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Volochanskyi O, Haider G, Alharbi EA, Kakavelakis G, Mergl M, Thakur MK, Krishna A, Graetzel M, Kalbáč M. Graphene-Templated Achiral Hybrid Perovskite for Circularly Polarized Light Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:52789-52798. [PMID: 39297304 PMCID: PMC11450682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
This study points out the importance of the templating effect in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite semiconductors grown on graphene. By combining two achiral materials, we report the formation of a chiral composite heterostructure with electronic band splitting. The effect is observed through circularly polarized light emission and detection in a graphene/α-CH(NH2)2PbI3 perovskite composite, at ambient temperature and without a magnetic field. We exploit the spin-charge conversion by introducing an unbalanced spin population through polarized light that gives rise to a spin photoconductive effect rationalized by Rashba-type coupling. The prepared composite heterostructure exhibits a circularly polarized photoluminescence anisotropy gCPL of ∼0.35 at ∼2.54 × 103 W cm-2 confocal power density of 532 nm excitation. A carefully engineered interface between the graphene and the perovskite thin film enhances the Rashba field and generates the built-in electric field responsible for photocurrent, yielding a photoresponsivity of ∼105 A W-1 under ∼0.08 μW cm-2 fluence of visible light photons. The maximum photocurrent anisotropy factor gph is ∼0.51 under ∼0.16 μW cm-2 irradiance. The work sheds light on the photophysical properties of graphene/perovskite composite heterostructures, finding them to be a promising candidate for developing miniaturized spin-photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Volochanskyi
- Department
of Low-dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky
Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejšková 2155/3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Golam Haider
- Department
of Low-dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky
Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejšková 2155/3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Essa A. Alharbi
- Microelectronics
and Semiconductors Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and
Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- École
Polytechnique Fedérale du Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - George Kakavelakis
- École
Polytechnique Fedérale du Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Romanou 3, Chalepa, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Martin Mergl
- Department
of Low-dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky
Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejšková 2155/3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mukesh Kumar Thakur
- Department
of Low-dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky
Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejšková 2155/3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anurag Krishna
- École
Polytechnique Fedérale du Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Michael Graetzel
- École
Polytechnique Fedérale du Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- Department
of Low-dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky
Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejšková 2155/3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Jones WM, Reber MAR. Ultrafast structured light through nonlinear frequency generation in an optical enhancement cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:4999-5002. [PMID: 39208018 DOI: 10.1364/ol.531092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The generation of shaped laser beams, or structured light, is of interest in a wide range of fields, from microscopy to fundamental physics. There are several ways to make shaped beams, most commonly using spatial light modulators comprised of pixels of liquid crystals. These methods have limitations on the wavelength, pulse duration, and average power that can be used. Here we present a method to generate shaped light that can be used at any wavelength from the UV to IR, on ultrafast pulses, and a large range of optical powers. By exploiting the frequency difference between higher-order modes, a result of the Gouy phase, and cavity mode matching, we can selectively couple into a variety of pure and composite higher-order modes. Optical cavities are used as a spatial filter and then combined with sum-frequency generation in a nonlinear crystal as the output coupler to the cavity to create ultrafast, frequency comb structured light.
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3
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Kang S, Zhou B, Xie Y, Wang J, Jia W, Zhou C. Polarization beam splitter based on 2D transmissive grating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:20589-20599. [PMID: 38859437 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces a two-dimensional transmissive grating polarization beam splitter (PBS) exhibiting exceptional polarization-sensitive properties with high diffraction efficiency. The optimized grating structure can concentrate the energy of TE-polarized light at the (0, ±1) orders and the energy of TM-polarized light at the (±1, 0) orders under normal incidence with a wavelength of 550nm. The polarization splitting diffraction efficiency (DE) of the grating can reach 40.17%, and the extinction ratio (ER) exceeds 18dB. This proposal marks the pioneering use of two-dimensional transmissive grating to achieve a polarization beam splitter in two perpendicular diffraction planes, presenting an innovative approach to the development of such devices. The proposed grating structure is simple, high-performing, tolerant, and applicable in a wide range of applications such as polarization imaging and high-precision two-dimensional displacement measurement.
