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A Roadmap for Potential Improvement of Newborn Screening for Inherited Metabolic Diseases Following Recent Developments and Successful Applications of Bivariate Normal Limits for Pre-Symptomatic Detection of MPS I, Pompe Disease, and Krabbe Disease. Int J Neonatal Screen 2022; 8:ijns8040061. [PMID: 36412587 PMCID: PMC9680456 DOI: 10.3390/ijns8040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), Pompe Disease (PD), and Krabbe disease (KD) are inherited conditions known as lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) The resulting enzyme deficiencies give rise to progressive symptoms. The United States Department of Health and Human Services' Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) suggests LSDs for inclusion in state universal newborn screening (NBS) programs and has identified screening deficiencies in MPS I, KD, and PD NBS programs. MPS I NBS programs utilize newborn dried blood spots and assay alpha L-iduronidase (IDUA) enzyme to screen for potential cases. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) offer potential as a confirmatory test. KD NBS programs utilize galactocerebrosidase (GaLC) as an initial test, with psychosine (PSY) activity increasingly used as a confirmatory test for predicting onset of Krabbe disease, though with an excessive false positive rate. PD is marked by a deficiency in acid α-glucosidase (GAA), causing increased glycogen, creatine (CRE), and other biomarkers. Bivariate normal limit (BVNL) methods have been applied to GaLC and PSY activity to produce a NBS tool for KD, and more recently, to IDUA and GAG activity to develop a NBS tool for MPS I. A BVNL tool based on GAA and CRE is in development for infantile PD diagnosis. Early infantile KD, MPS I, and PD cases were pre-symptomatically identified by BVNL-based NBS tools. This article reviews these developments, discusses how they address screening deficiencies identified by the RUSP and may improve NBS more generally.
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Iacono D, Koga S, Peng H, Manavalan A, Daiker J, Castanedes-Casey M, Martin NB, Herdt AR, Gelb MH, Dickson DW, Lee CW. Galactosylceramidase deficiency and pathological abnormalities in cerebral white matter of Krabbe disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105862. [PMID: 36113749 PMCID: PMC10474820 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from loss-of-function mutations in the GALC gene, which encodes lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC). Functional deficiency of GALC is toxic to myelin-producing cells, which leads to progressive demyelination in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is hypothesized that accumulation of psychosine, which can only be degraded by GALC, is a primary initiator of pathologic cascades. Despite the central role of GALC in KD pathomechanism, investigations of GALC deficiency at a protein level are largely absent, due in part, to the lack of sensitive antibodies in the field. Leveraging two custom antibodies that can detect GALC at endogenous levels, we demonstrated that GALC protein is predominantly localized to oligodendrocytes in cerebral white matter of an infant brain, consistent with its functional role in myelination. Mature GALC could also be quantitatively detected as a 26 kDa band by western blotting and correlated to enzyme activity in brain tissues. The p.Ile562Thr polymorphic variant, which is over-represented in the KD population, was associated with reduced mature GALC protein and activity. In three infantile KD cases, homozygous null mutations in GALC lead to deficiency in total GALC protein and activity. Interestingly, although GALC activity was absent, normal levels of total GALC protein were detected by a sandwich ELISA using our custom antibodies in a later-onset KD brain, which suggests that the assay has the potential to differentiate infantile- and later-onset KD cases. Among the infantile KD cases, we quantified a 5-fold increase in psychosine levels, and observed increased levels of acid ceramidase, a key enzyme for psychosine production, and hyperglycosylated lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, a marker for lysosomal activation, in periventricular white matter, a major pathological brain region, when compared with age-matched normal controls. While near complete demyelination was observed in these cases, we quantified that an early-infantile case (age of death at 10 months) had about 3-fold increases in both globoid cells, a pathological hallmark for KD, and CD8-positive T lymphocytes, a pathological marker for multiple sclerosis, in the white matter when compared with a slower progressing infantile case (age of death at 21 months), which suggests a positive correlation between clinical severity and neuropathology. Taken together, our findings have advanced the understanding of GALC protein biology in the context of normal and KD brain white matter. We also revealed new neuropathological changes that may provide insights to understand KD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Iacono
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ, United States of America; Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, United States of America; Mid-Atlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ, United States of America
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - Hui Peng
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ, United States of America; Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, United States of America; Mid-Atlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ, United States of America
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jessica Daiker
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Nicholas B Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - Aimee R Herdt
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ, United States of America; Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, United States of America; Mid-Atlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ, United States of America
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - Chris W Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ, United States of America; Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, United States of America; Mid-Atlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ, United States of America.
