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Pélissier L, Bagot S, Miles-Chan JL, Pereira B, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Dulloo A, Isacco L, Thivel D. Is dieting a risk for higher weight gain in normal-weight individual? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1190-1212. [PMID: 36645258 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While there is an increasing prevalence of dieting in the overall population, weight loss (WL) practices could be a risk factor for weight gain (WG) in normal-weight (NW) individuals. The aim of the present work was to systematically review all the studies implicating diet restriction and body weight (BW) evolution in NW people. The literature search was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021281442) and was performed in three databases from April 2021 to June 2022 for articles involving healthy NW adults. From a total of 1487 records initially identified, eighteen were selected in the systematic review. Of the eight dieting interventional studies, only one found a higher BW after weight recovery, but 75 % of them highlighted metabolic adaptations in response to WL favouring weight regain and persisting during/after BW recovery. Eight of the ten observational studies showed a relationship between dieting and major later WG, while the meta-analysis of observational studies results indicated that 'dieters' have a higher BW than 'non-dieters'. However, considering the high methodological heterogeneity and the publication bias of the studies, this result should be taken with caution. Moreover, the term 'diet' was poorly described, and we observed a large heterogeneity of the methods used to assess dieting status. Present results suggest that dieting could be a major risk factor for WG in the long term in NW individuals. There is, however, a real need for prospective randomised controlled studies, specifically assessing the relationship between WL induced by diet and subsequent weight in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Pélissier
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sarah Bagot
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jennifer Lynn Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unit of Biostatistics (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University Hospital (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Hospital G. Montpied, Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Abdul Dulloo
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Pélissier L, Ennequin G, Bagot S, Pereira B, Lachèze T, Duclos M, Thivel D, Miles-Chan J, Isacco L. Lightest weight-class athletes are at higher risk of weight regain: results from the French-Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023; 51:144-152. [PMID: 34875202 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.2014285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid weight loss (RWL) is a common precompetitive strategy used by athletes in weight-class sports and carries with it an increased risk to future cardiometabolic health. The Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire (RWLQ) is a self-reported tool designed to identify and characterize such weight loss practices. OBJECTIVES After developing a reliable and reproducible French version of the RWLQ (RWLQ-FR), the present study aims to analyse RWL patterns among French weight-class athletes and to point out potential relationships between such practices and risk of subsequent weight gain. METHODS A test-retest analysis was performed in 54 athletes to test the questionnaire reproducibility before applying it in a cohort of 168 weight-cycling athletes (23.78 ± 9.25 y, 67.6 ± 12.6 kg, 81 males and 87 females, n = 24 strength sports and n = 144 various combat sports). RESULTS The test-retest showed good agreement of the RWLQ-FR (Rho = 0.794, [0.696-0.893]). Athletes reported losing an average of 4.1 ± 2.9% of their initial weight in 13.1 ± 9.6 days, with the main methods used being an increase in exercise, training in rubber or plastic suits, and gradual dieting. The average weight recovery in a week was 3.5 ± 2.8% and results showed that the athletes with the lower inter-season weight (weight outside of the training and competition season) regained the more weight (p = 0.025). The average RWLQ-FR score was 31.9 ± 17.3 and athletes who began to lose weight earlier in their competitive carrier had the higher scores (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates relationships between the pattern of RWL practices and potential increased risk of subsequent weight gain in weight-cycling athletes, and the need to better understand the long-term health-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Pélissier
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaël Ennequin