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4
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Ding X, Zhao Z, Xie P, Cai D, Meng F, Wang C, Wu Q, Liu J, Burokur SN, Hu G. Metasurface-Based Optical Logic Operators Driven by Diffractive Neural Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308993. [PMID: 38032696 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel optical logic operator based on the multifunctional metasurface driven by all-optical diffractive neural network is reported, which can perform four principal quantum logic operations (Pauli-X, Pauli-Y, Pauli-Z, and Hadamard gates). The two ground states| 0 ⟩ $|0 \rangle $ and| 1 ⟩ $|1 \rangle $ are characterized by two orthogonal linear polarization states. The proposed spatial- and polarization-multiplexed all-optical diffractive neural network only contains a hidden layer physically mapped as a metasurface with simple and compact unit cells, which dramatically reduces the volume and computing resources required for the system. The designed optical quantum operator is proven to achieve high fidelities for all four quantum logical gates, up to 99.96% numerically and 99.88% experimentally. The solution will facilitate the construction of large-scale optical quantum computing systems and scalable optical quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Ding
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dayu Cai
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | | | - Guangwei Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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5
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Wang Q, Liu J, Lyu D, Wang J. Ultrahigh-fidelity spatial mode quantum gates in high-dimensional space by diffractive deep neural networks. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:10. [PMID: 38177149 PMCID: PMC10767004 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
While the spatial mode of photons is widely used in quantum cryptography, its potential for quantum computation remains largely unexplored. Here, we showcase the use of the multi-dimensional spatial mode of photons to construct a series of high-dimensional quantum gates, achieved through the use of diffractive deep neural networks (D2NNs). Notably, our gates demonstrate high fidelity of up to 99.6(2)%, as characterized by quantum process tomography. Our experimental implementation of these gates involves a programmable array of phase layers in a compact and scalable device, capable of performing complex operations or even quantum circuits. We also demonstrate the efficacy of the D2NN gates by successfully implementing the Deutsch algorithm and propose an intelligent deployment protocol that involves self-configuration and self-optimization. Moreover, we conduct a comparative analysis of the D2NN gate's performance to the wave-front matching approach. Overall, our work opens a door for designing specific quantum gates using deep learning, with the potential for reliable execution of quantum computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianke Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Dawei Lyu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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6
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Barshak EV, Lapin BP, Vikulin DV, Yu Fedorov A, Alexeyev CN, Yavorsky MA. SWAP and Fredkin gates for OAM optical beams via the sandwich of anisotropic optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:26865-26878. [PMID: 37710536 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We study the propagation of circularly-polarized optical vortices of higher order topological charges ℓ ≥ 2 in a sandwich of multihelical - anisotropic - multihelical fibers on the basis of the Jones formalism for modes with orbital angular momentum. We demonstrate that such a system can operate as the all - fiber two - bit SWAP as well as universal tree - bit controlled-SWAP (Fredkin) gates over states of optical vortices, in which the mode radial number carries the control bit, while circular polarization and topological charge are the controlled bits.
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7
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Meng X, Zhang G, Shi N, Li G, Azaña J, Capmany J, Yao J, Shen Y, Li W, Zhu N, Li M. Compact optical convolution processing unit based on multimode interference. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3000. [PMID: 37225707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Convolutional neural networks are an important category of deep learning, currently facing the limitations of electrical frequency and memory access time in massive data processing. Optical computing has been demonstrated to enable significant improvements in terms of processing speeds and energy efficiency. However, most present optical computing schemes are hardly scalable since the number of optical elements typically increases quadratically with the computational matrix size. Here, a compact on-chip optical convolutional processing unit is fabricated on a low-loss silicon nitride platform to demonstrate its capability for large-scale integration. Three 2 × 2 correlated real-valued kernels are made of two multimode interference cells and four phase shifters to perform parallel convolution operations. Although the convolution kernels are interrelated, ten-class classification of handwritten digits from the MNIST database is experimentally demonstrated. The linear scalability of the proposed design with respect to computational size translates into a solid potential for large-scale integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Meng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Nuannuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Guangyi Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - José Azaña
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications (INRS-EMT), H5A 1K6, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - José Capmany
- ITEAM Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jianping Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, China
- Microwave Photonic Research Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yichen Shen
- Lightelligence Group, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ninghua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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8
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Fells JAJ, Salter PS, Welch C, Jin Y, Wilkinson TD, Booth MJ, Mehl GH, Elston SJ, Morris SM. Dynamic phase measurement of fast liquid crystal phase modulators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:24788-24803. [PMID: 36237024 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present dynamic time-resolved measurements of a multi-pixel analog liquid crystal phase modulator driven at a 1 kHz frame rate. A heterodyne interferometer is used to interrogate two pixels independently and simultaneously, to deconvolve phase modulation with a wide bandwidth. The root mean squared optical phase error within a 30 Hz to 25 kHz bandwidth is <0.5° and the crosstalk rejection is 50 dB. Measurements are shown for a custom-built device with a flexoelectro-optic chiral nematic liquid crystal. However, the technique is applicable to many different types of optical phase modulators and spatial light modulators.