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3
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Ghabash G, Wilkes J, Bonkowsky JL. National U.S. Patient and Transplant Data for Krabbe Disease. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:764626. [PMID: 34900869 PMCID: PMC8660087 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.764626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a leukodystrophy caused by mutations in the galactosylceramidase gene. Presymptomatic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is associated with improved outcomes, but most data are from single-center studies. Our objective was to characterize national patterns of HSCT for KD including whether there were disparities in HSCT utilization and outcomes. We conducted a retrospective study of KD patients ≤ age 18 years from November 1, 2015, through December 31, 2019, using the U.S. Children's Hospital Association's Pediatric Health Information System database. We evaluated outcomes for HSCT, intensive care unit days, and mortality, comparing age, sex, race/ethnicity, rural/urban location, and median household income. We identified 91 KD patients. HSCT, performed in 32% of patients, was associated with reduced mortality, 31 vs. 68% without HSCT (p < 0.003). Trends included the fact that more males than females had HSCT (39 vs. 23%); more Asian and White patients had HSCT compared to Black or Hispanic patients (75, 33, 25, and 17%, respectively); and patients from households with the lowest-income quartile (< $25,000) had more HSCT compared to higher-income quartiles (44 vs. 33, 30, and 0%). Overall, receiving HSCT was associated with reduced mortality. We noted trends in patient groups who received HSCT. Our findings suggest that disparities in receiving HSCT could affect outcomes for KD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Ghabash
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jacob Wilkes
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Joshua L. Bonkowsky
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Primary Children's Center for Personalized Medicine, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Thompson-Stone R, Ream MA, Gelb M, Matern D, Orsini JJ, Levy PA, Rubin JP, Wenger DA, Burton BK, Escolar ML, Kurtzberg J. Consensus recommendations for the classification and long-term follow up of infants who screen positive for Krabbe Disease. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 134:53-59. [PMID: 33832819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated evidence and consensus-based recommendations for the classification of individuals who screen positive for Krabbe Disease (KD) and recommendations for long-term follow-up for those who are at risk for late onset Krabbe Disease (LOKD). METHODS KD experts (KD NBS Council) met between July 2017 and June 2020 to develop consensus-based classification and follow-up recommendations. The resulting newly proposed recommendations were assessed in a historical cohort of 47 newborns from New York State who were originally classified at moderate or high risk for LOKD. RESULTS Infants identified by newborn screening with possible KD should enter one of three clinical follow-up pathways (Early infantile KD, at-risk for LOKD, or unaffected), based on galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity, psychosine concentration, and GALC genotype. Patients considered at-risk for LOKD based on low GALC activity and an intermediate psychosine concentration are further split into a high-risk or low-risk follow-up pathway based on genotype. Review of the historical New York State cohort found that the updated follow-up recommendations would reduce follow up testing by 88%. CONCLUSION The KD NBS Council has presented updated consensus recommendations for efficient and effective classification and follow-up of NBS positive patients with a focus on long-term follow-up of those at-risk for LOKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Thompson-Stone
- University of Rochester, Golisano Children's Hospital, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Margie A Ream
- Nationwide Children's Hospital Division of Neurology, 700 Children's Dr., Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Michael Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Campus Box 351700, 36 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dietrich Matern
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joseph J Orsini
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Dept. of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Levy
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Einstein-Montefiore, Pediatric Genetic Medicine, 3411 Wayne Avenue, 9(th) Floor, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Jennifer P Rubin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David A Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St, Room 346, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Barbara K Burton
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maria L Escolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Plaza Suite 407, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Marcus Center for Cellular Cures, Duke University School of Medicine, 2400 Pratt Street, Room 9026, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Peterson L, Siemon A, Olewiler L, McBride KL, Allain DC. A qualitative assessment of parental experiences with false-positive newborn screening for Krabbe disease. J Genet Couns 2021; 31:252-260. [PMID: 34265137 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous US states have implemented newborn screening for Krabbe disease (Krabbe NBS) as a result of legislative state mandates. While healthcare provider opinions toward Krabbe NBS have been documented, few studies have explored parental experiences and opinions regarding Krabbe NBS. Eleven families, who received a false-positive Krabbe NBS result and received genetic counseling at an institution in central Ohio, were consented to participate in semistructured interviews. Interviews explored parents' experiences throughout the NBS process and ascertained their opinions regarding Krabbe NBS. Three major themes emerged from thematic analysis: (1) improved understanding of the NBS process from a parent perspective, (2) the role of healthcare provider communication, and (3) the value of Krabbe NBS. Parents saw value in Krabbe NBS, despite many disclosing emotional distress and uncertainty throughout the NBS process. Parent experiences throughout the NBS process varied widely. Due to the expressed emotional distress, further research assessing effective communication during the NBS process is warranted. The researchers suggest additional NBS education for non-genetics healthcare providers (i.e., nurses or primary care physicians) and further participation of genetic counselors in the NBS process may benefit families with a positive Krabbe NBS result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiken Peterson