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sarah Bagot
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unit of Biostatistics (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Lachèze
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital (Chu) Clermont-Ferrand, Hospital G. Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jennifer Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Chica-Latorre S, Buechel C, Pumpa K, Etxebarria N, Minehan M. After the spotlight: are evidence-based recommendations for refeeding post-contest energy restriction available for physique athletes? A scoping review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:505-528. [PMID: 35966021 PMCID: PMC9364707 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To date, there is limited consensus on post-contest recovery recommendations for natural physique athletes. The available literature emphasizes the negative consequences of extreme dieting associated with physique contests, yet offers only speculative suggestions to facilitate physiological recovery post-contest. This scoping review evaluates evidence-based recommendations for recovery in post-physique contests. Methods: The online search engines and databases Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were searched systematically and 12 peer reviewed journal articles were included in the review. Results: Six key factors were identified that directly impacted on physiological recovery post-contest: (1) body composition, (2) recovery dietary intake, (3) resting metabolic rate (RMR) restoration, (4) endocrine measures recovery, (5) menstrual cycle recovery, and (6) psychological aspects of recovery. Conclusions: Three dietary strategies have been proposed to facilitate physiological recovery post-contest while bearing in mind body composition and future athlete outcomes; (1) a gradual increase in energy intake to maintenance requirements, (2) ad libitum eating, (3) an immediate return to maintenance energy requirements. Future research is required to determine the timeline in which full physiological recovery occurs post-contest and which strategies best support athlete health and performance during post-contest recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chica-Latorre
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Claire Buechel
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kate Pumpa
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Naroa Etxebarria
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michelle Minehan
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
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Si K, Hu Y, Wang M, Apovian CM, Chavarro JE, Sun Q. Weight loss strategies, weight change, and type 2 diabetes in US health professionals: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1004094. [PMID: 36166473 PMCID: PMC9514663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss is crucial for disease prevention among individuals with overweight or obesity. This study aimed to examine associations of weight loss strategies (WLSs) with weight change and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk among US health professionals. METHODS AND FINDINGS This study included 93,110 participants (24 to 60 years old; 11.6% male) from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) cohorts who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline (1988 for NHS/HPFS and 1989 for NHSII) for analyses of weight change and 104,180 (24 to 78 years old; 14.2% male) for T2D risk assessment. WLSs used to achieve an intentional weight loss of 4.5+ kg were collected in 1992 (NHS/HPFS)/1993 (NHSII) and grouped into 7 mutually exclusive categories, including low-calorie diet, exercise, low-calorie diet and exercise, fasting, commercial weight loss program (CWLP), diet pills, and FCP (selected at least 2 methods from fasting, CWLP, and pill). The reference group was participants who did not attempt to lose weight. Generalized estimating equations and Cox regression were applied to estimate up to 10-year weight change trajectory and incident T2D risk through 2016 (NHS/HPFS)/2017 (NHSII), respectively. The associations of WLSs with weight change and T2D risk were differential by baseline body weight (Pinteraction < 0.01). Among individuals with obesity, all WLSs tended to associate with less weight gain [ranging from -4.