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9
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Jang SW, Choi W, Kim S, Lee J, Na S, Ham S, Park J, Kang H, Ju BK, Kim H. Complex spatial light modulation capability of a dual layer in-plane switching liquid crystal panel. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8277. [PMID: 35585248 PMCID: PMC9117259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex spatial light modulator (SLM), which can simultaneously control the amplitude and phase of light waves, is a key technology for wide-range of wave-optic technologies including holographic three-dimensional displays. This paper presents a flat panel complex spatial light modulator that consists of dual in-plane switching liquid crystal panels with double-degrees of freedom of voltage inputs. The proposed architecture features single-pixel level complex light modulation enabling complex light modulation in entire free space, which is most contrast to conventional macro-pixel based complex modulation techniques. Its complex light modulation capability is verified with theoretical simulation and experimental characterization, and a three-dimensional holographic image reconstruction without conjugate noise. It is believed that the proposed flat panel complex SLM can be an essential device for a wide range of advanced wave optic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Woo Jang
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical of Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonwoo Choi
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong Campus, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong Campus, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Lee
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong Campus, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Na
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong Campus, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Ham
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical of Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juseong Park
- LG Display, E2 Block LG Science Park, 30, Magokjungang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kang
- LG Display, E2 Block LG Science Park, 30, Magokjungang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Kwon Ju
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical of Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwi Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong Campus, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Space-efficient optical computing with an integrated chip diffractive neural network. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1044. [PMID: 35210432 PMCID: PMC8873412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale, highly integrated and low-power-consuming hardware is becoming progressively more important for realizing optical neural networks (ONNs) capable of advanced optical computing. Traditional experimental implementations need N2 units such as Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) for an input dimension N to realize typical computing operations (convolutions and matrix multiplication), resulting in limited scalability and consuming excessive power. Here, we propose the integrated diffractive optical network for implementing parallel Fourier transforms, convolution operations and application-specific optical computing using two ultracompact diffractive cells (Fourier transform operation) and only N MZIs. The footprint and energy consumption scales linearly with the input data dimension, instead of the quadratic scaling in the traditional ONN framework. A ~10-fold reduction in both footprint and energy consumption, as well as equal high accuracy with previous MZI-based ONNs was experimentally achieved for computations performed on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets. The integrated diffractive optical network (IDNN) chip demonstrates a promising avenue towards scalable and low-power-consumption optical computational chips for optical-artificial-intelligence. Here, we propose the integrated diffractive optical network for implementing parallel Fourier transforms, convolution operations and application-specific optical computing with reduced footprint and energy consumption.
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11
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Zhang A, Zhan H, Liao J, Zheng K, Jiang T, Mi M, Yao P, Zhang L. Quantum verification of NP problems with single photons and linear optics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:169. [PMID: 34408129 PMCID: PMC8373877 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantum computing is seeking to realize hardware-optimized algorithms for application-related computational tasks. NP (nondeterministic-polynomial-time) is a complexity class containing many important but intractable problems like the satisfiability of potentially conflict constraints (SAT). According to the well-founded exponential time hypothesis, verifying an SAT instance of size n requires generally the complete solution in an O(n)-bit proof. In contrast, quantum verification algorithms, which encode the solution into quantum bits rather than classical bit strings, can perform the verification task with quadratically reduced information about the solution in [Formula: see text] qubits. Here we realize the quantum verification machine of SAT with single photons and linear optics. By using tunable optical setups, we efficiently verify satisfiable and unsatisfiable SAT instances and achieve a clear completeness-soundness gap even in the presence of experimental imperfections. The protocol requires only unentangled photons, linear operations on multiple modes and at most two-photon joint measurements. These features make the protocol suitable for photonic realization and scalable to large problem sizes with the advances in high-dimensional quantum information manipulation and large scale linear-optical systems. Our results open an essentially new route toward quantum advantages and extend the computational capability of optical quantum computing.