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy Siemon
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Leah Olewiler
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kim L McBride
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dawn C Allain
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Wasserstein MP, Orsini JJ, Goldenberg A, Caggana M, Levy PA, Breilyn M, Gelb MH. The future of newborn screening for lysosomal disorders. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136080. [PMID: 34166724 PMCID: PMC10387443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The goal of newborn screening is to enhance the outcome of individuals with serious, treatable disorders through early, pre-symptomatic detection. The lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) comprise a group of more than 50 diseases with a combined frequency of approximately 1:7000. With the availability of existing and new enzyme replacement therapies, small molecule treatments and gene therapies, there is increasing interest in screening newborns for LSDs with the goal of reducing disease-related morbidity and mortality through early detection. Novel screening methods are being developed, including efforts to enhance accuracy of screening using an array of multi-tiered, genomic, statistical, and bioinformatic approaches. While NBS data for Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, Krabbe disease, MPS I, and Pompe disease has demonstrated the feasibility of widespread screening, it has also highlighted some of the complexities of screening for LSDs. These include the identification of infants with later-onset, untreatable, and uncertain phenotypes, raising interesting ethical concerns that should be addressed as part of the NBS implementation process. Taken together, these efforts will provide critical, detailed data to help guide objective, ethically sensitive decision-making about NBS for LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P Wasserstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Joseph J Orsini
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Aaron Goldenberg
- Department of Bioethics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michele Caggana
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul A Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Margo Breilyn
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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7
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Bradbury AM, Ream MA. Recent Advancements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2021; 37:100876. [PMID: 33892849 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2021.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies comprise a growing group of inherited white matter disorders. Diagnostic rates have improved with increased utilization of next generation sequencing. As treatment options continue to advance for leukodystrophies, so will candidacy for inclusion in the United States' newborn Recommended Universal Screening Panel as was achieved for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Stem cell therapies have become standard of care for selected leukodystrophies. However, transplantation-related risks remain high and outcomes are not fully satisfactory. Transduction of autologous hematopoietic stem cells with lentiviral vectors, referred to as ex vivo gene therapy, circumvents some, but not all, of the risks of traditional transplantation and has recently been demonstrated to be safe and efficective in clinical studies of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and metachromatic leukodystrophy. Gene therapy, through direct infusion of adeno-associated virus vectors, has emerged as a safer alternative for many monogenetic pediatric neurological disorders. Numerous preclinical studies have shown safety and efficacy of adeno-associated virus gene therapy in leukodystrophies allowing expanded access treatment for Canavan disease prior to initiation of a clinical trial. For inherited white matter disorders resulting from overexpression of a protein, such as Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, emerging RNA therapies have shown success in preclinical studies and promise for rapid translation to the clinic. Lastly, small molecule and protein therapies remain a long-term treatment option for a number of leukodystrophies, including intrathecal enzyme replacement therapy for metachromatic leukodystrophy. Herein we review recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of inherited white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margie A Ream
- Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
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Bradbury AM, Bagel JH, Nguyen D, Lykken EA, Pesayco Salvador J, Jiang X, Swain GP, Assenmacher CA, Hendricks IJ, Miyadera K, Hess RS, Ostrager A, ODonnell P, Sands MS, Ory DS, Shelton GD, Bongarzone ER, Gray SJ, Vite CH. Krabbe disease successfully treated via monotherapy of intrathecal gene therapy. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4906-4920. [PMID: 32773406 DOI: 10.1172/jci133953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD; Krabbe disease) is a progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by deficient activity of the hydrolytic enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC). The ensuing cytotoxic accumulation of psychosine results in diffuse central and peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS) demyelination. Presymptomatic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only treatment for infantile-onset GLD; however, clinical outcomes of HSCT recipients often remain poor, and procedure-related morbidity is high. There are no effective therapies for symptomatic patients. Herein, we demonstrate in the naturally occurring canine model of GLD that presymptomatic monotherapy with intrathecal AAV9 encoding canine GALC administered into the cisterna magna increased GALC enzyme activity, normalized psychosine concentration, improved myelination, and attenuated inflammation in both the CNS and PNS. Moreover, AAV-mediated therapy successfully prevented clinical neurological dysfunction, allowing treated dogs to live beyond 2.5 years of age, more than 7 times longer than untreated dogs. Furthermore, we found that a 5-fold lower dose resulted in an attenuated form of disease, indicating that sufficient dosing is critical. Finally, postsymptomatic therapy with high-dose AAV9 also significantly extended lifespan, signifying a treatment option for patients for whom HSCT is not applicable. If translatable to patients, these findings would improve the outcomes of patients treated either pre- or postsymptomatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bradbury
