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Tang X, Lu F, Xiao Z, Wang Y, Hu G, Cai K, Yin R, Song W, Xie L, Guo G, Wang W, Liu L, Liu L, Ye Z, Heng W, Guo X, Wang D, Jia B. Determination of anthracnose (Colletotrichum fructicola) resistance mechanism using transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:619. [PMID: 38937683 PMCID: PMC11212231 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracnose, mainly caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, leads to severe losses in pear production. However, there is limited information available regarding the molecular response to anthracnose in pears. RESULTS In this study, the anthracnose-resistant variety 'Seli' and susceptible pear cultivar 'Cuiguan' were subjected to transcriptome analysis following C. fructicola inoculation at 6 and 24 h using RNA sequencing. A total of 3186 differentially expressed genes were detected in 'Seli' and 'Cuiguan' using Illumina sequencing technology. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses indicated that the transcriptional response of pears to C. fructicola infection included responses to reactive oxygen species, phytohormone signaling, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and secondary metabolite biosynthetic processes. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were involved in the defense of 'Seli'. Furthermore, the gene coexpression network data showed that genes related to plant-pathogen interactions were associated with C. fructicola resistance in 'Seli' at the early stage. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the activation of specific genes in MAPK, calcium signaling pathways and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was highly related to C. fructicola resistance in 'Seli' and providing several potential candidate genes for breeding anthracnose-resistant pear varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fen Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ziwen Xiao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Kexin Cai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ruichang Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wei Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Luoluo Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guoling Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Sation of Science and Technology of Shexian, Huangshan, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lun Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Li Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhenfeng Ye
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wei Heng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xianping Guo
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China.
| | - Bing Jia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Huang X, Su L, Xian B, Yu Q, Zhang M, Fan J, Zhang C, Liu Y, He H, Zhong X, Li M, Chen S, He Y, Li Q. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family reveals a role for CsbHLH085 as a regulator of citrus bacterial canker resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131442. [PMID: 38621573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a harmful bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), negatively impacting citrus production worldwide. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family plays crucial roles in plant development and stress responses. This study aimed to identify and annotate bHLH proteins encoded in the Citrus sinensis genome and explore their involvement and functional importance in regulating CBC resistance. A total of 135 putative CsbHLHs TFs were identified and categorized into 16 subfamilies. Their chromosomal locations, collinearity, and phylogenetic relationships were comprehensively analyzed. Upon Xcc strain YN1 infection, certain CsbHLHs were differentially regulated in CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive citrus varieties. Among these, CsbHLH085 was selected for further functional characterization. CsbHLH085 was upregulated in the CBC-resistant citrus variety, was localized in the nucleus, and had a transcriptional activation activity. CsbHLH085 overexpression in Citrus significantly enhanced CBC resistance, accompanied by increased levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and antioxidant enzymes. Conversely, CsbHLH085 virus-induced gene silencing resulted in opposite phenotypic and biochemical responses. CsbHLH085 silencing also affected the expression of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling genes involved in SA, JA, and ABA signaling. These findings highlight the crucial role of CsbHLH085 in regulating CBC resistance, suggesting its potential as a target for biotechnological-assisted breeding citrus varieties with improved resistance against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Liyan Su
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Houzheng He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Man Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
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3
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Li Q, Xian B, Yu Q, Jia R, Zhang C, Zhong X, Zhang M, Fu Y, Liu Y, He H, Li M, Chen S, He Y. The CsAP2-09-CsWRKY25-CsRBOH2 cascade confers resistance against citrus bacterial canker by regulating ROS homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:534-548. [PMID: 38230828 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a serious bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) that adversely impacts the global citrus industry. In a previous study, we demonstrated that overexpression of an Xcc-inducible apetala 2/ethylene response factor encoded by Citrus sinensis, CsAP2-09, enhances CBC resistance. The mechanism responsible for this effect, however, is not known. In the present study, we showed that CsAP2-09 targeted the promoter of the Xcc-inducible WRKY transcription factor coding gene CsWRKY25 directly, activating its transcription. CsWRKY25 was found to localize to the nucleus and to activate transcriptional activity. Plants overexpressing CsWRKY25 were more resistant to CBC and showed higher expression of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) CsRBOH2, in addition to exhibiting increased RBOH activity. Transient overexpression assays in citrus confirmed that CsWRKY25 and CsRBOH2 participated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, which were able to restore the ROS degradation caused by CsAP2-09 knockdown. Moreover, CsWRKY25 was found to bind directly to W-box elements within the CsRBOH2 promoter. Notably, CsRBOH2 knockdown had been reported previously to reduce the CBC resistance, while demonstrated in this study, CsRBOH2 transient overexpression can enhance the CBC resistance. Overall, our results outline a pathway through which CsAP2-09-CsWRKY25 transcriptionally reprograms CsRBOH2-mediated ROS homeostasis in a manner conducive to CBC resistance. These data offer new insight into the mechanisms and regulatory pathways through which CsAP2-09 regulates CBC resistance, highlighting its potential utility as a target for the breeding of CBC-resistant citrus varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Ruirui Jia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Yongyao Fu
