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Sankar DR, Neetha M, Anilkumar G. Gold-Catalyzed Lactone Synthesis: Advancements and Insights. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400071. [PMID: 39051735 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Lactones represent a class of fundamental structural motifs ubiquitous in nature, holding significance across diverse scientific domains such as pharmaceuticals, natural products, drug discovery, and industry. Despite their simplicity, the synthesis of lactones has garnered considerable interest due to their pivotal roles. Gold, traditionally regarded as a noble metal, has emerged as an efficient catalyst, challenging conventional perceptions. The utilization of gold in lactone synthesis has captivated researchers, leading to the development of numerous effective methodologies. Motivated by this, we present a comprehensive compilation of reports on the gold-catalyzed synthesis of lactones, encompassing literature till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ravi Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Sree Narayana College, Sreenivasapuram, Varkala, Kerala, INDIA, 695145
| | - Mohan Neetha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P. O., Kottayam, Kerala, INDIA, 686560
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P. O., Kottayam, Kerala, INDIA, 686560
- Institute for Integrated programs and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P. O., Kottayam, Kerala, INDIA, 686560
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2
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Ji Y, Liu Y, Guan W, Guo C, Jia H, Hong B, Li H. Enantioselective Divergent Syntheses of Diterpenoid Pyrones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9395-9403. [PMID: 38497763 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Capitalizing a synergy between late-stage C(sp3)-H alkynylation and a series of transition metal-catalyzed alkyne functionalization reactions, we reported herein enantioselective divergent synthesis of 10 diterpenoid pyrones within 14-16 steps starting from chiral pool enoxolone, including the first enantioselective synthesis of higginsianins A, B, D, E, and metarhizin C. Our synthesis also highlights an unprecedented biomimetic oxidative rearrangement of α-pyrone into 3(2H)-furanone, as well as applications of Echavarren C(sp3)-H alkynylation reaction and Toste chiral counterion-mediated Au-catalyzed intramolecular allene hydroalkoxylation in natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiqiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuning Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Benke Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Houhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo 315010, China
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3
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Bao X, Wang G, Dong X, Zhu M, Yang L, Zhu J, Shi Q, Zhang H, Chen D. I 2/CF 3CO 2Ag-mediated iodolactonization of various allenoic acids to access versatile 6- to 9-membered ring vinylic iodolactones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2443-2450. [PMID: 38416045 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Medium-sized lactones are important structural units, but their synthesis remains a great challenge. Herein, we report I2/CF3CO2Ag-mediated iodolactonization of allenoic acids to synthesize various 6- to 9-membered ring vinylic iodolactones in 16-89% yield. This protocol not only develops a new cyclization strategy of allenoic acids, but also provides highly functionalized medium-sized lactones containing alkene and halogen groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Bao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Guoli Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Xu Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Mengxiao Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Lili Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Junjie Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Qingyuan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Hongzhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Dongyin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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4
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Li C, Zhou Z, Ma S. A Pd-catalyzed highly selective three-component protocol for trisubstituted allenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7709-7715. [PMID: 37476716 PMCID: PMC10355113 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01849k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the first example of a Pd-catalyzed highly selective three-component reaction of alkynyl-1,4-diol dicarbonates, organoboronic acids, and malonate anions for the efficient synthesis of trisubstituted 2,3-allenyl malonates not readily available by the known protocols. The reaction demonstrates an excellent regio- and chemo-selectivity for both the oxidative addition referring to the two C-O bonds and the subsequent coupling with the nucleophile with a remarkable functional group compatibility. A series of control experiments confirm a unique mechanism involving β-O elimination forming alka-1,2,3-triene and the subsequent insertion of its terminal C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond into the Ar-Pd bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zhengnan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University 220 Handan Lu Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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5
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Souza JPA, Bandeira PT, Bergmann J, Zarbin PHG. Recent advances in the synthesis of insect pheromones: an overview from 2013 to 2022. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:866-889. [PMID: 36820746 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00068g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 to June 2022Pheromones are usually produced by insects in sub-microgram amounts, which prevents the elucidation of their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Instead, a synthetic reference material is needed to confirm the structure of the natural compounds. In addition, the provision of synthetic pheromones enables large-scale field trials for the development of environmentally friendly pest management tools. Because of these potential applications in pest control, insect pheromones are attractive targets for the development of synthetic procedures and the synthesis of these intraspecific chemical messengers has been at the core of numerous research efforts in the field of pheromone chemistry. The present review is a quick reference guide for the syntheses of insect pheromones published from 2013 to mid-2022, listing the synthesized compounds and highlighting current methodologies in organic synthesis, such as carbon-carbon coupling reactions, organo-transition metal chemistry including ring-closing olefin metathesis, asymmetric epoxidations and dihydroxylations, and enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P A Souza
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil.