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), -5.1% to -3.2%; P < 0.001) for exercise to -0.3% (-1.2% to 0.7%; P > 0.99) for FCP] and a lower T2D risk [hazard ratios (HRs) ranging from 0.79 (0.66 to 0.95; P = 0.04) for exercise to 0.87 (0.66 to 1.13; P = 0.30) for pill]. Such a pattern was less clear among overweight individuals: the difference of weight change varied from -2.5% (-3.0% to -2.1%; P < 0.001) for exercise to 2.0% (1.3% to 2.7%; P < 0.001) for FCP, and HRs of T2D varied from 0.91 (0.77 to 1.07; P = 0.29) for exercise to 1.42 (1.11 to 1.81; P = 0.02) for pill. The pattern was further inverted among lean individuals in that weight change ranged from -0.4% (-0.6% to -0.1%; P = 0.02) for exercise to 3.7% (3.1% to 4.3%; P < 0.001) for FCP, and the HRs of T2D ranged from 1.09 (0.91 to 1.30; P = 0.33) for exercise to 1.54 (1.13 to 2.10; P = 0.008) for pill. Approximately 15.6% to 46.8% of the association between WLSs and the T2D risk was attributed to weight changes. This study was limited by a single assessment of WLSs, heterogeneity within each WLS, and potential misclassification of the timing of weight loss and weight regain. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that individuals with obesity who attempted to lose weight, regardless of the WLSs used, tended to gain less body weight and have a lower diabetes risk. In contrast, lean individuals who intentionally lost weight tended to gain more weight and have a higher diabetes risk. These data support the notion that intentional weight loss may not be beneficial for lean individuals and the use of WLSs for achieving weight loss shall be guided by medical indications only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Si
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Apovian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Underweight but not underfat: is fat-free mass a key factor in constitutionally thin women? Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1764-1770. [PMID: 33772214 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Constitutional thinness is defined as a state of severe underweight with a body mass index similar to anorectic patients (BMI < 17.5 kg/m2), in the absence of any eating disorders or other obvious disruptive factors impacting energy balance. The analysis of body composition is essential as a first approach to characterize constitutional thinness and might help identify new discriminating differences between constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa. A meta-analytical approach was performed to compare body composition of constitutionally thin, anorectic, and normal-weight subjects from all available studies found in the literature. The statistical analysis was carried out on large sample sizes: n = 205 females with constitutional thinness, n = 228 normal-weight control females, and n = 258 females with anorexia nervosa. Despite being as underweight as anorectic patients, constitutionally thin participants paradoxically presented higher percentages of fat mass than anorectic patients (18.9% vs. 11.4%, respectively; SMD [95% CI]: 1.62 [1.16; 2.08]), even found in the normal healthy ranges. Constitutionally thin people, however, display as low fat-free mass as anorectic patients. These observations question the use of high-fat diets in this population and bring new insights for nutrition and/or training strategies directed toward muscle mass gain. The present results give new elements to further distinguish constitutional thinness from anorexia nervosa and reinforce the need to better investigate the atypical phenotype of constitutional thinness.
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A 5-Year Analysis of Weight Cycling Practices in a Male World Champion Professional Boxer: Potential Implications for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:507-513. [PMID: 34480009 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Weight cycling is thought to increase the risk of obesity and cardiometabolic disease in nonathletic and athletic populations. However, the magnitude and frequency of weight cycling is not well characterized in elite athletes. To this end, we quantified the weight cycling practices of a male World Champion professional boxer competing at super middleweight (76.2 kg). Over a 5-year period comprising 11 contests, we assessed changes in body mass (n = 8 contests) and body composition (n = 6 contests) during the training camp preceding each contest. Time taken to make weight was 11 ± 4 weeks (range: 4-16). Absolute and relative weight loss for each contest was 12.4 ± 2.1 kg (range: 9.8-17.0) and 13.9% ± 2.0% (range: 11.3-18.2), respectively. Notably, the athlete commenced each training camp with progressive increases in fat mass (i.e., 12.5 and 16.1 kg for Contests 1 and 11) and reductions in fat-free mass (i.e., 69.8 and 67.5 kg for Contests 1 and 11, respectively). Data suggest that weight cycling may lead to "fat overshooting" and further weight gain in later life. Larger scale studies are now required to characterize the weight cycling practices of elite athletes and robustly assess future cardiometabolic disease risk. From an ethical perspective, practitioners should be aware of the potential health consequences associated with weight cycling.