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Houzheng He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Man Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
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Zhao YW, Li WK, Wang CK, Sun Q, Wang WY, Huang XY, Xiang Y, Hu DG. MdPRX34L, a class III peroxidase gene, activates the immune response in apple to the fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. PLANTA 2024; 259:86. [PMID: 38453695 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION MdPRX34L enhanced resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea by increasing salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) content as well as the expression of related defense genes. The class III peroxidase (PRX) multigene family is involved in complex biological processes. However, the molecular mechanism of PRXs in the pathogen defense of plants against Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea) remains unclear. Here, we cloned the PRX gene MdPRX34L, which was identified as a positive regulator of the defense response to B. dothidea, from the apple cultivar 'Royal Gala.' Overexpression of MdPRX34L in apple calli decreased sensitivity to salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid(ABA). Subsequently, overexpression of MdPRX34L in apple calli increased resistance to B. dothidea infection. In addition, SA contents and the expression levels of genes related to SA synthesis and signaling in apple calli overexpressing MdPRX34L were higher than those in the control after inoculation, suggesting that MdPRX34L enhances resistance to B. dothidea via the SA pathway. Interestingly, infections in apple calli by B. dothidea caused an increase in endogenous levels of ABA followed by induction of ABA-related genes expression. These findings suggest a potential mechanism by which MdPRX34L enhances plant-pathogen defense against B. dothidea by regulating the SA and ABA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhao
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wan-Kun Li
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Quan Sun
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Yan Wang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Huang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Fan J, Xian B, Huang X, Yu Q, Zhang M, Zhang C, Jia R, Chen S, He Y, Li Q. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Sweet Orange ( Citrus sinensis) GATA Family Reveals a Role for CsGATA12 as a Regulator of Citrus Bacterial Canker Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2924. [PMID: 38474170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a severe bacterial infection caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), which continues to adversely impact citrus production worldwide. Members of the GATA family are important regulators of plant development and regulate plant responses to particular stressors. This report aimed to systematically elucidate the Citrus sinensis genome to identify and annotate genes that encode GATAs and evaluate the functional importance of these CsGATAs as regulators of CBC resistance. In total, 24 CsGATAs were identified and classified into four subfamilies. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, collinear relationships, gene structures, and conserved domains for each of these GATA family members were also evaluated. It was observed that Xcc infection induced some CsGATAs, among which CsGATA12 was chosen for further functional validation. CsGATA12 was found to be localized in the nucleus and was differentially upregulated in the CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive Kumquat and Wanjincheng citrus varieties. When transiently overexpressed, CsGATA12 significantly reduced CBC resistance with a corresponding increase in abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and antioxidant enzyme levels. These alterations were consistent with lower levels of salicylic acid, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the bacteria-induced CsGATA12 gene silencing yielded the opposite phenotypic outcomes. This investigation highlights the important role of CsGATA12 in regulating CBC resistance, underscoring its potential utility as a target for breeding citrus varieties with superior phytopathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ruirui Jia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
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Zeng N, Huang C, Huang F, Du J, Wang D, Zhan X, Xing B. Transport proteins and their differential roles in the accumulation of phenanthrene in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108275. [PMID: 38103340 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cereals, specifically exploring the role of peroxidase (UniProt accession: A0A3B5XXD0, abbreviation: PX1) and unidentified protein (UniProt accession: A0A3B6LUC6, abbreviation: UP1) in phenanthrene solubilization within wheat xylem sap. This research aims to clarify the interactions between these proteins and phenanthrene. Employing both in vitro and in vivo analyses, we evaluated the solubilization capabilities of recombinant transport proteins for phenanthrene and examined the relationship between protein expression and phenanthrene concentration. UP1 displayed greater transport efficiency, while PX1 excelled at lower concentrations. Elevated PX1 levels contributed to phenanthrene degradation, marginally diminishing its transport. Spectral analyses and molecular dynamics simulations validated the formation of stable protein-phenanthrene complexes. The study offers crucial insights into PAH-related health risks in crops by elucidating the mechanisms of PAH accumulation facilitated by transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengde Zeng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Chenghao Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiani Du
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongru Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
