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Zeng Q, Xue W, Wei Z, Shen H, Xu H, Zhu H, Guan J, Yi H, Feng Y, Li X, Ye H. Multiple Allergic Rhinitis Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Variants are Associated with Sleep-Breathing Parameters in Men with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Large-Scale Study. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:989-1000. [PMID: 39050366 PMCID: PMC11268849 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s456995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep-disordered breathing is more prevalent in individuals with allergic rhinitis (AR) than in those without AR. In addition to increased risk for sleep-disordered breathing, AR is associated with greater severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) symptoms. The aim of this research study was to evaluate the association of multiple single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations in AR with sleep- and breathing-related parameters in men with OSA. Methods Men who had complained of snoring were consecutively enrolled in the Shanghai Sleep Health Study of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital from 2007 to 2018. After rigorous screening, 5322 men were included in the analysis. Anthropometric, fasting biochemical, and polysomnographic parameters, along with 27 AR-associated SNPs were analyzed. The associations between AR-related genetic polymorphisms and OSA were determined via linear, binary, and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results Rs12509403 had significantly positive associations with most sleep-breathing parameters. While the risk for OSA was increased by rs12509403, it was decreased by rs7717955 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.341, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.039-1.732, P = 0.024; OR = 0.829, 95% CI = 0.715-0.961, P = 0.013, respectively]. A graded increase in the risk of being in the highest quartile (Q4) vs the reference category (Q1) for sleep breathing indicators, especially REM-AHI and NREM-AHI, was identified by rs12509403 (OR = 1.496, 95% CI = 1.175-1.904, P = 0.001; OR = 1.471, 95% CI = 1.151-1.879, P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion The association of multiple AR SNPs with OSA-related hypoxia and sleep indices provides a genetic explanation for the higher AR susceptibility of OSA patients. Understanding the AR-related genetic underpinnings of OSA may lead to more personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Zeng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Xue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hangdong Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huajun Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaming Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Yi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhai Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
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Hitomi Y, Ueno K, Aiba Y, Nishida N, Kono M, Sugihara M, Kawai Y, Kawashima M, Khor SS, Sugi K, Kouno H, Kohno H, Naganuma A, Iwamoto S, Katsushima S, Furuta K, Nikami T, Mannami T, Yamashita T, Ario K, Komatsu T, Makita F, Shimada M, Hirashima N, Yokohama S, Nishimura H, Sugimoto R, Komura T, Ota H, Kojima M, Nakamuta M, Fujimori N, Yoshizawa K, Mano Y, Takahashi H, Hirooka K, Tsuruta S, Sato T, Yamasaki K, Kugiyama Y, Motoyoshi Y, Suehiro T, Saeki A, Matsumoto K, Nagaoka S, Abiru S, Yatsuhashi H, Ito M, Kawata K, Takaki A, Arai K, Arinaga-Hino T, Abe M, Harada M, Taniai M, Zeniya M, Ohira H, Shimoda S, Komori A, Tanaka A, Ishigaki K, Nagasaki M, Tokunaga K, Nakamura M. A genome-wide association study identified PTPN2 as a population-specific susceptibility gene locus for primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00853. [PMID: 38652555 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have indicated the involvement of shared (population-nonspecific) and nonshared (population-specific) susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) among European and East-Asian populations. Although a meta-analysis of these distinct populations has recently identified more than 20 novel PBC susceptibility loci, analyses of population-specific genetic architecture are still needed for a more comprehensive search for genetic factors in PBC. APPROACH AND RESULTS Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 ( PTPN2) was identified as a novel PBC susceptibility gene locus through GWAS and subsequent genome-wide meta-analysis involving 2181 cases and 2699 controls from the Japanese population (GWAS-lead variant: rs8098858, p = 2.6 × 10 -8 ). In silico and in vitro functional analyses indicated that the risk allele of rs2292758, which is a primary functional variant, decreases PTPN2 expression by disrupting Sp1 binding to the PTPN2 promoter in T follicular helper cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Infiltration of PTPN2-positive T-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells was confirmed in the portal area of the PBC liver by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of PBC-liver samples indicated the presence of a compromised negative feedback loop in vivo between PTPN2 and IFNG in patients carrying the risk allele of rs2292758. CONCLUSIONS PTPN2 , a novel susceptibility gene for PBC in the Japanese population, may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC through an insufficient negative feedback loop caused by the risk allele of rs2292758 in IFN-γ signaling. This suggests that PTPN2 could be a potential molecular target for PBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hitomi
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Ueno
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Aiba
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Nao Nishida
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Laboratory for Human Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Sugihara
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Seik-Soon Khor
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kazuhiro Sugi
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kouno
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohno
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naganuma
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwamoto
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Shinji Katsushima
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Furuta
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nikami
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Mannami
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamashita
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ario
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Komatsu
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Fujio Makita
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shimada
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Noboru Hirashima
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Shiro Yokohama
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Hideo Nishimura
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Rie Sugimoto
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Takuya Komura
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Hajime Ota
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Kojima
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamuta
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fujimori
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Kaname Yoshizawa
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Yutaka Mano
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Hironao Takahashi
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Kana Hirooka
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuruta
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Takeaki Sato
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yamasaki
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Yuki Kugiyama
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Suehiro
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Akira Saeki
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsumoto
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagaoka
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Seigo Abiru
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Ito
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Kawata
- Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine II, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Teruko Arinaga-Hino
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Makiko Taniai
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Zeniya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ishigaki
- Laboratory for Human Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Human Biosciences Unit for the Top Global Course Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Headquarters of PBC Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Japan
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Khunsriraksakul C, Li Q, Markus H, Patrick MT, Sauteraud R, McGuire D, Wang X, Wang C, Wang L, Chen S, Shenoy G, Li B, Zhong X, Olsen NJ, Carrel L, Tsoi LC, Jiang B, Liu DJ. Multi-ancestry and multi-trait genome-wide association meta-analyses inform clinical risk prediction for systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:668. [PMID: 36750564 PMCID: PMC9905560 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a heritable autoimmune disease that predominantly affects young women. To improve our understanding of genetic etiology, we conduct multi-ancestry and multi-trait meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies, encompassing 12 systemic lupus erythematosus cohorts from 3 different ancestries and 10 genetically correlated autoimmune diseases, and identify 16 novel loci. We also perform transcriptome-wide association studies, computational drug repurposing analysis, and cell type enrichment analysis. We discover putative drug classes, including a histone deacetylase inhibitor that could be repurposed to treat lupus. We also identify multiple cell types enriched with putative target genes, such as non-classical monocytes and B cells, which may be targeted for future therapeutics. Using this newly assembled result, we further construct polygenic risk score models and demonstrate that integrating polygenic risk score with clinical lab biomarkers improves the diagnostic accuracy of systemic lupus erythematosus using the Vanderbilt BioVU and Michigan Genomics Initiative biobanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chachrit Khunsriraksakul
- Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Qinmengge Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Havell Markus
- Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Matthew T Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Renan Sauteraud
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Daniel McGuire
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Xingyan Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Lida Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Ganesh Shenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Nancy J Olsen
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Laura Carrel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bibo Jiang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA. .,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA. .,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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