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Näätänen M, Kolehmainen M, Laaksonen DE, Herzig KH, Poutanen K, Karhunen L. Post-weight loss changes in fasting appetite- and energy balance-related hormone concentrations and the effect of the macronutrient content of a weight maintenance diet: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2603-2616. [PMID: 33263788 PMCID: PMC8275499 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of the macronutrient composition of diets with differing satiety values on fasting appetite-related hormone concentrations after weight loss and examined whether the hormone secretion adapted to changes in body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) during the weight maintenance period (WM). METHODS Eighty-two men and women with obesity underwent a 7-week very-low-energy diet (VLED) and were then randomised to a higher-satiety food (HSF) group or a lower-satiety food (LSF) group during 24-weeks of the WM. The groups consumed isoenergetic foods with different satiety ratings and macronutrient compositions. RESULTS During the WM, the HSF group consumed more protein and dietary fibre and less fat than the LSF group, but the groups showed similar changes in body weight and fasting appetite-related hormones. In the whole study sample, VLED induced 12 kg (p < 0.001) weight loss. At the end of the WM, weight regain was 1.3 kg (p = 0.004), ghrelin concentration increased, whereas leptin, insulin, and glucose concentrations decreased compared to pre-VLED levels (p < 0.001 for all). Peptide YY did not differ from pre-VLED levels. Changes in ghrelin levels were inversely associated with changes in FFM during weeks 0-12 of the WM (p = 0.002), while changes in leptin and insulin levels were positively associated with changes in FM during weeks 0-12 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.038, respectively) and weeks 12-24 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022) of the WM. CONCLUSIONS The macronutrient composition of an isoenergetic WM diet did not affect fasting appetite-related hormone concentrations. Leptin and insulin adjusted to the reduced FM, whereas ghrelin reflected FFM during the first months of the WM. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.com, ID 67529475.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Näätänen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David E Laaksonen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Leila Karhunen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Martínez-Gómez MG, Roberts BM. Metabolic Adaptations to Weight Loss: A Brief Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2970-2981. [PMID: 33677461 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Gómez, MG and Roberts, BM. Metabolic adaptations to weight loss: A brief review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-As the scientific literature has continuously shown, body mass loss attempts do not always follow a linear fashion nor always go as expected even when the intervention is calculated with precise tools. One of the main reasons why this tends to happen relies on our body's biological drive to regain the body mass we lose to survive. This phenomenon has been referred to as "metabolic adaptation" many times in the literature and plays a very relevant role in the management of obesity and human weight loss. This review will provide insights into some of the theoretical models for the etiology of metabolic adaptation as well as a quick look into the physiological and endocrine mechanisms that underlie it. Nutritional strategies and dietetic tools are thus necessary to confront these so-called adaptations to body mass loss. Among some of these strategies, we can highlight increasing protein needs, opting for high-fiber foods or programming-controlled diet refeeds, and diet breaks over a large body mass loss phase. Outside the nutritional aspects, it might be wise to increase the physical activity and thus the energy flux of an individual when possible to maintain diet-induced body mass loss in the long term. This review will examine these protocols and their viability in the context of adherence and sustainability for the individual toward successful body mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Martínez-Gómez
- CarloSportNutrition, Spain; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Miles-Chan JL, Isacco L. Weight cycling practices in sport: A risk factor for later obesity? Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13188. [PMID: 33372395 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Weight cycling, repeated cycles of weight loss and weight regain over time, is commonplace amongst many population groups. Although the effect of weight cycling on future obesity and cardiometabolic risk is still hotly debated, evidence does indicate that individuals who were normal weight prior to weight cycling are more susceptible to its adverse consequences than those who were overweight or with obesity. Athletes, and particularly those who compete in the so-called weight-sensitive sports, are prone to dieting and weight cycling practice owing to the competitive advantage to be gained from manipulating their body weight. However, in comparison with the general population, athletes tend to be leaner and weight loss phases more rapid and superimposed on a background of a high level of physical activity. In this context, it can be questioned whether weight cycling in this subpopulation will indeed increase risk for future obesity. It is perhaps surprising that despite recognition that athletes commonly partake in weight cycling during their career, studies are scarce and firm conclusions regarding the effect of this practice on future cardiometabolic risk remain to be drawn. In this review, we examine weight cycling prevalence and strategies in athletes and the current evidence relating to its short- and long-term consequences. In addition, a conceptual framework relating the dynamics of weight loss and recovery to athlete characteristics will be discussed, highlighting the need for well-controlled, prospective studies in this specific subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurie Isacco
- AME2P Laboratory (AME2P, EA 3533), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Research Unit EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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10