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Si X, Liu H, Cheng X, Xu C, Han Z, Dai Z, Wang R, Pan C, Lu G. Integrative transcriptomic analysis unveils lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interplay in tomato plants responding to Ralstonia solanacearum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126891. [PMID: 37709224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum, a bacterial plant pathogen, poses a significant threat to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production through destructive wilt disease. While noncoding RNA has emerged as a crucial regulator in plant disease, its specific involvement in tomato bacterial wilt remains limited. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional landscape, encompassing both mRNAs and noncoding RNAs, in a tomato resistant line ('ZRS_7') and a susceptible line ('HTY_9') upon R. solanacearum inoculation using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Differential expression (DE) analysis revealed significant alterations in 7506 mRNAs, 997 lncRNAs, and 69 miRNAs between 'ZRS_7' and 'HTY_9' after pathogen exposure. Notably, 4548 mRNAs, 367 lncRNAs, and 26 miRNAs exhibited genotype-specific responses to R. solanacearum inoculation. GO and KEGG pathway analyses unveiled the potential involvement of noncoding RNAs in the response to bacterial wilt disease, targeting receptor-like kinases, cell wall-related genes, glutamate decarboxylases, and other key pathways. Furthermore, we constructed a comprehensive competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network incorporating 13 DE-miRNAs, 30 DE-lncRNAs, and 127 DEGs, providing insights into their potential contributions to the response against bacterial inoculation. Importantly, the characterization of possible endogenous target mimics (eTMs) of Sly-miR482e-3p via VIGS technology demonstrated the significant impact of eTM482e-3p-1 silencing on tomato's sensitivity to R. solanacearum. These findings support the existence of an eTM482e-3p-1-Sly-miR482e-3p-NBS-LRRs network in regulating tomato's response to the pathogen. Collectively, our findings shed light on the intricate interactions among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs as underlying factors in conferring resistance to R. solanacearum in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyang Si
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengcui Xu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhanghui Han
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongren Dai
- Branch Academy of Horticultural Research, Harbin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150029, China
| | - Rongqing Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Changtian Pan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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8
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Zhang S, Wei C, Yu L, Song B. Vanisulfane Induced Plant Resistance toward Potato Virus Y via the Salicylic-Depended Acid Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14527-14538. [PMID: 37769121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Vanisulfane is a plant resistance inducer that exhibits potent activity against potato virus Y (PVY), but its mechanism of action against this virus remains unclear. Our results showed that when we used 400 μg/mL of vanisulfane, it provided an impressive level of control (63.55%) against PVY in Nicotiana benthamiana L. Meanwhile, vanisulfane increased activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as well as inducing H2O2 accumulation and Ca2+ influx to mediate PVY resistance. Furthermore, combined transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed that vanisulfane upregulated the POD52, APX, and PR-1 genes and proteins in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. Experiments demonstrated that vanisulfane triggered the accumulation of SA, upregulated the expression of ICS1 and PR-1 genes, and induced resistance against PVY in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Consequently, it can be concluded that vanisulfane mediates the SA-dependent signaling pathway to confer PVY resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxue Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Chunle Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Lu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Baoan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
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9
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Li Q, Qin X, Zhang M, Yu Q, Jia R, Fan J, Huang X, Fu J, Zhang C, Xian B, Yang W, Long Q, Peng A, Yao L, Chen S, He Y. CsBZIP40 confers resistance against citrus bacterial canker by repressing CsWRKY43-CsPrx53/CsSOD13 cascade mediated ROS scavenging. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad138. [PMID: 37575655 PMCID: PMC10421728 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
As the bacterial etiologic agent causing citrus bacterial canker (CBC), Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) seriously impacts citrus plantation and fruit production globally. In an earlier study, we demonstrated that CsBZIP40 can positively impact CBC resistance in the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). However, the mechanistic basis for the protective benefits conferred by CsBZIP40 is yet to be delineated. Here, we show that CsBZIP40 positively regulates CBC resistance and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in transgenic sweet orange overexpressing CsBZIP40. CsBZIP40 directly binds to the TGA-box of the CsWRKY43 promoter to repress its transcriptional activity. CsWRKY43 overexpression induces CBC susceptibility in transgenic sweet oranges. In contrast, its inhibition produces strong resistance to CBC. CsWRKY43 directly binds to the W-boxes of the CsPrx53 and CsSOD13 promoters to positively regulate the activities of these antioxidant enzymes, resulting in the negative regulation of ROS homeostasis and CBC resistance in sweet orange plants. CsPrx53/CsSOD13 knockdown enhances ROS accumulation and CBC resistance. Overall, our results outline a regulatory pathway through which CsBZIP40 transcriptionally represses CsWRKY43-CsPrx53/CsSOD13 cascade-mediated ROS scavenging in a manner conducive to CBC resistance. These mechanisms underscore the potential importance of CsBZIP40, CsWRKY43, CsPrx53, and CsSOD13, providing promising strategies for the prevention of CBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xiujuan Qin
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ruirui Jia
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qin Long
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Aihong Peng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lixiao Yao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
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10
