1
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AbuGhanem M. Information processing at the speed of light. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2024; 17:33. [PMID: 39342550 PMCID: PMC11439970 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, quantum computing has made significant strides, particularly in light-based technology. The introduction of quantum photonic chips has ushered in an era marked by scalability, stability, and cost-effectiveness, paving the way for innovative possibilities within compact footprints. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of photonic quantum computing, covering key aspects such as encoding information in photons, the merits of photonic qubits, and essential photonic device components including light squeezers, quantum light sources, interferometers, photodetectors, and waveguides. The article also examines photonic quantum communication and internet, and its implications for secure systems, detailing implementations such as quantum key distribution and long-distance communication. Emerging trends in quantum communication and essential reconfigurable elements for advancing photonic quantum internet are discussed. The review further navigates the path towards establishing scalable and fault-tolerant photonic quantum computers, highlighting quantum computational advantages achieved using photons. Additionally, the discussion extends to programmable photonic circuits, integrated photonics and transformative applications. Lastly, the review addresses prospects, implications, and challenges in photonic quantum computing, offering valuable insights into current advancements and promising future directions in this technology.
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2
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Fang Y, Kuttruff J, Nabben D, Baum P. Structured electrons with chiral mass and charge. Science 2024; 385:183-187. [PMID: 38991062 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp9143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Chirality is a phenomenon with widespread relevance in fundamental physics, material science, chemistry, optics, and spectroscopy. In this work, we show that a free electron can be converted by the field cycles of laser light into a right-handed or left-handed coil of mass and charge. In contrast to phase-vortex beams, our electrons maintained a flat de Broglie wave but obtained their chirality from the shape of their expectation value in space and time. Measurements of wave function densities by attosecond gating revealed the three-dimensional shape of coils and double coils with left-handed or right-handed pitch. Engineered elementary particles with such or related chiral geometries should be useful for applications in chiral sensing, free-electron quantum optics, particle physics or electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Fang
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Physik, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joel Kuttruff
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Physik, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Nabben
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Physik, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter Baum
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Physik, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Ribet SM, Zeltmann SE, Bustillo KC, Dhall R, Denes P, Minor AM, Dos Reis R, Dravid VP, Ophus C. Design of Electrostatic Aberration Correctors for Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1950-1960. [PMID: 37851063 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
In a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), producing a high-resolution image generally requires an electron beam focused to the smallest point possible. However, the magnetic lenses used to focus the beam are unavoidably imperfect, introducing aberrations that limit resolution. Modern STEMs overcome this by using hardware aberration correctors comprised of many multipole elements, but these devices are complex, expensive, and can be difficult to tune. We demonstrate a design for an electrostatic phase plate that can act as an aberration corrector. The corrector is comprised of annular segments, each of which is an independent two-terminal device that can apply a constant or ramped phase shift to a portion of the electron beam. We show the improvement in image resolution using an electrostatic corrector. Engineering criteria impose that much of the beam within the probe-forming aperture be blocked by support bars, leading to large probe tails for the corrected probe that sample the specimen beyond the central lobe. We also show how this device can be used to create other STEM beam profiles such as vortex beams and probes with a high degree of phase diversity, which improve information transfer in ptychographic reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Ribet
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Steven E Zeltmann
- Platform for the Accelerated Realization, Analysis, and Discovery of Interface Materials (PARADIM), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter Denes
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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4
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Zeng Z, Fu X, Hu Q, Liu G, Li J, Huang X. The influence of residual plural scattering after deconvolution in electron magnetic chiral dichroism. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 253:113806. [PMID: 37413857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the existence and influence of residual plural scattering in electron magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) spectra. A series of low-loss, conventional core-loss, and q-resolved core-loss spectra at Fe-L2,3 edges were detected from areas of different thicknesses in a plane-view sample of Fe/MgO (001) thin film. It reveals by comparison that there remains noticeable plural scattering in q-resolved spectra acquired at two particular chiral positions after deconvolution, and the residual scattering is more significant in thicker areas than thinner ones. Accordingly, the orbital-to-spin moment ratio extracted from EMCD spectra, which is the difference between the two q-resolved spectra after deconvolution, would be in principle increased with increasing sample thickness. The randomly fluctuated moment ratios displayed in our experiments are greatly attributed to a slight and irregular variation of local diffraction conditions due to the bending effect and imperfect epitaxy in detected areas. We suggest EMCD spectra should be acquired from sufficiently thin samples to minimize the plural scattering effect in originally detected spectra before any deconvolution. In addition, great care should be taken for slight misorientation and imperfect epitaxy when performing EMCD investigation on epitaxial thin films using a nano beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zeng
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - X Fu
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Q Hu
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - G Liu