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Dulloo AG. Physiology of weight regain: Lessons from the classic Minnesota Starvation Experiment on human body composition regulation. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13189. [PMID: 33543573 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since its publication in 1950, the Biology of Human Starvation, which describes the classic longitudinal Minnesota Experiment of semistarvation and refeeding in healthy young men, has been the undisputed source of scientific reference about the impact of long-term food deprivation on human physiology and behavior. It has been a guide in developing famine and refugee relief programs for international agencies, in exploring the effects of food deprivation on the cognitive and social functioning of those with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and in gaining insights into metabolic adaptations that undermine obesity therapy and cachexia rehabilitation. In more recent decades, the application of a systems approach to the analysis of its data on longitudinal changes in body composition, basal metabolic rate, and food intake during the 24 weeks of semistarvation and 20 weeks of refeeding has provided rare insights into the multitude of control systems that govern the regulation of body composition during weight regain. These have underscored an internal (autoregulatory) control of lean-fat partitioning (highly sensitive to initial adiposity), which operates during weight loss and weight regain and revealed the existence of feedback loops between changes in body composition and the control of food intake and adaptive thermogenesis for the purpose of accelerating the recovery of fat mass and fat-free mass. This paper highlights the general features and design of this grueling experiment of simulated famine that has allowed the unmasking of fundamental control systems in human body composition autoregulation. The integration of its outcomes constitutes the "famine reactions" that drive the normal physiology of weight regain and obesity relapse and provides a mechanistic "autoregulation-based" explanation of how dieting and weight cycling, transition to sedentarity, or developmental programming may predispose to obesity. It also provides a system physiology framework for research toward elucidating proteinstatic and adipostatic mechanisms that control hunger-appetite and adaptive thermogenesis, with major implications for a better understanding (and management) of cachexia, obesity, and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G Dulloo
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Hollstein T, Heinitz S, Basolo A, Krakoff J, Votruba SB, Piaggi P. Reduced metabolic efficiency in sedentary eucaloric conditions predicts greater weight regain in adults with obesity following sustained weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:840-849. [PMID: 33479452 PMCID: PMC8009858 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Successful long-term weight loss maintenance after caloric restriction (CR) is rarely achieved. Besides known metabolic, behavioral, and cognitive factors, 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) relative to body size (i.e., metabolic efficiency) might influence subsequent weight loss maintenance. Methods Eleven participants with obesity (BMI=39.0±8.7 kg/m2, body fat=36.1±6.4%) had 24hEE measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during eucaloric conditions and weight stability prior to starting a 6-week inpatient CR study (50% of daily energy needs). Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was adjusted via regression analysis for fat free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) by DXA. Body composition was reassessed at the end of CR and after 1-year follow-up. Free-living weight was assessed by monthly weight measurements during 12 months. Results After 6-week CR, participants lost 8.5±2.7% weight (FFM: −6.3±3.6 kg, FM: −3.4±1.2 kg) but regained 5.1±8.0% one year following CR, which was mostly due to FFM regain (+5.7±5.5 kg) and unchanged FM. A relatively higher 24hEE by 100 kcal/day prior to CR was associated with an average greater rate of weight regain by +0.3 kg/month during follow-up and a greater final weight regain by +5.1 kg after 1 year of follow-up. Conclusion These results suggest that reduced metabolic efficiency in 24hEE during eucaloric, sedentary conditions may predict greater weight regain after CR-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sascha Heinitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA. .,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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12
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Iatridi V, Armitage RM, Yeomans MR, Hayes JE. Effects of Sweet-Liking on Body Composition Depend on Age and Lifestyle: A Challenge to the Simple Sweet-Liking-Obesity Hypothesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092702. [PMID: 32899675 PMCID: PMC7551752 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste hedonics drive food choices, and food choices affect weight maintenance. Despite this, the idea that hyper-palatability of sweet foods is linked to obesity development has been controversial for decades. Here, we investigate whether interpersonal differences in sweet-liking are related to body composition. Healthy adults aged 18–34 years from the UK (n = 148) and the US (n = 126) completed laboratory-based sensory tests (sucrose taste tests) and anthropometric measures (body mass index; BMI, body fat; fat-free mass; FFM, waist/hips circumferences). Habitual beverage intake and lifestyle and behavioural characteristics were also assessed. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we classified participants into three phenotypes: sweet liker (SL), sweet disliker (SD), and inverted-U (liking for moderate sweetness). Being a SD was linked to higher body fat among those younger than 21 years old, while in the older group, SLs had the highest BMI and FFM; age groups reflected different levels of exposure to the obesogenic environment. FFM emerged as a better predictor of sweet-liking than BMI and body fat. In the older group, sweetened beverage intake partially explained the phenotype–anthropometry associations. Collectively, our findings implicate underlying energy needs as an explanation for the variation in sweet-liking; the moderating roles of age and obesogenic environment require additional consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Iatridi
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QH, UK; (R.M.A.); (M.R.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1273-67-8916
| | - Rhiannon M. Armitage
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QH, UK; (R.M.A.); (M.R.Y.)
