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Cho E, Das U, Sidelnikov D, Balasubramanian T, Shats D, Mansoor S, Forbes HE, Zhou J, Kapoor R, Chase S, Kore M, Williams K, Saeedi O, Sundararajan S, Levin MR, Magder L, Alexander JL. Retinal blood flow association with age and weight in infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12790. [PMID: 38834830 PMCID: PMC11150459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This prospective study evaluated the relationship between laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) ocular blood flow velocity (BFV) and five birth parameters: gestational age (GA), postmenstrual age (PMA) and chronological age (CA) at the time of measurement, birth weight (BW), and current weight (CW) in preterm neonates at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). 38 Neonates with BW < 2 kg, GA < 32 weeks, and PMA between 27 and 47 weeks underwent 91 LSCI sessions. Correlation tests and regression analysis were performed to quantify relationships between birth parameters and ocular BFV. Mean ocular BFV index in this cohort was 8.8 +/- 4.0 IU. BFV positively correlated with PMA (r = 0.3, p = 0.01), CA (r = 0.3, p = 0.005), and CW (r = 0.3, p = 0.02). BFV did not correlate with GA nor BW (r = - 0.2 and r = - 0.05, p > 0.05). Regression analysis with mixed models demonstrated that BFV increased by 1.2 for every kilogram of CW, by 0.34 for every week of CA, and by 0.36 for every week of PMA (p = 0.03, 0.004, 0.007, respectively). Our findings indicate that increased age and weight are associated with increased ocular BFV measured using LSCI in premature infants. Future studies investigating the associations between ocular BFV and ROP clinical severity must control for age and/or weight of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Cho
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Urjita Das
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Shats
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaiza Mansoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - He Eun Forbes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason Zhou
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ria Kapoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sera Chase
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madi Kore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Osamah Saeedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sripriya Sundararajan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Moran Roni Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurence Magder
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet Leath Alexander
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Cho E, Das U, Sidelnikov D, Balasubramanian T, Shats D, Mansoor S, Forbes HE, Zhou J, Kapoor R, Chase S, Kore M, Williams K, Saeedi O, Sundararajan S, Levin MR, Magder L, Alexander J. Retinal blood flow association with age and weight in infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3909449. [PMID: 38464120 PMCID: PMC10925429 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3909449/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This prospective study evaluated the relationship between laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) ocular blood flow velocity (BFV) and five birth parameters: gestational age (GA), postmenstrual age (PMA), and chronological age (CA) at the time of measurement, birth weight (BW), and current weight (CW) in preterm neonates at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).38 Neonates with BW < 2 kg, GA < 32 weeks, and PMA between 27-47 weeks underwent 91 LSCI sessions. Correlation tests and regression analysis were performed to quantify relationships between birth parameters and ocular BFV. Mean ocular BFV index in this cohort was 8.8 +/- 4.0 IU. BFV positively correlated with PMA (r = 0.3, p = 0.01), CA (r = 0.3, p = 0.005), and CW (r = 0.3, p = 0.02). BFV did not correlate with GA nor BW (r=-0.2 and r=-0.05, p > 0.05). Regression analysis with mixed models demonstrated that BFV increased by 1.2 for every kilogram of CW, by 0.34 for every week of CA, and by 0.36 for every week of PMA (p = 0.03, 0.004, 0.007, respectively). Our findings indicate that increased age and weight are associated with increased ocular BFV measured using LSCI in premature infants. Future studies investigating the associations between ocular BFV and ROP clinical severity must control for age and/or weight of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Cho
- University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Urjita Das
- University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Zhou
- University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Ria Kapoor
- University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Sera Chase
- University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Madi Kore
- University of Maryland School of Medicine
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García-Llorca A, Carta F, Supuran CT, Eysteinsson T. Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibitors and vascular function. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1338528. [PMID: 38348465 PMCID: PMC10859760 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1338528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been known for some time that Carbonic Anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) plays a complex role in vascular function, and in the regulation of vascular tone. Clinically employed CA inhibitors (CAIs) are used primarily to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma, and also to affect retinal blood flow and oxygen saturation. CAIs have been shown to dilate vessels and increase blood flow in both the cerebral and ocular vasculature. Similar effects of CAIs on vascular function have been observed in the liver, brain and kidney, while vessels in abdominal muscle and the stomach are unaffected. Most of the studies on the vascular effects of CAIs have been focused on the cerebral and ocular vasculatures, and in particular the retinal vasculature, where vasodilation of its vessels, after intravenous infusion of sulfonamide-based CAIs can be easily observed and measured from the fundus of the eye. The mechanism by which CAIs exert their effects on the vasculature is still unclear, but the classic sulfonamide-based inhibitors have been found to directly dilate isolated vessel segments when applied to the extracellular fluid. Modification of the structure of CAI compounds affects their efficacy and potency as vasodilators. CAIs of the coumarin type, which generally are less effective in inhibiting the catalytically dominant isoform hCA II and unable to accept NO, have comparable vasodilatory effects as the primary sulfonamides on pre-contracted retinal arteriolar vessel segments, providing insights into which CA isoforms are involved. Alterations of the lipophilicity of CAI compounds affect their potency as vasodilators, and CAIs that are membrane impermeant do not act as vasodilators of isolated vessel segments. Experiments with CAIs, that shed light on the role of CA in the regulation of vascular tone of vessels, will be discussed in this review. The role of CA in vascular function will be discussed, with specific emphasis on findings with the effects of CA inhibitors (CAI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea García-Llorca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Thor Eysteinsson
