects offers opportunities to bridge this gap. First, telomere-binding factors were found with non-telomeric functions. Second, locally induced DNA secondary structures called G-quadruplexes are notably abundant in telomeres, and gene regulatory regions genome wide. Many telomeric factors bind to G-quadruplexes for non-telomeric functions. Here we discuss a more general model of how telomeres impact the non-telomeric genome - through factors that associate at telomeres and genome wide - and influence cell-intrinsic functions, particularly aging, cancer, and pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soujanya Vinayagamurthy
- Integrative and Functional Biology Unit, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sulochana Bagri
- Integrative and Functional Biology Unit, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, v.v.i. Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Shantanu Chowdhury
- Integrative and Functional Biology Unit, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; GNR Knowledge Centre for Genome and Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Tornesello ML, Tornesello AL, Starita N, Cerasuolo A, Izzo F, Buonaguro L, Buonaguro FM. Telomerase: a good target in hepatocellular carcinoma? An overview of relevant preclinical data. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:767-780. [PMID: 36369706 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2147062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Noemy Starita
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerasuolo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Hepatobiliary Surgical Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale-IRCCS di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Monteiro AR, Ramos CIV, Lourenço LMO, Fateixa S, Rodrigues J, Neves MGPMS, Trindade T. Interfacial assembly of zinc(II) phthalocyanines on graphene oxide (GO): Stable "turn-off-on" nanoplatforms to detect G-quadruplexes (G4). J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:900-912. [PMID: 35901569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The aggregation of phthalocyanines (Pcs) enfeebles their suitability as G-quadruplex (G4) ligands over time. It is hypothesized that the interfacial assembly of Pcs on graphene oxide (GO) influences intermolecular interactions, thereby affecting their physicochemical properties and inducing stabilization of Pcs in solution. Hence, the stacking of Pcs on GO could be tuned to create nanosystems with the ability to detect G4 for longer periods through a slow release of Pcs. EXPERIMENTS Four cationic structurally-related zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPc) were non-covalently assembled on GO by ultrasonic exfoliation. A comprehensive characterization of ZnPcs@GO was carried out by spectroscopic techniques and electron microscopy to understand the organization of ZnPcs on GO. The fluorescence of ZnPcs@GO was studied in the presence of G4 (T2G5T)4 and duplex ds26 through spectrofluorimetric titrations and monitored along time. FINDINGS GO induced a re-organization of the ZnPcs mostly to J-aggregates and quenched their original fluorescence up to 98 % ("turn-off"). In general, ZnPcs@GO recovered their fluorescence ("turn-on") after the titrations and showed affinity to G4 (KD up to 1.92 μM). This is the first report that highlights the contribution of GO interfaces to assemble ZnPcs and allow their slow and controlled release to detect G4 over longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Monteiro
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Catarina I V Ramos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Leandro M O Lourenço
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sara Fateixa
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana Rodrigues
- I3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria G P M S Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Tito Trindade
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tawfik HO, El-Hamaky AA, El-Bastawissy EA, Shcherbakov KA, Veselovsky AV, Gladilina YA, Zhdanov DD, El-Hamamsy MH. New Genetic Bomb Trigger: Design, Synthesis, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Biological Evaluation of Novel BIBR1532-Related Analogs Targeting Telomerase against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040481. [PMID: 35455478 PMCID: PMC9025901 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres serve a critical function in cell replication and proliferation at every stage of the cell cycle. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein, responsible for maintaining the telomere length and chromosomal integrity of frequently dividing cells. Although it is silenced in most human somatic cells, telomere restoration occurs in cancer cells because of telomerase activation or alternative telomere lengthening. The telomerase enzyme is a universal anticancer target that is expressed in 85–95% of cancers. BIBR1532 is a selective non-nucleoside potent telomerase inhibitor that acts by direct noncompetitive inhibition. Relying on its structural features, three different series were designed, and 30 novel compounds were synthesized and biologically evaluated as telomerase inhibitors using a telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. Target compounds 29a, 36b, and 39b reported the greatest inhibitory effect on telomerase enzyme with IC50 values of 1.7, 0.3, and 2.0 μM, respectively, while BIBR1532 displayed IC50 = 0.2 μM. Compounds 29a, 36b, and 39b were subsequently tested using a living-cell TRAP assay and were able to penetrate the cell membrane and inhibit telomerase inside living cancer cells. Compound 36b was tested for cytotoxicity against 60 cancer cell lines using the NCI (USA) procedure, and the % growth was minimally impacted, indicating telomerase enzyme selectivity. To investigate the interaction of compound 36b with the telomerase allosteric binding site, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham O. Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (A.A.E.-H.); (E.A.E.-B.); (M.H.E.-H.)
- Correspondence: (H.O.T.); (D.D.Z.)
| | - Anwar A. El-Hamaky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (A.A.E.-H.); (E.A.E.-B.); (M.H.E.-H.)
| | - Eman A. El-Bastawissy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (A.A.E.-H.); (E.A.E.-B.); (M.H.E.-H.)
| | - Kirill A. Shcherbakov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (A.V.V.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Alexander V. Veselovsky
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (A.V.V.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (A.V.V.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (A.V.V.); (Y.A.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (H.O.T.); (D.D.Z.)
| | - Mervat H. El-Hamamsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (A.A.E.-H.); (E.A.E.-B.); (M.H.E.-H.)
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Jawarkar RD, Bakal RL, Khatale PN, Lewaa I, Jain CM, Manwar JV, Jaiswal MS. QSAR, pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking studies to identify structural alerts for some nitrogen heterocycles as dual inhibitor of telomerase reverse transcriptase and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA are amongst the favorable target for researchers to discover novel and more effective anticancer agents. To understand and elucidate structure activity relationship and mechanism of inhibition of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA, a QSAR modeling and molecular docking were conducted.
Results
Two robust QSAR model were obtained which consist of full set QSAR model (R2: 0.8174, CCCtr: 0.8995, Q2loo: 0.7881, Q2LMO: 0.7814) and divided set QSAR model (R2: 0.8217, CCCtr: 0.9021, Q2loo: 0.7886, Q2LMO: 0.7783, Q2-F1: 0.7078, Q2-F2: 0.6865, Q2-F3: 0.7346) for envisaging the inhibitory activity of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. The analysis reveals that carbon atom exactly at 3 bonds from aromatic carbon atom, nitrogen atom exactly at six bonds from planer nitrogen atom, aromatic carbon atom within 2 A0 from the center of mass of molecule and occurrence of element hydrogen within 2 A0 from donar atom are the key pharmacophoric features important for dual inhibition of TERT and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. To validate this analysis, pharmacophore modeling and the molecular docking is performed. Molecular docking analysis support QSAR analysis and revealed that, dual inhibition of TERT and human telomeric DNA is mainly contributed from hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions.
Conclusion
The findings of molecular docking, pharmacophore modelling, and QSAR are all consistent and in strong agreement. The validated QSAR analyses can detect structural alerts, pharmacophore modelling can classify a molecule's consensus pharmacophore involving hydrophobic and acceptor regions, whereas docking analysis can reveal the mechanism of dual inhibition of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. The combination of QSAR, pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking may be useful for the future drug design of dual inhibitors to combat the devastating issue of resistance.
Graphical abstract
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