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - J Li
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - X Huang
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys (MOE), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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5
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Yu R, Huo P, Liu M, Zhu W, Agrawal A, Lu YQ, Xu T. Generation of Perfect Electron Vortex Beam with a Customized Beam Size Independent of Orbital Angular Momentum. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2436-2441. [PMID: 36723626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The electron vortex beam (EVB)-carrying quantized orbital angular momentum (OAM) plays an essential role in a series of fundamental research. However, the radius of the transverse intensity profile of a doughnut-shaped EVB strongly depends on the topological charge of the OAM, impeding its wide applications in electron microscopy. Inspired by the perfect vortex in optics, herein, we demonstrate a perfect electron vortex beam (PEVB), which completely unlocks the constraint between the beam size and the beam's OAM. We design nanoscale holograms to generate PEVBs carrying different quanta of OAM but exhibiting almost the same beam size. Furthermore, we show that the beam size of the PEVB can be readily controlled by only modifying the design parameters of the hologram. The generation of PEVB with a customized beam size independent of the OAM can promote various in situ applications of free electrons carrying OAM in electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Pengcheng Huo
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Mingze Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Ting Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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6
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Roitman D, Shiloh R, Lu PH, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Arie A. Shaping of Electron Beams Using Sculpted Thin Films. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:3394-3405. [PMID: 34938823 PMCID: PMC8679091 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron beam shaping by sculpted thin films relies on electron-matter interactions and the wave nature of electrons. It can be used to study physical phenomena of special electron beams and to develop technological applications in electron microscopy that offer new and improved measurement techniques and increased resolution in different imaging modes. In this Perspective, we review recent applications of sculpted thin films for electron orbital angular momentum sorting, improvements in phase contrast transmission electron microscopy, and aberration correction. For the latter, we also present new results of our work toward correction of the spherical aberration of Lorentz scanning transmission electron microscopes and suggest a method to correct chromatic aberration using thin films. This review provides practical insight for researchers in the field and motivates future progress in electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolev Roitman
- School
of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Roy Shiloh
- Physics
Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Peng-Han Lu
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter
Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
- RWTH
Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter
Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Ady Arie
- School
of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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7
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Lyon K, Rusz J. Parameterization of magnetic vector potentials and fields for efficient multislice calculations of elastic electron scattering. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021; 77:509-518. [PMID: 34726629 PMCID: PMC8573848 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273321008792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The multislice method, which simulates the propagation of the incident electron wavefunction through a crystal, is a well established method for analysing the multiple scattering effects that an electron beam may undergo. The inclusion of magnetic effects into this method proves crucial towards simulating enhanced magnetic interaction of vortex beams with magnetic materials, calculating magnetic Bragg spots or searching for magnon signatures, to name a few examples. Inclusion of magnetism poses novel challenges to the efficiency of the multislice method for larger systems, especially regarding the consistent computation of magnetic vector potentials A and magnetic fields B over large supercells. This work presents a tabulation of parameterized magnetic (PM) values for the first three rows of transition metal elements computed from atomic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, allowing for the efficient computation of approximate A and B across large crystals using only structural and magnetic moment size and direction information. Ferromagnetic b.c.c. (body-centred cubic) Fe and tetragonal FePt are chosen to showcase the performance of PM values versus directly obtaining A and B from the unit-cell spin density by DFT. The magnetic fields of b.c.c. Fe are well described by the PM approach while for FePt the PM approach is less accurate due to deformations in the spin density. Calculations of the magnetic signal, namely the change due to A and B of the intensity of diffraction patterns, show that the PM approach for both b.c.c. Fe and FePt is able to describe the effects of magnetism in these systems to a good degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan Lyon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Rusz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Pozzi G, Rosi P, Tavabi AH, Karimi E, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Grillo V. A sorter for electrons based on magnetic elements. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 231:113287. [PMID: 33926773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) sorter is an electron optical device for the measurement of an electron's OAM. It is based on two phase elements, which are referred to as an "unwrapper" and a "corrector" and are located in Fourier conjugate planes. The simplest implementation of the sorter is based on electrostatic phase elements, such as a charged needle for the unwrapper and electrodes with alternating charges or potentials for the corrector. Here, we use a formal analogy between phase shifts introduced by charges and vertical currents to propose alternative designs for the sorter elements, which are based on phase shifts introduced by magnetic fields. We use this concept to provide a general guide for phase element design, which promises to provide improved reliability of phase control in electron optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pozzi
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale B. Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Rosi
- Department FIM, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Amir H Tavabi