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica H Bagel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik A Lykken
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jill Pesayco Salvador
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gary P Swain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles A Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian J Hendricks
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keiko Miyadera
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecka S Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arielle Ostrager
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia ODonnell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Hong X, Daiker J, Sadilek M, Ruiz-Schultz N, Kumar AB, Norcross S, Dansithong W, Suhr T, Escolar ML, Ronald Scott C, Rohrwasser A, Gelb MH. Toward newborn screening of metachromatic leukodystrophy: results from analysis of over 27,000 newborn dried blood spots. Genet Med 2020; 23:555-561. [PMID: 33214709 PMCID: PMC10395749 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ARSA), which results in the accumulation of sulfatides. Newborn screening for MLD may be considered in the future as innovative treatments are advancing. We carried out a research study to assess the feasibility of screening MLD using dried blood spots (DBS) from de-identified newborns. METHODS To minimize the false-positive rate, a two-tier screening algorithm was designed. The primary test was to quantify C16:0-sulfatide in DBS by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The screening cutoff was established based on the results from 15 MLD newborns to achieve 100% sensitivity. The secondary test was to measure the ARSA activity in DBS from newborns with abnormal C16:0-sulfatide levels. Only newborns that displayed both abnormal C16:0-sulfatide abundance and ARSA activity were considered screen positives. RESULTS A total of 27,335 newborns were screened using this two-tier algorithm, and 2 high-risk cases were identified. ARSA gene sequencing identified these two high-risk subjects to be a MLD-affected patient and a heterozygote. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that newborn screening for MLD is highly feasible in a real-world scenario with near 100% assay specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Daiker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Sadilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Arun Babu Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria L Escolar
- The Program for the Study of Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Ronald Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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10
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Wenger DA, Luzi P. The Lysosomal Diseases Testing Laboratory: A review of the past 47 years. JIMD Rep 2020; 54:61-67. [PMID: 32685352 PMCID: PMC7358674 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal disorders are diseases that involve mutations in genes responsible for the coding of lysosomal enzymes, transport proteins, activator proteins and protein processing enzymes. These defects lead to the storage of specific metabolites within lysosomes resulting in a great variety of clinical features depending on the tissues with the storage, the storage products and the extent of the storage. The methods for rapidly diagnosing patients started in the late 1960's when the enzyme defects were identified eliminating the need for tissue biopsies. The first requests for diagnostic help in this laboratory came in 1973. In that year, patients with Krabbe disease and Niemann-Pick type A were diagnosed. Since that time samples from about 62 000 individuals have been received for diagnostic studies, and 4900 diagnoses have been made. The largest number of diagnosed individuals had metachromatic leukodystrophy and Krabbe disease because of our research interest in leukodystrophies. A number of new disorders were identified and the primary defects in other disorders were clarified. With new methods for diagnosis, including newborn screening, molecular analysis, microarrays, there is still a need for biochemical confirmation before treatment is considered. With new treatments, including gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, enzyme replacement used alone or in combination becoming more available, the need for rapid, accurate diagnosis is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wenger
- Department of NeurologySidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Paola Luzi
- Department of NeurologySidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Achieving Congruence among Reference Laboratories for Absolute Abundance Measurement of Analytes for Rare Diseases: Psychosine for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Krabbe Disease. Int J Neonatal Screen 2020; 6:29. [PMID: 32373753 PMCID: PMC7199469 DOI: 10.3390/ijns6020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of the absolute concentration of the biomarker psychosine in dried blood spots (DBS) is useful for diagnosis and prognosis of Krabbe disease and to support newborn screening of this leukodystrophy. As for assays for more common diseases, it is important to achieve congruence when multiple clinical laboratories provide testing. Four clinical laboratories, one research laboratory, and a commercial vendor collaborated with the goal to achieve congruence in quantitative psychosine measurement in DBS. A set of DBS calibrators was prepared by a single vendor and used in each reference laboratory to make a standard curve of measured psychosine in DBS versus the stated calibrator psychosine level. Congruence between the participating five laboratories was achieved using the psychosine DBS calibrators. This allowed application of disease-specific reference ranges obtained by the reference laboratory with the most extensive data by the other reference laboratories. Congruence between multiple reference laboratories in the measurement of the absolute concentration of biomarkers in DBS (and by extension other samples) is possible by the use of a common set of DBS calibrators.