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Su H, Wang Y, Xu J, Omar AA, Grosser JW, Calovic M, Zhang L, Feng Y, Vakulskas CA, Wang N. Generation of the transgene-free canker-resistant Citrus sinensis using Cas12a/crRNA ribonucleoprotein in the T0 generation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3957. [PMID: 37402755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is a destructive citrus disease worldwide. Generating disease-resistant cultivars is the most effective, environmentally friendly and economic approach for disease control. However, citrus traditional breeding is lengthy and laborious. Here, we develop transgene-free canker-resistant Citrus sinensis lines in the T0 generation within 10 months through transformation of embryogenic protoplasts with Cas12a/crRNA ribonucleoprotein to edit the canker susceptibility gene CsLOB1. Among the 39 regenerated lines, 38 are biallelic/homozygous mutants, demonstrating a 97.4% biallelic/homozygous mutation rate. No off-target mutations are detected in the edited lines. Canker resistance of the cslob1-edited lines results from both abolishing canker symptoms and inhibiting Xcc growth. The transgene-free canker-resistant C. sinensis lines have received regulatory approval by USDA APHIS and are exempted from EPA regulation. This study provides a sustainable and efficient citrus canker control solution and presents an efficient transgene-free genome-editing strategy for citrus and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yuanchun Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Ahmad A Omar
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jude W Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Milica Calovic
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc, Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Yu Feng
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | | | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
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11
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Dos Santos C, Franco OL. Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) with Enzyme Activity Activating Plant Defense Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112226. [PMID: 37299204 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and induced factors combined as defense mechanisms. These mechanisms involve a complex signaling network linking structural and biochemical defense. Antimicrobial and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are examples of this mechanism, which can accumulate extra- and intracellular space after infection. However, despite their name, some PR proteins are present at low levels even in healthy plant tissues. When they face a pathogen, these PRs can increase in abundance, acting as the first line of plant defense. Thus, PRs play a key role in early defense events, which can reduce the damage and mortality caused by pathogens. In this context, the present review will discuss defense response proteins, which have been identified as PRs, with enzymatic action, including constitutive enzymes, β-1,3 glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and ribonucleases. From the technological perspective, we discuss the advances of the last decade applied to the study of these enzymes, which are important in the early events of higher plant defense against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Dos Santos
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil
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12
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Xu X, Liu M, Hu Q, Yan W, Pan J, Yan Y, Chen X. A CsEIL3-CsARN6.1 module promotes waterlogging-triggered adventitious root formation in cucumber by activating the expression of CsPrx5. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:824-835. [PMID: 36871136 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) derived from hypocotyl is the most important morphological adaptation to waterlogging stress in Cucumis sativus (cucumber). Our previous study showed that cucumbers with the gene CsARN6.1, encoding an AAA ATPase domain-containing protein, were more tolerant to waterlogging through increased AR formation. However, the apparent function of CsARN6.1 remained unknown. Here, we showed that the CsARN6.1 signal was predominantly observed throughout the cambium of hypocotyls, where de novo AR primordia are formed upon waterlogging treatment. The silencing of CsARN6.1 expression by virus-induced gene silencing and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies adversely affects the formation of ARs under conditions of waterlogging. Waterlogging treatment significantly induced ethylene production, thus upregulating CsEIL3 expression, which encodes a putative transcription factor involved in ethylene signaling. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility assay and transient expression analyses showed that CsEIL3 binds directly to the CsARN6.1 promoter to initiate its expression. CsARN6.1 was found to interact with CsPrx5, a waterlogging-responsive class-III peroxidase that enhanced H2 O2 production and increased AR formation. These data provide insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms of AAA ATPase domain-containing protein and uncover a molecular mechanism that links ethylene signaling with the formation of ARs triggered by waterlogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Mengyao Liu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Qiming Hu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Jiawei Pan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yongming Yan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
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13
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Andrade MDO, da Silva JC, Soprano AS, Shimo HM, Leme AFP, Benedetti CE. Suppression of citrus canker disease mediated by flagellin perception. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:331-345. [PMID: 36691963 PMCID: PMC10013774 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Citrus cancer, caused by strains of Xanthomonas citri (Xc) and Xanthomonas aurantifolii (Xa), is one of the most economically important citrus diseases. Although our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying citrus canker development has advanced remarkably in recent years, exactly how citrus plants fight against these pathogens remains largely unclear. Using a Xa pathotype C strain that infects Mexican lime only and sweet oranges as a pathosystem to study the immune response triggered by this bacterium in these hosts, we herein report that the Xa flagellin C protein (XaFliC) acts as a potent defence elicitor in sweet oranges. Just as Xa blocked canker formation when coinfiltrated with Xc in sweet orange leaves, two polymorphic XaFliC peptides designated flgIII-20 and flgIII-27, not related to flg22 or flgII-28 but found in many Xanthomonas species, were sufficient to protect sweet orange plants from Xc infection. Accordingly, ectopic expression of XaFliC in a Xc FliC-defective mutant completely abolished the ability of this mutant to grow and cause canker in sweet orange but not Mexican lime plants. Because XaFliC and flgIII-27 also specifically induced the expression of several defence-related genes, our data suggest that XaFliC acts as a main immune response determinant in sweet orange plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxuel de Oliveira Andrade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Jaqueline Cristina da Silva
