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Ewaisha R, Anderson KS. Immunogenicity of CRISPR therapeutics-Critical considerations for clinical translation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1138596. [PMID: 36873375 PMCID: PMC9978118 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1138596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR offers new hope for many patients and promises to transform the way we think of future therapies. Ensuring safety of CRISPR therapeutics is a top priority for clinical translation and specific recommendations have been recently released by the FDA. Rapid progress in the preclinical and clinical development of CRISPR therapeutics leverages years of experience with gene therapy successes and failures. Adverse events due to immunogenicity have been a major setback that has impacted the field of gene therapy. As several in vivo CRISPR clinical trials make progress, the challenge of immunogenicity remains a significant roadblock to the clinical availability and utility of CRISPR therapeutics. In this review, we examine what is currently known about the immunogenicity of CRISPR therapeutics and discuss several considerations to mitigate immunogenicity for the design of safe and clinically translatable CRISPR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Ewaisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Newgiza, Egypt
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Zhang Q, Lu X, Gao L, Tao S, Ge Y, Cui D, Zhu R, Lu W, Wang J, Jiang S. In Vitro and In Vivo Antigen Presentation and Diagnosis Development of Recombinant Overlapping Peptides Corresponding to Mtb ESAT-6/CFP-10. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872676. [PMID: 35784315 PMCID: PMC9246674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity in Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is important for the pathogenesis and final clearance of intracellular Mtb infection. In addition, it is valuable for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. In this pioneering work, we tested in vitro and in vivo antigen presentation and diagnostic application of a recombinant overlapping peptide-protein derived from two Mtb RD1 antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (ROP-TB). The overlapping peptide sequence of ROP-TB is cleaved by the cathepsin S enzyme and covers the entire length of the two proteins. ROP-TB can be expressed and purified from E. coli. Once taken in by antigen-presenting cells, ROP-TB can be cleaved into a peptide pool by cathepsin S within the cells. We found that in dendritic cells, ROP-TB can be processed in 6 hours of co-culture, while the ESAT-6/CFP-10 fusion protein remained in the endosomal compartment. In Mtb-infected mice, ROP-TB stimulated stronger specific T cell responses than pooled synthetic peptides derived from ESAT-6 and CFP-10. With regard to the presentation of in vivo antigens, in a guinea pig model infected with Mtb, ROP-TB induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses comparable to those of the tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and ESAT-6/CFP-10 fusion protein. In Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine TB)-infected cattle, ROP-TB elicited DTH responses. Finally, in Mtb infected patients, ROP-TB stimulated cellular immune responses in majority of patients (16/18) of different HLA phenotypes while a single peptide derived from the same proteins did not elicit the immune responses in all patients. In summary, in vitro and in vivo data suggest that ROP-TB stimulates a strong cellular immune response irrespective of HLA phenotypes and is therefore suitable for use in vitro and in vivo diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- R & D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Co. Ltd., Changzhou, China
| | - Xiong Lu
- R & D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Co. Ltd., Changzhou, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Tuberculosis, Changzhou Third People’s Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Siyu Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dehong Prefectural Hospital, Dehong Prefecture, China
| | - Yinghua Ge
- R & D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Co. Ltd., Changzhou, China
| | - Daocheng Cui
- R & D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Co. Ltd., Changzhou, China
| | - Renying Zhu
- R & D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Co. Ltd., Changzhou, China
| | - Wenshu Lu
- R & D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Co. Ltd., Changzhou, China
- R & D Department, Shanghai JW Inflinhix Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shisong Jiang, ; Wenshu Lu, ; Jian Wang,
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shisong Jiang, ; Wenshu Lu, ; Jian Wang,
| | - Shisong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Shisong Jiang, ; Wenshu Lu, ; Jian Wang,
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