A basic scientist's odyssey in nutrition

Through fat and thin – a journey with the adipose tissues

The paper is based on the lecture that I gave on receiving the Nutrition Society's inaugural Gowland Hopkins Award for contributions to Cellular and Molecular Nutrition. It reviews studies on the adipose tissues, brown and white, conducted by the groups that I have led since entering nutrition research in 1975. The initial focus was on exploring metabolic factors that underpin the development of obesity using animal models. This resulted in an interest in non-shivering thermogenesis with brown adipose tissue being identified as the key effector of facultative heat production. Brown fat is less thermogenically active in various obese rodents, and major changes in activity are exhibited under physiological conditions such as lactation and fasting consistent with a general role for the tissue in nutritional energetics. My interests moved to white adipose tissue following the cloning of the Ob gene. Our initial contributions in this area included demonstrating nutritional regulation of Ob gene expression and circulating leptin levels, as well as a regulatory role for the sympathetic nervous system operating through β3-adrenoceptors. My interests subsequently evolved to a wider concern with the endocrine/signalling role of adipose tissue. Inflammation is a characteristic of white fat in obesity with the release of inflammation-related adipokines, and we proposed that hypoxia underlies this inflammatory state. O2-deprivation was shown to have substantial effects on gene expression and cellular function in white adipocytes. The hypoxia studies led to the proposition that O2 should be considered as a critical macronutrient.