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Adriana Santos Soprano
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Hugo Massayoshi Shimo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Celso Eduardo Benedetti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
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14
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Fu J, Yu Q, Zhang C, Xian B, Fan J, Huang X, Yang W, Zou X, Chen S, Su L, He Y, Li Q. CsAP2-09 confers resistance against citrus bacterial canker by regulating CsGH3.1L-mediated phytohormone biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:964-973. [PMID: 36587648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a serious bacterial disease affecting citrus plantations and the citrus industry all over the world. We have previously shown that an apetala 2/ethylene response factor in Citrus sinensis, CsAP2-09, positively regulated resistance to CBC, although the regulatory mechanisms remained undetermined. Here, we demonstrated that CsAP2-09 positively and sustainably controlled resistance to CBC in three-year transgenic plants. CsAP2-09 was found to be a transcriptional activator, and qRT-PCR and dual luciferase assays showed that it controlled the expression CsGH3.1L. CsAP2-09 bound directly to the promotor of CsGH3.1L, shown by yeast one-hybrid assay, with the binding site confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Biochemical assays showed that CsAP2-09 negatively regulated the biosynthesis of indole acetic acid (IAA) and positively regulated that of salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene, verified with transient overexpression of CsGH3.1L. The combination of these results with those of previous reports indicated that SA, ethylene, and IAA can directly regulate CBC resistance. Overall, we revealed a pathway whereby CsAP2-09 conferred CBC resistance by direct binding to the CsGH3.1L promoter, activating its expression and modulating IAA, SA, and ethylene biosynthesis. Our study indicates the potential value of manipulating CsAP2-09 and CsGH3.1L in the breeding of CBC-resistant citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xiuping Zou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Improvement Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Improvement Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Liyan Su
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Improvement Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Improvement Center, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China.
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15
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Vuong UT, Iswanto ABB, Nguyen Q, Kang H, Lee J, Moon J, Kim SH. Engineering plant immune circuit: walking to the bright future with a novel toolbox. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:17-45. [PMID: 36036862 PMCID: PMC9829404 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens destroy crops and cause severe yield losses, leading to an insufficient food supply to sustain the human population. Apart from relying on natural plant immune systems to combat biological agents or waiting for the appropriate evolutionary steps to occur over time, researchers are currently seeking new breakthrough methods to boost disease resistance in plants through genetic engineering. Here, we summarize the past two decades of research in disease resistance engineering against an assortment of pathogens through modifying the plant immune components (internal and external) with several biotechnological techniques. We also discuss potential strategies and provide perspectives on engineering plant immune systems for enhanced pathogen resistance and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thi Vuong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Quang‐Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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16
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Ninkuu V, Yan J, Fu Z, Yang T, Ziemah J, Ullrich MS, Kuhnert N, Zeng H. Lignin and Its Pathway-Associated Phytoalexins Modulate Plant Defense against Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010052. [PMID: 36675873 PMCID: PMC9865837 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi infections cause approximately 60-70% yield loss through diseases such as rice blast, powdery mildew, Fusarium rot, downy mildew, etc. Plants naturally respond to these infections by eliciting an array of protective metabolites to confer physical or chemical protection. Among plant metabolites, lignin, a phenolic compound, thickens the middle lamella and the secondary cell walls of plants to curtail fungi infection. The biosynthesis of monolignols (lignin monomers) is regulated by genes whose transcript abundance significantly improves plant defense against fungi. The catalytic activities of lignin biosynthetic enzymes also contribute to the accumulation of other defense compounds. Recent advances focus on modifying the lignin pathway to enhance plant growth and defense against pathogens. This review presents an overview of monolignol regulatory genes and their contributions to fungi immunity, as reported over the last five years. This review expands the frontiers in lignin pathway engineering to enhance plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ninkuu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianpei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zenchao Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tengfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - James Ziemah
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, College Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias S. Ullrich