| | - Pamela T Bandeira
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil. .,Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avda. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jan Bergmann
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avda. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Paulo H G Zarbin
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil.
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Kesić J, Kovačević I, Popsavin M, Benedeković G, Rodić MV, Kojić V, Popsavin V. The first total synthesis and revision of absolute stereochemistry of natural cytotoxic lactone cleistanolate. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106073. [PMID: 35939856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of a synthetic route applicable to d-ribose and d-xylose enabled the synthesis of cleistanolate putative structure, its five stereoisomers, and led to revision and confirmation of absolute stereochemistry of the natural product. Key steps of the synthesis included zinc-mediated THF ring-opening and stereoselective dihydroxylation under the Upjohn conditions. The first total synthesis of cleistanolate was completed in eight steps starting from d-xylose. The C-5 stereocenter of the natural product was assigned the correct (5S)-stereochemistry. Cytotoxicity of natural product was briefly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kesić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kovačević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Mirjana Popsavin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goran Benedeković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko V Rodić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Kojić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, put Dr. Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Velimir Popsavin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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7
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Lin B, Yang T, Zhang D, Zhou Y, Wu L, Qiu J, Chen G, Che C, Zhang X. Gold‐Catalyzed Desymmetric Lactonization of Alkynylmalonic Acids Enabled by Chiral Bifunctional P,N ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201739. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijin Lin
- Department of Chemistry the Grubbs Institute Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Tilong Yang
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Dequan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry the Grubbs Institute Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry the Grubbs Institute Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Jingfei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry the Grubbs Institute Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Gen‐Qiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry the Grubbs Institute Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chi‐Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry the Grubbs Institute Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry the Grubbs Institute Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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8
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Shahriari A, Amiri K, Nikbakht A, Rominger F, Bijanzadeh HR, Balalaie S. Synthesis of Pyrrolidin-5-one-2-carboxamides through Cyclization of N-Substituted-2-alleneamides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7778-7785. [PMID: 35668356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of pyrrolidin-5-one-2-carboxamides 6a-p has been developed via a one-pot Ugi reaction of allenic acids, primary amines, isocyanides, and aldehydes followed by regioselective cyclization of the resultant N-substituted-2-allenamides with KOt-Bu at room temperature. The cyclization reaction was carried out through a 5-exo-dig approach, which resulted in good yields and high atom-economy under transition-metal-free and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Shahriari
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box, Tehran 15875-4416, Iran
| | - Kamran Amiri
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box, Tehran 15875-4416, Iran
| | - Ali Nikbakht
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box, Tehran 15875-4416, Iran
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Bijanzadeh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.Box, Noor 46414-356, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box, Tehran 15875-4416, Iran
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9
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Lin B, Yang T, Zhang D, Zhou Y, Wu L, Qiu J, Chen GQ, Che CM, Zhang X. Gold‐Catalyzed Desymmetric Lactonization of Alkynylmalonic Acids Enabled by Chiral Bifunctional P,N ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijin Lin
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 518000 Shenzhen CHINA
| | - Tilong Yang
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology School of Science Department of Chemistry Hongkong CHINA
| | - Dequan Zhang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Hong Kong University: University of Hong Kong Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jingfei Qiu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- The University of Hong Kong Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry 1088 Xueyuan Avenue 518055 Shenzhen CHINA
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10
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Pedrazzani R, Pinosa E, Bertuzzi G, MONARI MAGDA, Lauzon S, Ollevier T, Bandini M. Convenient synthesis of tricyclic N(1)-C(2)-fused oxazino-indolones via [Au(I)] catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of allenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8698-8701. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02303b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new [Au(I)] catalyzed intramolecular hydrocarboxylation of allenes is presented as a valuable synthetic route to oxazino-indolones. The employment of 3,5-(CF3)2-C6H3-ImPyAuSbF6 as the optimal catalyst (5 mol%) was necessary to...