| | - Martin R. Yeomans
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QH, UK; (R.M.A.); (M.R.Y.)
| | - John E. Hayes
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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13
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Sares-Jäske L, Knekt P, Eranti A, Kaartinen NE, Heliövaara M, Männistö S. Intentional weight loss as a predictor of type 2 diabetes occurrence in a general adult population. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:e001560. [PMID: 32873601 PMCID: PMC7467508 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Observational and intervention studies have verified that weight loss predicts a reduced type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. At the population level, knowledge on the prediction of self-report intentional weight loss (IWL) on T2D incidence is, however, sparse. We studied the prediction of self-report IWL on T2D incidence during a 15-year follow-up in a general adult population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study sample from the representative Finnish Health 2000 Survey comprised 4270 individuals, aged 30-69 years. IWL was determined with questions concerning dieting attempts and weight loss during the year prior to baseline. Incident T2D cases during a 15-year follow-up were drawn from national health registers. The strength of the association between IWL and T2D incidence was estimated with the Cox model. RESULTS During the follow-up, 417 incident cases of T2D occurred. IWL predicted an increased risk of T2D incidence (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.87, p=0.008) in a multivariable model. In interaction analyses comparing individuals with and without IWL, a suggestively elevated risk emerged in men, the younger age group, among less-educated people and in individuals with unfavorable values in several lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS Self-report IWL may predict an increased risk of T2D in long-term, probably due to self-implemented IWL tending to fail. The initial prevention of weight gain and support for weight maintenance after weight loss deserve greater emphasis in order to prevent T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sares-Jäske
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Knekt
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Eranti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paijat-Hame Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Niina E Kaartinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Critical appraisal of definitions and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity based on a systematic review. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:2368-2388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Most J, Redman LM. Impact of calorie restriction on energy metabolism in humans. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Avolio E, Gualtieri P, Romano L, Pecorella C, Ferraro S, Palma G, Di Renzo L, De Lorenzo A. Obesity and Body Composition in Man and Woman: Associated Diseases and the New Role of Gut Microbiota. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:216-229. [PMID: 30914014 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190326113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is now recognized as a worldwide health issue and has reached epidemic proportions, affecting both developed and developing countries. The World Obesity Federation stated that "Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease process": as a result, obesity has been recognized internationally as a chronic disease. The primary cause of the metabolic syndrome and increase of the cardiovascular risk have been identified in "sick fat", a condition then defined as adiposopathy. Heart attacks, strokes and renal failures are pathologies that have mid-risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes, which in turn are caused by obesity, whose primary risk factor is represented by the diet. The aim of the present review is to consider the importance of body composition, together with chronic inflammation and a new gut microbiota data that may turn out to be crucial elements of some target treatment of human obesity. METHODS In this review, we performed research using PubMed database reviewing the evidence in the literature of evidence information regarding the link between obesity and body composition in the development of metabolic disease via inflammation markers and in particular, the new role exerted by gut microbiota. RESULTS Several papers were evaluated searching for differences in fat mass and disease risk. We also identified the same papers dealing with differences in body composition and metabolic syndrome. Our attention focuses also on a new frontier of gut microbiota composition in the body weight decrease and anti-inflammatory effects. CONCLUSION To the saving of lean mass, for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases, also considering the relationship with obesity, it is necessary to reduce the inflammatory state, acting on the gut-microbiota and on the intestinal permeability. To improve the health of the intestinal flora, we propose a 4P medicine and treatment with probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Avolio