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Grants
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0308700, 2017YFA0303703 and 2018YFB1003202), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61972191, 11690032, 61975077 and 91836303) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 020214380068)
- the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0308700, 2017YFA0303703 and 2018YFB1003202), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61972191, 11690032, 61975077 and 91836303) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 020214380068).
- the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0308700, 2017YFA0303703 and 2018YFB1003202), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61972191, 11690032, 61975077 and 91836303) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 020214380068). Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies (Grant No. AHY150100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Liao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaimin Zheng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghao Mi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Penghui Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lijian Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Larson W, Saleh BEA. Two-lens anisotropic image-inversion system for interferometric information processing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15403-15412. [PMID: 33985240 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferometric image processing systems based on image inversion normally use multiple paths with inversion mirrors. Since such systems must meet strict requirements of alignment and stability, a common-path implementation using polarization channels and six anisotropic optical elements was recently introduced. We demonstrate here the operation of a common-path polarization-based image-inversion interferometeric system using only two anisotropic lenses. Applications such as spatial parity analysis and image centroid measurements are examined theoretically and demonstrated experimentally.
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13
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Kang M, Lau KM, Yung TK, Du S, Tam WY, Li J. Tailor-made unitary operations using dielectric metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:5677-5686. [PMID: 33726102 DOI: 10.1364/oe.411467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Qubit operation belonging to unitary transformation is the fundamental operation to realize quantum computing and information processing. Here, we show that the complex and flexible light-matter interaction between dielectric metasurfaces and incident light can be used to perform arbitrary U(2) operations. By incorporating both coherent spatial-mode operation together with two polarizations on a single metasurface, we further extend the discussion to single-photon two-qubit U(4) operations. We believe the efficient usage of metasurfaces as a potential compact platform can simplify optical qubit operation from bulky systems into conceptually subwavelength elements.
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Leamer JM, Zhang W, Saripalli RK, Glasser RT, Bondar DI. Robust polarimetry via convex optimization. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:8886-8894. [PMID: 33104574 DOI: 10.1364/ao.400431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present mathematical methods, based on convex optimization, for correcting non-physical coherency matrices measured in polarimetry. We also develop the method for recovering the coherency matrices corresponding to the smallest and largest values of the degree of polarization given the experimental data and a specified tolerance. We use experimental non-physical results obtained with the standard polarimetry scheme and a commercial polarimeter to illustrate these methods. Our techniques are applied in post-processing, which complements other experimental methods for robust polarimetry.
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15
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Lib O, Hasson G, Bromberg Y. Real-time shaping of entangled photons by classical control and feedback. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb6298. [PMID: 32917683 PMCID: PMC11206457 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb6298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantum technologies hold great promise for revolutionizing photonic applications such as cryptography. Yet, their implementation in real-world scenarios is challenging, mostly because of sensitivity of quantum correlations to scattering. Recent developments in optimizing the shape of single photons introduce new ways to control entangled photons. Nevertheless, shaping single photons in real time remains a challenge due to the weak associated signals, which are too noisy for optimization processes. Here, we overcome this challenge and control scattering of entangled photons by shaping the classical laser beam that stimulates their creation. We discover that because the classical beam and the entangled photons follow the same path, the strong classical signal can be used for optimizing the weak quantum signal. We show that this approach can increase the length of free-space turbulent quantum links by up to two orders of magnitude, opening the door for using wavefront shaping for quantum communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Lib
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Giora Hasson
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Yaron Bromberg
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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Dai Y, He C, Wang J, Turcotte R, Fish L, Wincott M, Hu Q, Booth MJ. Active compensation of extrinsic polarization errors using adaptive optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35797-35810. [PMID: 31878746 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a scheme for active compensation of complex extrinsic polarization perturbations introduced into an optical system. Imaging polarimeter is used to measure the polarization state across a beam profile and a liquid crystal spatial light modulator controls the polarization of the input beam. A sequence of measurements permits determination of the birefringence properties of a perturbing specimen. The necessary correction is calculated and fed back to the polarization modulator to compensate for the polarization perturbation. The system capabilities are demonstrated on a range of birefringent specimens.