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, College Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, College Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Huang Y, Liu J, Li J, Shan X, Duan Y. Endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas protegens suppresses mycelial growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea and decreases its pathogenicity to postharvest fruits. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1069517. [PMID: 36569085 PMCID: PMC9771998 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), one of the most economically important fruits widely consumed worldwide, has been suffering from apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, which dramatically affects its quality and yield. In the present study, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas protegens, isolated from Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum), significantly suppressed the mycelial growth and propagation of B. dothidea, respectively, further displayed a considerably inhibitory effect on the apple ring rot of postharvest fruits. In addition, P. protegens significantly improved the total soluble solid/titrable acidity (TSS/TA) ratio and soluble sugar/titrable acidity (SS/TA) ratio and drastically maintained the fruit firmness. Further analysis manifested that P. protegens substantially induced the defense-related genes such as MdGLU, MdPAL, MdPOD, MdCAL, and transcription factors related to the resistance to B. dothidea, including MdWRKY15, MdPUB29, MdMyb73, and MdERF11 in apple fruits. Meanwhile, P. protegens considerably restrained the expressions of the pathogenicity-related genes in B. dothidea, including the BdCYP450, BdADH, BdGHY, BdATS, Bdα/β-HY, and BdSTR. By inference, P. protegens inhibited the apple ring rot on postharvest fruits by activating the defense system of apple fruit and repressing the pathogenic factor of B. dothidea. The study provided a theoretical basis and a potential alternative to manage the apple ring rot on postharvest fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Huang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China,National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products, Qingdao, China,Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Yonghong Huang,
| | - Junping Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China,National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products, Qingdao, China,Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China,National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products, Qingdao, China,Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoying Shan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China,National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products, Qingdao, China,Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanxin Duan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China,National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products, Qingdao, China,Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China,Yanxin Duan,
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Li Q, Hou Z, Zhou D, Jia M, Lu S, Yu J. A plant growth-promoting bacteria Priestia megaterium JR48 induces plant resistance to the crucifer black rot via a salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046181. [PMID: 36438094 PMCID: PMC9684715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)-induced black rot is one of the most serious diseases in cruciferous plants. Using beneficial microbes to control this disease is promising. In our preliminary work, we isolated a bacterial strain (JR48) from a vegetable field. Here, we confirmed the plant-growth-promoting (PGP) effects of JR48 in planta, and identified JR48 as a Priestia megaterium strain. We found that JR48 was able to induce plant resistance to Xcc and prime plant defense responses including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and callose deposition with elevated expression of defense-related genes. Further, JR48 promoted lignin biosynthesis and raised accumulation of frees salicylic acid (SA) as well as expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Finally, we confirmed that JR48-induced plant resistance and defense responses requires SA signaling pathway. Together, our results revealed that JR48 promotes plant growth and induces plant resistance to the crucifer black rot probably through reinforcing SA accumulation and response, highlighting its potential as a novel biocontrol agent in the future.
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Reactive oxygen species in plants: an invincible fulcrum for biotic stress mitigation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5945-5955. [PMID: 36063177 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Climate change-associated environmental vagaries have amplified the incidence of pests and pathogens on plants, thus imparting the increased quest for management strategies. Plants respond to stresses through intricate signaling networks that regulate diverse cellular mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cardinal towards the maintenance of normal plant activities as well as improving stress management. Plants that exhibit a fine balance between ROS levels and its management apparently mitigate stresses better. There have been very many compendiums on signaling and management of ROS during several abiotic stresses. However, expansion of knowledge related to ROS induction and homeostasis during biotic stresses is pertinent. Hence, considering its importance, we provide insights in this review on how plants signal and manage ROS upon an oxidative burst during their interaction with pathogens and herbivores. Substantial degree of molecular changes and pivotal roles of ROS have been detected during phyto-pathogen/herbivore interactions, opening novel platforms to understand signaling/management of events under varied biotic stresses. It is interesting to know that, though plants react to biotic stresses through oxidative burst, receptors and elicitors involved in the signal transduction differ across stresses. The review provides explicit details about the specific signaling of ROS production in plants under pathogen and herbivore attack. Furthermore, we also provide an update about tackling the accumulated ROS under biotic stresses as another pivotal step. ROS signaling and homeostasis can be exploited as critical players and a fulcrum to tackle biotic stresses, thus paving the way for futuristic combinatorial stress management strategies. KEY POINTS: • The review is a comprehension of redox signaling and management in plants during herbivory and pathogen infection • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important factor during normal plant activities as well as in their response to stresses. Diverse modes of ROS signaling and management have been observed during both biotic stresses independently • Exploration of plant biology in multi-stress resistant plants like the crop wild relatives could pave the way for combinatorial management of stress for a better tomorrow.