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Health Center srl, via Sabotino 56, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Paola Gualtieri
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Romano
- School of Specialization in Food Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Ferraro
- School of Specialization in Food Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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17
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How dieting might make some fatter: modeling weight cycling toward obesity from a perspective of body composition autoregulation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1243-1253. [PMID: 32099104 PMCID: PMC7260129 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The notion that dieting makes some people fatter has in the past decade gained considerable interest from both epidemiological predictions and biological plausibility. Several large-scale prospective studies have suggested that dieting to lose weight is associated with future weight gain and obesity, with such predictions being stronger and more consistent among dieters who are in the normal range of body weight rather than in those with obesity. Furthermore, the biological plausibility that dieting predisposes people who are lean (rather than those with overweight or obesity) to regain more body fat than what had been lost (referred to as fat overshooting) has recently gained support from a re-analysis of data on body composition during weight loss and subsequent weight recovery from the classic longitudinal Minnesota Starvation Experiment. These have revealed an inverse exponential relationship between the amount of fat overshot and initial adiposity, and have suggested that a temporal desynchronization in the recoveries of fat and lean tissues, in turn residing in differences in lean-fat partitioning during weight loss vs. during weight recovery (with fat recovery faster than lean tissue recovery) is a cardinal feature of fat overshooting. Within a conceptual framework that integrates the relationship between post-dieting fat overshooting with initial adiposity, the extent of weight loss and the differential lean-fat partitioning during weight loss vs. weight recovery, we describe here a mathematical model of weight cycling to predict the excess fat that could be gained through repeated dieting and multiple weight cycles from a standpoint of body composition autoregulation.
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18
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Godwin EM, Uglialoro AD, Ali A, Yearwood L, Banerji MA, Kral JG. A pilot study of metabolic fitness effects of weight-supported walking in women with obesity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211529. [PMID: 30785891 PMCID: PMC6382100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This is an exploratory pilot study of novel technology enabling people with mobility disability to walk with minimal effort, in the “sedentary range”. The study’s premise is that impairment of the leading physical activity of daily living, walking, is a major contributor to a dysmetabolic state driving many prevalent “civilization diseases” associated with insulin resistance. Methods We explore within-subject changes in standard oral glucose tolerance (OGT) tests including metabotropic molecules after 22 twice-weekly, 30-minute bouts of weight-supported light-moderate physical activity in 16 non-diabetic obese, otherwise healthy, reproductive-age, volunteer women walking on an “anti-gravity” lower-body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmill. Results Subjects had reference base-line fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides (TG) but 2-hr OGT insulin levels of 467 ± 276 pmol • liter-1 (mean± S.D.) indicating nascent insulin resistance, compared to post-study 308 ± 179 (p = 0.002). Fasting TG decreased from 0.80 ± 0.30 mmol • liter-1 to 0.71 ± 0.25 (p = 0.03). Concomitantly plasma total ghrelin decreased from 69.6 ± 41.6 pmol • liter-1 to 56.0 ± 41.3 (p = 0.008). There were no statistically significant changes in body weight or any correlations between weight change and cardiometabolic markers. However, there were robust positive correlations between changes among different classes of peptides including C-reactive protein–Interleukin 6, leptin–adiponectin, β-endorphin–oxytocin and orexin A (r 2 = 0.48–0.88). Conclusion We conclude that brief, low-dose physical activity, walking on an anti-gravity LBPP treadmill may improve cardiometabolic risk, exhibiting favorable changes in neuro-regulatory peptides without weight loss in people with problems walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Godwin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedics/Rehabilitation, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. Uglialoro
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Andaleeb Ali
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Leah Yearwood
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Banerji
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John G. Kral
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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