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Langan TJ, Jalal K, Barczykowski AL, Carter RL, Stapleton M, Orii K, Fukao T, Kobayashi H, Yamaguchi S, Tomatsu S. Development of a newborn screening tool for mucopolysaccharidosis type I based on bivariate normal limits: Using glycosaminoglycan and alpha-L-iduronidase determinations on dried blood spots to predict symptoms. JIMD Rep 2020; 52:35-42. [PMID: 32154058 PMCID: PMC7052686 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Current newborn screening (NBS) for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPSI) has very high false positive rates and low positive predictive values (PPVs). To improve the accuracy of presymptomatic prediction for MPSI, we propose an NBS tool based on known biomarkers, alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme activity (IDUA) and level of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparan sulfate (HS). METHODS We developed the NBS tool using measures from dried blood spots (DBS) of 5000 normal newborns from Gifu Prefecture, Japan. The tool's predictive accuracy was tested on the newborn DBS from these infants and from seven patients who were known to have early-onset MPSI (Hurler's syndrome). Bivariate analyses of the standardized natural logarithms of IDUA and HS levels were employed to develop the tool. RESULTS Every case of early-onset MPSI was predicted correctly by the tool. No normal newborn was incorrectly identified as having early-onset MPSI, whereas 12 normal newborns were so incorrectly identified by the Gifu NBS protocol. The PPV was estimated to be 99.9%. CONCLUSIONS Bivariate analysis of IDUA with HS in newborn DBS can accurately predict early MPSI symptoms, control false positive rates, and enhance presymptomatic treatment. This bivariate analysis-based approach, which was developed for Krabbe disease, can be extended to additional screened disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Langan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Kabir Jalal
- Department of Biostatistics, Population Health Observatory, School of Public Health and Health ProfessionsUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Amy L. Barczykowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Population Health Observatory, School of Public Health and Health ProfessionsUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Randy L. Carter
- Department of Biostatistics, Population Health Observatory, School of Public Health and Health ProfessionsUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Molly Stapleton
- Skeletal Dysplasia Research Lab, Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmingtonDelaware
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware
| | - Kenji Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of MedicineGifu UniversityGifuJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukao
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of MedicineGifu UniversityGifuJapan
| | | | | | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Skeletal Dysplasia Research Lab, Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmingtonDelaware
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of MedicineGifu UniversityGifuJapan
- Department of PediatricsShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
- Department of PediatricsThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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Langan TJ, Barczykowski A, Jalal K, Sherwood L, Allewelt H, Kurtzberg J, Carter RL. Survey of quality of life, phenotypic expression, and response to treatment in Krabbe leukodystrophy. JIMD Rep 2019; 47:47-54. [PMID: 31240167 PMCID: PMC6498827 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a quality of life (QOL) survey for Krabbe disease (KD), and to thereby improve understanding of its phenotypic expression and response to treatment. METHODS The survey, the Leukodystrophy Quality of Life Assessment (LQLA) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales were co-administered to 33 patients or their caretakers. These included the phenotypes of early infantile KD (EIKD; 0-6 months old at onset), late infantile cases (LIKD; 7-12 months old at onset), and cases that emerged after 12 months old, late onset (LOKD). The sample included cases with and without stem cell transplantation (SCT). Reliability and concurrent validity were assessed for overall and subscale scores. Analysis of variance tested differences in QOL between phenotypes and transplant groups (none, pre-, post-symptom). RESULTS Good concurrent validity with the Vineland was shown for total, communication, daily activity, social, and motor scales and good reliability was observed. LOKD cases had better communication skills than either EIKD or LIKD and better overall QOL than EIKD. Analyses of individual items showed that communication items, mostly, contributed significantly to phenotype differences. Presymptomatic SCT significantly improved QOL compared to postsymptomatic SCT or no treatment. Presymptomatically treated patients had near-normal total scores. CONCLUSIONS The LQLA is valid and reliable. Despite small sample size, phenotypic demarcation was determined to be due mainly to differences in communication skills. There was a relative enhancement of QOL in LOKD patients, and in those who had presymptomatic SCT. These results apply to the current controversy about recommendations for newborn screening for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Langan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Amy Barczykowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Population Health Observatory, School of Public Health and Health ProfessionsUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Kabir Jalal
- Department of Biostatistics, Population Health Observatory, School of Public Health and Health ProfessionsUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Laura Sherwood
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Heather Allewelt
- Department of PediatricsDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Department of PediatricsDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Randy L. Carter
- Department of Biostatistics, Population Health Observatory, School of Public Health and Health ProfessionsUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
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