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Ebrahim Karimi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Grillo
- Department FIM, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy; CNR-Institute of Nanoscience-S3, via G. Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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9
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Tavabi AH, Rosi P, Rotunno E, Roncaglia A, Belsito L, Frabboni S, Pozzi G, Gazzadi GC, Lu PH, Nijland R, Ghosh M, Tiemeijer P, Karimi E, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Grillo V. Experimental Demonstration of an Electrostatic Orbital Angular Momentum Sorter for Electron Beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:094802. [PMID: 33750150 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.094802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The component of orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the propagation direction is one of the fundamental quantities of an electron wave function that describes its rotational symmetry and spatial chirality. Here, we demonstrate experimentally an electrostatic sorter that can be used to analyze the OAM states of electron beams in a transmission electron microscope. The device achieves postselection or sorting of OAM states after electron-material interactions, thereby allowing the study of new material properties such as the magnetic states of atoms. The required electron-optical configuration is achieved by using microelectromechanical systems technology and focused ion beam milling to control the electron phase electrostatically with a lateral resolution of 50 nm. An OAM resolution of 1.5ℏ is realized in tests on controlled electron vortex beams, with the perspective of reaching an optimal OAM resolution of 1ℏ in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Tavabi
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Paolo Rosi
- Dipartimento FIM, Universitá di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Enzo Rotunno
- Centro S3, Istituto di Nanoscienze-CNR, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Roncaglia
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Belsito
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Frabboni
- Dipartimento FIM, Universitá di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centro S3, Istituto di Nanoscienze-CNR, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulio Pozzi
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peng-Han Lu
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Nijland
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, PO Box 80066, 5600 KA Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, PO Box 80066, 5600 KA Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Peter Tiemeijer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, PO Box 80066, 5600 KA Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Ebrahim Karimi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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10
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Positron annihilation localization by nanoscale magnetization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20262. [PMID: 33219274 PMCID: PMC7680104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In positron emission tomography (PET), the finite range over which positrons travel before annihilating with an electron places a fundamental physical limit on the spatial resolution of PET images. After annihilation, the photon pair detected by the PET instrumentation is emitted from a location that is different from the positron-emitting source, resulting in image blurring. Here, we report on the localization of positron range, and hence annihilation quanta, by strong nanoscale magnetization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in PET-MRI. We found that positron annihilations localize within a region of interest by up to 60% more when SPIONs are present (with [Fe] = 3 mM) compared to when they are not. The resulting full width at half maximum of the PET scans showed the spatial resolution improved by up to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\approx$$\end{document}≈ 30%. We also found evidence suggesting that the radiolabeled SPIONs produced up to a six-fold increase in ortho-positronium. These results may also have implications for emerging cancer theranostic strategies, where charged particles are used as therapeutic as well as diagnostic agents and improved dose localization within a tumor is a determinant of better treatment outcomes.
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11
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Sarenac D, Kapahi C, Chen W, Clark CW, Cory DG, Huber MG, Taminiau I, Zhernenkov K, Pushin DA. Generation and detection of spin-orbit coupled neutron beams. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20328-20332. [PMID: 31548384 PMCID: PMC6789912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906861116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling of light has come to the fore in nanooptics and plasmonics, and is a key ingredient of topological photonics and chiral quantum optics. We demonstrate a basic tool for incorporating analogous effects into neutron optics: the generation and detection of neutron beams with coupled spin and orbital angular momentum. The 3He neutron spin filters are used in conjunction with specifically oriented triangular coils to prepare neutron beams with lattices of spin-orbit correlations, as demonstrated by their spin-dependent intensity profiles. These correlations can be tailored to particular applications, such as neutron studies of topological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Sarenac
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Connor Kapahi
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wangchun Chen
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - David G Cory
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Michael G Huber
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Ivar Taminiau
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kirill Zhernenkov
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Pushin
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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12
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Vanacore GM, Berruto G, Madan I, Pomarico E, Biagioni P, Lamb RJ, McGrouther D, Reinhardt O, Kaminer I, Barwick B, Larocque H, Grillo V, Karimi E, García de Abajo FJ, Carbone F. Ultrafast generation and control of an electron vortex beam via chiral plasmonic near fields. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:573-579. [PMID: 31061485 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vortex-carrying matter waves, such as chiral electron beams, are of significant interest in both applied and fundamental science. Continuous-wave electron vortex beams are commonly prepared via passive phase masks imprinting a transverse phase modulation on the electron's wavefunction. Here, we show that femtosecond chiral plasmonic near fields enable the generation and dynamic control on the ultrafast timescale of an electron vortex beam. The vortex structure of the resulting electron wavepacket is probed in both real and reciprocal space using ultrafast transmission electron microscopy. This method offers a high degree of scalability to small length scales and a highly efficient manipulation of the electron vorticity with attosecond precision. Besides the direct implications in the investigation of nanoscale ultrafast processes in which chirality plays a major role, we further discuss the perspectives of using this technique to shape the wavefunction of charged composite particles, such as protons, and how it can be used to probe their internal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Vanacore