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11
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Gonsales SA, Mueller ZC, Zhao F, Paioti PHS, Karmazin L, Wan J, Liu F, Houk KN, Hoveyda AH. Cross-metathesis of Allenes. Mechanistic Analysis and Identification of a Ru-CAAC as the Most Effective Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20640-20644. [PMID: 34846867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of cross-metathesis between two different allenes is disclosed. First- and second-generation Ru complexes were found to be ineffective, at most affording only oligomeric products. The exception was a first-generation complex bearing a bidentate phenyl isopropoxy ligand (i.e., PCy3 is not released upon initiation), reactions with which afforded a 1,3-disubstituted allenyl boronate in 22% yield. On the basis of mechanistic studies designed to gain deeper understanding of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of different Ru catalysts, it was discovered that phosphine-free Ru-CAAC complexes have the steric and electronic attributes to be highly effective. The results of these investigations pave the way for development of additional olefin metathesis reactions that generate allenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A Gonsales
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Zoé C Mueller
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fengyue Zhao
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Paulo H S Paioti
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydia Karmazin
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jing Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Amir H Hoveyda
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France.,Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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12
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Fan J, Fu C, Wu X, Ma S. Rh-Catalyzed cyclization of 2,3-allenoic acids in the presence of 2,3-allenols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10411-10414. [PMID: 34545862 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a [Cp*RhCl2]2-catalyzed coupling cyclization of two different classes of allenes with 2,3-allenoic acids affording 2(5H)-furanone skeletons of products and 2,3-allenols forming a conjugated (E)-enal or enone functionality to the β-position of the 2(5H)-furanones. These products are important building blocks for the syntheses of potentially bioactive compounds. The reaction proceeded via the nucleometalation, insertion, and stereodefined 1,4-H delivery carried by rhodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
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13
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Zorba L, Egaña E, Gómez-Bengoa E, Vougioukalakis GC. Zinc Iodide Catalyzed Synthesis of Trisubstituted Allenes from Terminal Alkynes and Ketones. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23329-23346. [PMID: 34549133 PMCID: PMC8444324 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward, user-friendly, efficient protocol for the one pot, ZnI2-catalyzed allenylation of terminal alkynes with pyrrolidine and ketones, toward trisubstituted allenes, is described. Trisubstituted allenes can be obtained under either conventional heating or microwave irradiation conditions, which significantly reduces the reaction time. A sustainable, widely available, and low-cost metal salt catalyst is employed, and the reactions are carried out under solvent-free conditions. Among others, synthetically valuable allenes bearing functionalities such as amide, hydroxyl, or phthalimide can be efficiently prepared. Mechanistic experiments, including kinetic isotope effect measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, suggest a rate-determining [1,5]-hydride transfer during the transformation of the intermediate propargylamine to the final allene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandros
P. Zorba
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Eunate Egaña
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Georgios C. Vougioukalakis
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
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14
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Alonso JM, Almendros P. Deciphering the Chameleonic Chemistry of Allenols: Breaking the Taboo of a Onetime Esoteric Functionality. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4193-4252. [PMID: 33630581 PMCID: PMC8479864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The allene functionality has participated in one of the most exciting voyages in organic chemistry, from chemical curiosities to a recurring building block in modern organic chemistry. In the last decades, a special kind of allene, namely, allenol, has emerged. Allenols, formed by an allene moiety and a hydroxyl functional group with diverse connectivity, have become common building blocks for the synthesis of a wide range of structures and frequent motif in naturally occurring systems. The synergistic effect of the allene and hydroxyl functional groups enables allenols to be considered as a unique and sole functionality exhibiting a special reactivity. This Review summarizes the most significant contributions to the chemistry of allenols that appeared during the past decade, with emphasis on their synthesis, reactivity, and occurrence in natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Alonso
- Grupo
de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Almendros
- Instituto