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Sun M, Duan Y, Liu JP, Fu J, Huang Y. Efficacy of Dimethyl Trisulfide on the Suppression of Ring Rot Disease Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea and Induction of Defense-Related Genes on Apple Fruits. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:796167. [PMID: 35197948 PMCID: PMC8859264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.796167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is prevalent in main apple-producing areas in China, bringing substantial economic losses to the growers. In the present study, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of dimethyl trisulfide (DT), one of the main activity components identified in Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum) volatile, on the apple ring rot on postharvest fruits. In in vitro experiment, 250 μL/L DT completely suppressed the mycelia growth of B. dothidea. In in vivo experiment, 15.63 μL/L DT showed 97% inhibition against the apple ring rot on postharvest fruit. In addition, the soluble sugar content, vitamin C content, and the soluble sugar/titratable acidity ratio of the DT-treated fruit were significantly higher than those of the control fruit. On this basis, we further explored the preliminary underlying mechanism. Microscopic observation revealed that DT seriously disrupted the normal morphology of B. dothidea. qRT-PCR determination showed the defense-related genes in DT-treated fruit were higher than those in the control fruit by 4.13–296.50 times, which showed that DT inhibited apple ring rot on postharvest fruit by suppressing the growth of B. dothidea, and inducing the defense-related genes in apple fruit. The findings of this study provided an efficient, safe, and environment-friendly alternative to control the apple ring rot on apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanxin Duan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Ping Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Fu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghong Huang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghong Huang,
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21
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Effects of Phytohormone-Producing Rhizobacteria on Casparian Band Formation, Ion Homeostasis and Salt Tolerance of Durum Wheat. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020230. [PMID: 35204731 PMCID: PMC8961637 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can increase plant salt resistance. We aimed to reveal bacterial effects on the formation of apoplastic barriers and hormone concentration in relation to maintaining ion homeostasis and growth of salt-stressed plants. The rhizosphere of a durum wheat variety was inoculated with cytokinin-producing Bacillus subtilis and auxin-producing Pseudomonas mandelii strains. Plant growth, deposition of lignin and suberin and concentrations of sodium, potassium, phosphorus and hormones were studied in the plants exposed to salinity. Accumulation of sodium inhibited plant growth accompanied by a decline in potassium in roots and phosphorus in shoots of the salt-stressed plants. Inoculation with both bacterial strains resulted in faster appearance of Casparian bands in root endodermis and an increased growth of salt-stressed plants. B. subtilis prevented the decline in both potassium and phosphorus concentrations and increased concentration of cytokinins in salt-stressed plants. P. mandelii decreased the level of sodium accumulation and increased the concentration of auxin. Growth promotion was greater in plants inoculated with B. subtilis. Increased ion homeostasis may be related to the capacity of bacteria to accelerate the formation of Casparian bands preventing uncontrolled diffusion of solutes through the apoplast. We discuss the relative impacts of the decline in Na accumulation and maintenance of K and P content for growth improvement of salt-stressed plants and their possible relation to the changes in hormone concentration in plants.
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22
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Conti G, Xoconostle-Cázares B, Marcelino-Pérez G, Hopp HE, Reyes CA. Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:768197. [PMID: 34917104 PMCID: PMC8670418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrus are among the most prevailing fruit crops produced worldwide. The implementation of effective and reliable breeding programs is essential for coping with the increasing demands of satisfactory yield and quality of the fruit as well as to deal with the negative impact of fast-spreading diseases. Conventional methods are time-consuming and of difficult application because of inherent factors of citrus biology, such as their prolonged juvenile period and a complex reproductive stage, sometimes presenting infertility, self-incompatibility, parthenocarpy, or polyembryony. Moreover, certain desirable traits are absent from cultivated or wild citrus genotypes. All these features are challenging for the incorporation of the desirable traits. In this regard, genetic engineering technologies offer a series of alternative approaches that allow overcoming the difficulties of conventional breeding programs. This review gives a detailed overview of the currently used strategies for the development of genetically modified citrus. We describe different aspects regarding genotype varieties used, including elite cultivars or extensively used scions and rootstocks. Furthermore, we discuss technical aspects of citrus genetic transformation procedures via Agrobacterium, regular physical methods, and magnetofection. Finally, we describe the selection of explants considering young and mature tissues, protoplast isolation, etc. We also address current protocols and novel approaches for improving the in vitro regeneration process, which is an important bottleneck for citrus genetic transformation. This review also explores alternative emerging transformation strategies applied to citrus species such as transient and tissue localized transformation. New breeding technologies, including cisgenesis, intragenesis, and genome editing by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), are also discussed. Other relevant aspects comprising new promoters and reporter genes, marker-free systems, and strategies for induction of early flowering, are also addressed. We provided a future perspective on the use of current and new technologies in citrus and its potential impact on regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Conti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Marcelino-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Horacio Esteban Hopp
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (FBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina A. Reyes
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Blaschek L, Pesquet E. Phenoloxidases in Plants-How Structural Diversity Enables Functional Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754601. [PMID: 34659324 PMCID: PMC8517187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of polyphenolic polymers is essential to the development and response to environmental changes of organisms from all kingdoms of life, but shows particular diversity in plants. In contrast to other biopolymers, whose polymerisation is catalysed by homologous gene families, polyphenolic metabolism depends on phenoloxidases, a group of heterogeneous oxidases that share little beyond the eponymous common substrate. In this review, we provide an overview of the differences and similarities between phenoloxidases in their protein structure, reaction mechanism, substrate specificity, and functional roles. Using the example of laccases (LACs), we also performed a meta-analysis of enzyme kinetics, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis and machine-learning based protein structure modelling to link functions, evolution, and structures in this group of phenoloxidases. With these approaches, we generated a framework to explain the reported functional differences between paralogs, while also hinting at the likely diversity of yet undescribed LAC functions. Altogether, this review provides a basis to better understand the functional overlaps and specificities between and within the three major families of phenoloxidases, their evolutionary trajectories, and their importance for plant primary and secondary metabolism.