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - G Berruto
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I Madan
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Pomarico
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Biagioni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - R J Lamb
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D McGrouther
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - O Reinhardt
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Solid State Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Kaminer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Solid State Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - H Larocque
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - V Grillo
- CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, Modena, Italy
| | - E Karimi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - F J García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Carbone
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Silenko AJ, Zhang P, Zou L. Electric Quadrupole Moment and the Tensor Magnetic Polarizability of Twisted Electrons and a Potential for their Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:063201. [PMID: 30822063 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For a twisted (vortex) Dirac particle in nonuniform electric and magnetic fields, the relativistic Foldy-Wouthuysen Hamiltonian is derived including high order terms describing new effects. The result obtained shows for the first time that a twisted spin-1/2 particle possesses a tensor magnetic polarizability and a measurable (spectroscopic) electric quadrupole moment. We have calculated the former parameter and have evaluated the latter one for a twisted electron. The tensor magnetic polarizability of the twisted electron can be measured in a magnetic storage ring because a beam with an initial orbital tensor polarization acquires a horizontal orbital vector polarization. The electric quadrupole moment is rather large and strongly influences the dynamics of the intrinsic orbital angular momentum (OAM). Three different methods of its measurements, freezing the intrinsic orbital angular momentum and two resonance methods, are proposed. The existence of the quadrupole moment of twisted electrons can lead to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Silenko
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
- Research Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Pengming Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Zou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu 19A, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Silenko AJ, Zhang P, Zou L. Relativistic Quantum Dynamics of Twisted Electron Beams in Arbitrary Electric and Magnetic Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:043202. [PMID: 30095932 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.043202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Relativistic quantum dynamics of twisted (vortex) Dirac particles in arbitrary electric and magnetic fields are constructed for the first time. This allows us to change the controversial contemporary situation when the nonrelativistic approximation is used for relativistic twisted electrons. The relativistic Hamiltonian and equations of motion in the Foldy-Wouthuysen representation are derived. A critical experiment for a verification of the results obtained is proposed. The new important effect of a radiative orbital polarization of a twisted electron beam in a magnetic field resulting in a nonzero average projection of the intrinsic orbital angular momentum on the field direction is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Silenko
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
- Research Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Pengming Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Zou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Verbeeck J, Béché A, Müller-Caspary K, Guzzinati G, Luong MA, Den Hertog M. Demonstration of a 2 × 2 programmable phase plate for electrons. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 190:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Venturi F, Gazzadi GC, Tavabi AH, Rota A, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Frabboni S. Magnetic characterization of cobalt nanowires and square nanorings fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1040-1049. [PMID: 29719756 PMCID: PMC5905252 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic properties of nanowires (NWs) and square nanorings, which were deposited by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) of a Co carbonyl precursor, are studied using off-axis electron holography (EH), Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (L-TEM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). EH shows that NWs deposited using beam energies of 5 and 15 keV have the characteristics of magnetic dipoles, with larger magnetic moments observed for NWs deposited at lower energy. L-TEM is used to image magnetic domain walls in NWs and nanorings and their motion as a function of applied magnetic field. The NWs are found to have almost square hysteresis loops, with coercivities of ca. 10 mT. The nanorings show two different magnetization states: for low values of the applied in-plane field (0.02 T) a horseshoe state is observed using L-TEM, while for higher values of the applied in-plane field (0.3 T) an onion state is observed at remanence using L-TEM and MFM. Our results confirm the suitability of FEBID for nanofabrication of magnetic structures and demonstrate the versatility of TEM techniques for the study and manipulation of magnetic domain walls in nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Venturi
- FIM Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/a, Modena I-41125, Italy
- CNR – Nanoscience Institute, S3 Center, Via G. Campi 213/a, Modena I-41125, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Gazzadi
- CNR – Nanoscience Institute, S3 Center, Via G. Campi 213/a, Modena I-41125, Italy
| | - Amir H Tavabi
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alberto Rota
- Intermech-Mo.Re. Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vignolese 905/b, Modena I-41125, Italy
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefano Frabboni
- FIM Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/a, Modena I-41125, Italy
- CNR – Nanoscience Institute, S3 Center, Via G. Campi 213/a, Modena I-41125, Italy
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