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Bajka A, Foa N, Sidhu S, Rejdak M, Said S, Wiest MRJ, Hamann T, Blaser F, Zweifel SA. Analysis of Blood Flow in the Macula and Optic Nerve Head in Healthy Young Volunteers Using Laser Speckle Flowgraphy. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2023; 240:608-612. [PMID: 37164413 DOI: 10.1055/a-2026-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess optic nerve head (ONH) and macular blood flow in young healthy volunteers using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). METHODS This is a prospective single-center study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich from May to November 2021. Young, healthy men aged ≥ 18 years without ocular or systemic diseases were included. A corrected visual acuity (VA) of 0.0 logMAR or better in both eyes and an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 21 mmHg or lower were required for inclusion. Subjects exceeding a spherical equivalent (SE) of ± 6 diopters (dpt) were excluded. Blood flow in the macula and the ONH was recorded using the Nidek LSFG RetFlow device (Nidek Company, Ltd., Hirioshi-cho, Japan). Laser power was set to 0.5 Millivolts (mV). Mean blur rate (MBR) was recorded as a parameter for blood flow. MBR is a calculated parameter that represents relative blood flow velocity correlated with the real anatomical blood flow rate. Colored heat maps of the recorded retinal area were generated automatically by the RetFlow device. RESULTS Final analyses included 83 eyes of 43 male volunteers. Mean age was 21.9 years (SD ± 1.5, range: 20 to 29). Mean corrected VA was - 0.1 logMAR (SD ± 0.05, range: - 0.2 to 0.0), mean IOP was 15.4 mmHg (SD ± 2.5, range: 8.5 to 18.5), and mean SE was - 0.3 dpt (SD ± 1.2, range: - 5.0 to 1.2). Mean ONH MBR was 37.44 (SD ± 7.9, range: 22.5 to 53.5) and mean macular MBR was 27.8 (SD ± 9.7, range: 6.4 to 57.7). Pearson's Test showed a strong correlation between macular and papillary blood flow (p < 0.05, coefficient: 0.647). CONCLUSION This study provides both ONH and macular blood flow data in a healthy young male population, showing a strong correlation between ONH and macular blood flow in the examined eyes. Further investigations are required to assess the validity of MBR as a parameter for the combined evaluation of retinal blood flow at the macula and ONH in healthy volunteers and patients with various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Bajka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nastasia Foa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Sidhu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Magdalena Rejdak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sadiq Said
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Timothy Hamann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Blaser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Anne Zweifel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Hommer N, Kallab M, Schlatter A, Howorka K, Werkmeister RM, Schmidl D, Schmetterer L, Garhöfer G. Retinal Oxygen Metabolism in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Different Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 2022; 71:2677-2684. [PMID: 36107468 PMCID: PMC9862478 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess retinal oxygen metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes and different stages of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) (n = 67) compared with healthy control subjects (n = 20). Thirty-four patients had no DR, 15 had mild DR, and 18 had moderate to severe DR. Retinal oxygen saturation in arteries and veins was measured using the oxygen module of a retinal vessel analyzer. Total retinal blood flow (TRBF) was measured using a custom-built Doppler optical coherence tomography system. Retinal oxygen extraction was calculated from retinal oxygen saturation and TRBF. Arteriovenous difference in oxygen saturation was highest in healthy subjects (34.9 ± 7.5%), followed by patients with no DR (32.5 ± 6.3%) and moderate to severe DR (30.3 ± 6.5%). The lowest values were found in patients with mild DR (27.3 ± 8.0%, P = 0.010 vs. healthy subjects). TRBF tended to be higher in patients with no DR (40.1 ± 9.2 μL/min) and mild DR (41.8 ± 15.0 μL/min) than in healthy subjects (37.2 ± 5.7 μL/min) and patients with moderate to severe DR (34.6 ± 10.4 μL/min). Retinal oxygen extraction was the highest in healthy subjects (2.24 ± 0.57 μL O2/min), followed by patients with no DR (2.14 ± 0.6 μL O2/min), mild DR (1.90 ± 0.77 μL O2/min), and moderate to severe DR (1.78 ± 0.57 μL O2/min, P = 0.040 vs. healthy subjects). These results indicate that retinal oxygen metabolism is altered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, retinal oxygen extraction decreases with increasing severity of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Hommer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kallab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schlatter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Institute, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kinga Howorka
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - René M. Werkmeister
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute-Nanyang Technical University Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Levin LA, Patrick C, Choudry NB, Sharif NA, Goldberg JL. Neuroprotection in neurodegenerations of the brain and eye: Lessons from the past and directions for the future. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964197. [PMID: 36034312 PMCID: PMC9412944 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNeurological and ophthalmological neurodegenerative diseases in large part share underlying biology and pathophysiology. Despite extensive preclinical research on neuroprotection that in many cases bridges and unifies both fields, only a handful of neuroprotective therapies have succeeded clinically in either.Main bodyUnderstanding the commonalities among brain and neuroretinal neurodegenerations can help develop innovative ways to improve translational success in neuroprotection research and emerging therapies. To do this, analysis of why translational research in neuroprotection fails necessitates addressing roadblocks at basic research and clinical trial levels. These include optimizing translational approaches with respect to biomarkers, therapeutic targets, treatments, animal models, and regulatory pathways.ConclusionThe common features of neurological and ophthalmological neurodegenerations are useful for outlining a path forward that should increase the likelihood of translational success in neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A. Levin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Leonard A. Levin
| | | | - Nozhat B. Choudry
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Najam A. Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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