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Dai Y, Antonello J, Booth MJ. Calibration of a phase-only spatial light modulator for both phase and retardance modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:17912-17926. [PMID: 31252743 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.017912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLMs) are usually configured and calibrated for phase modulation. However, as they are variable retarders, they also have application as polarization modulators. We show that conventional phase-only calibrations are insufficient for this purpose, and a separate retardance calibration is needed. To overcome this shortcoming we report a simple Twyman-Green interferometer-based setup to realize SLM phase and retardance calibration. For phase calibration, we identify the non-linear, spatially variant response to the drive voltage of the SLM using fringe analysis and both horizontally and vertically polarized incident light. For retardance calibration, we use incident light polarized at 45° and assess the intensity variation. The methods presented are compatible with in situ calibration of SLMs.
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Li SQ, Xu X, Maruthiyodan Veetil R, Valuckas V, Paniagua-Domínguez R, Kuznetsov AI. Phase-only transmissive spatial light modulator based on tunable dielectric metasurface. Science 2019; 364:1087-1090. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly developing augmented reality, solid-state light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and holographic display technologies require spatial light modulators (SLMs) with high resolution and viewing angle to satisfy increasing customer demands. Performance of currently available SLMs is limited by their large pixel sizes on the order of several micrometers. Here, we propose a concept of tunable dielectric metasurfaces modulated by liquid crystal, which can provide abrupt phase change, thus enabling pixel-size miniaturization. We present a metasurface-based transmissive SLM, configured to generate active beam steering with >35% efficiency and a large beam deflection angle of 11°. The high resolution and steering angle obtained provide opportunities to develop the next generation of LIDAR and display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qiang Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
| | - Xuewu Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
| | - Rasna Maruthiyodan Veetil
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
| | - Vytautas Valuckas
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
| | - Ramón Paniagua-Domínguez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
| | - Arseniy I. Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
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Larson W, Tabiryan NV, Saleh BEA. A common-path polarization-based image-inversion interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:5685-5695. [PMID: 30876165 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.005685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a collinear, common-path image-inversion interferometer using the polarization channels of a single optical beam. Each of the channels is an imaging system of unit magnification, one positive and the other negative (inverted). Image formation is realized by means of a set of anisotropic lenses, each offering refractive power in one polarization and none in the other. The operation of the interferometer as a spatial-parity analyzer is demonstrated experimentally by separating even- and odd-order orbital angular momentum modes of an optical beam. The common-path configuration overcomes the stability issues present in conventional two-path interferometers.
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Defienne H, Reichert M, Fleischer JW. Adaptive Quantum Optics with Spatially Entangled Photon Pairs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:233601. [PMID: 30576164 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light shaping facilitates the preparation and detection of optical states and underlies many applications in communications, computing, and imaging. In this Letter, we generalize light shaping to the quantum domain. We show that patterns of phase modulation for classical laser light can also shape higher orders of spatial coherence, allowing deterministic tailoring of high-dimensional quantum entanglement. By modulating spatially entangled photon pairs, we create periodic, topological, and random patterns of quantum illumination, without effect on intensity. We then structure the quantum illumination to simultaneously compensate for entanglement that has been randomized by a scattering medium and to characterize the medium's properties via a quantum measurement of the optical memory effect. The results demonstrate fundamental aspects of spatial coherence and open the field of adaptive quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Defienne
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Matthew Reichert
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Jason W Fleischer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Liu ZD, Lyyra H, Sun YN, Liu BH, Li CF, Guo GC, Maniscalco S, Piilo J. Experimental implementation of fully controlled dephasing dynamics and synthetic spectral densities. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3453. [PMID: 30150668 PMCID: PMC6110829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering, controlling, and simulating quantum dynamics is a strenuous task. However, these techniques are crucial to develop quantum technologies, preserve quantum properties, and engineer decoherence. Earlier results have demonstrated reservoir engineering, construction of a quantum simulator for Markovian open systems, and controlled transition from Markovian to non-Markovian regime. Dephasing is an ubiquitous mechanism to degrade the performance of quantum computers. However, all-purpose quantum simulator for generic dephasing is still missing. Here, we demonstrate full experimental control of dephasing allowing us to implement arbitrary decoherence dynamics of a qubit. As examples, we use a photon to simulate the dynamics of a qubit coupled to an Ising chain in a transverse field and also demonstrate a simulation of nonpositive dynamical map. Our platform opens the possibility to simulate dephasing of any physical system and study fundamental questions on open quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Henri Lyyra
- Turku Centre for Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Yong-Nan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Sabrina Maniscalco
- Turku Centre for Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turun yliopisto, Finland
- Centre for Quantum Engineering, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Jyrki Piilo
- Turku Centre for Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turun yliopisto, Finland.
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