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The Cysteine-Rich Peptide Snakin-2 Negatively Regulates Tubers Sprouting through Modulating Lignin Biosynthesis and H 2O 2 Accumulation in Potato. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052287. [PMID: 33669030 PMCID: PMC7956376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato tuber dormancy is critical for the post-harvest quality. Snakin/Gibberellic Acid Stimulated in Arabidopsis (GASA) family genes are involved in the plants’ defense against pathogens and in growth and development, but the effect of Snakin-2 (SN2) on tuber dormancy and sprouting is largely unknown. In this study, a transgenic approach was applied to manipulate the expression level of SN2 in tubers, and it demonstrated that StSN2 significantly controlled tuber sprouting, and silencing StSN2 resulted in a release of dormancy and overexpressing tubers showed a longer dormant period than that of the control. Further analyses revealed that the decrease expression level accelerated skin cracking and water loss. Metabolite analyses revealed that StSN2 significantly down-regulated the accumulation of lignin precursors in the periderm, and the change of lignin content was documented, a finding which was consistent with the precursors’ level. Subsequently, proteomics found that cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) and peroxidase (Prx), the key proteins for lignin synthesis, were significantly up-regulated in silencing lines, and gene expression and enzyme activity analyses also supported this effect. Interestingly, we found that StSN2 physically interacts with three peroxidases catalyzing the oxidation and polymerization of lignin. In addition, SN2 altered the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). These results suggest that StSN2 negatively regulates lignin biosynthesis and H2O2 accumulation, and ultimately inhibits the sprouting of potato tubers.
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Li Q, Fu J, Qin X, Yang W, Qi J, Li Z, Chen S, He Y. Systematic Analysis and Functional Validation of Citrus Pectin Acetylesterases (CsPAEs) Reveals that CsPAE2 Negatively Regulates Citrus Bacterial Canker Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249429. [PMID: 33322321 PMCID: PMC7764809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to serve as a comprehensive analysis of Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis) pectin acetylesterases (CsPAEs), and to assess the roles of these PAEs involved in the development of citrus bacterial canker (CBC) caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) infection. A total of six CsPAEs were identified in the genome of C. sinensis, with these genes being unevenly distributed across chromosomes 3, 6, and 9, and the unassembled scaffolds. A subset of CsPAEs were found to be involved in responses to Xcc infection. In particular, CsPAE2 was identified to be associated with such infections, as it was upregulated in CBC-susceptible variety Wanjincheng and inversely in CBC-resistant variety Calamondin. Transgenic citrus plants overexpressing CsPAE2 were found to be more susceptible to CBC, whereas the silencing of this gene was sufficient to confer CBC resistance. Together, these findings provide evolutionary insights into and functional information about the CsPAE family. This study also suggests that CsPAE2 is a potential candidate gene that negatively contributes to bacterial canker disease and can be used to breed CBC-resistant citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (J.F.); (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (J.Q.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jia Fu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (J.F.); (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (J.Q.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiujuan Qin
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (J.F.); (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (J.Q.); (S.C.)
| | - Wen Yang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (J.F.); (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (J.Q.); (S.C.)
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (J.F.); (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (J.Q.); (S.C.)
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China;
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (J.F.); (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (J.Q.); (S.C.)
| | - Yongrui He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (J.F.); (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (J.Q.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
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