de Química Orgánica General, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Radulović N, Stevanović M, Nešić M, Stojanović N, Ranđelović P, Ranđelović V. Constituents of Bupleurum praealtum and Bupleurum veronense with Potential Immunomodulatory Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2902-2914. [PMID: 33030341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, chromatographic separations of the diethyl ether extracts of two European annual Bupleurum taxa, B. praealtum and B. veronense, yielded nine new natural products, namely, a series of esters of stereoisomeric tetradeca-5,7,9,11-tetraen-1-ols (1-4 and 8), a tetra-unsaturated γ-tetradecalactone (5), a dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan (7-oxoarcitin, 6), a falcarinol-related 17-membered macrolide (7) possessing a conjugated diyne-system, and an acylphloroglucinol derivative (9). All these new compounds were fully characterized by NMR, IR, UV, MS, and optical rotation measurement, including 1H NMR full spin spectral simulation, whereas the absolute configurations of 1, 5, and 9 were determined via chemical correlations and NMR analysis of Mosher esters. The in vitro potential immunomodulatory activities of 1, 4, 5, and (+)-arcitin were assessed by determining their effects on the functional properties of isolated rat splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages. The results obtained support the known immunomodulatory ethnomedicinal usage of Bupleurum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Milica Stevanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Milan Nešić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Nikola Stojanović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Pavle Ranđelović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ranđelović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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16
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Gold-Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Alkynes and Allenes: Valuable Tools for Organic Synthesis. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, the application of gold-based catalysts in the hydrofunctionalization reactions of alkynes and allenes with carboxylic acids is comprehensively reviewed. Both intra- and intermolecular processes, leading respectively to lactones and linear unsaturated esters, are covered. In addition, cascade transformations involving the initial cycloisomerization of an alkynoic acid are also discussed.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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18
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Liu S, Li S, Shen X, Wang Y, Du J, Chen B, Han B, Liu H. Selective aerobic oxidation of cyclic ethers to lactones over Au/CeO 2 without any additives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2638-2641. [PMID: 32020139 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09480f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of ethers to lactones with O2 as a benign oxidant using Au/CeO2 as the catalyst has been developed. The oxygen vacancies and Au0 species on the surface of CeO2 contribute to the activation of O2. The excellent selectivity of lactones is due to the adsorption of ethers and activation of the C(sp3)-H bond on Au/CeO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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19
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Jiang W, Zhou J, Ma AJ, Li D, Ma YY, Zhao DG, Hou SH, Lin JB, Zhang SY. A dienamine-mediated deconjugative addition/cyclization cascade of γ,γ-disubstituted enals with carboxylic acid-activated enones: a rapid access to highly functionalized γ-lactones. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An aminocatalytic deconjugative addition/cyclization cascade of γ,γ-disubstituted enals with carboxylic acid-activated enones was realized, giving rise to highly functionalized γ-lactones with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- China
| | - Yan-Yan Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- China
| | - Deng-Gao Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- China
| | - Si-Hua Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Jun-Bing Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yan'an University
- Yan'an 716000
- China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- China
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20
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Wu X, Fan J, Fu C, Ma S. A ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed C-H allenylation-based approach to allenoic acids. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6316-6321. [PMID: 31341585 PMCID: PMC6598647 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00603f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A Ru(ii)-catalyzed direct access to various functionalized allenoic acids via C-H allenylation of readily available aryl carboxylic acids with propargylic acetates is reported. Axially chiral allenoic acids could be obtained in high ee by using optically active propargylic acetates through a chirality transfer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , People's Republic of China .
| | - Junjie Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , People's Republic of China .
| | - Chunling Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , People's Republic of China .
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , People's Republic of China .
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21
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Zhou J, Song S, Jiang F, Fu C, Ma S. Efficient Syntheses of Traumatic Lactone and Rhizobialide. Chemistry 2019; 25:9948-9958. [PMID: 31013370 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the total synthesis of traumatic lactone and rhizobialide by utilizing allenoic acid to construct the lactone ring. The key starting materials, allenoic acids, could be prepared by the ATA (allenation of terminal alkynes) of a terminal alkyne with an aldehyde that contained a protected hydroxyl group followed by hydrolysis. Importantly, the asymmetric synthesis could be realized just by replacing racemic diphenylprinol with (R)- or (S)-diphenylprinol to deliver the optically active allenoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shihua Song
- Department Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Fu
- Department Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Department Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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22
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Abstract
So far, over 150 natural products and pharmaceuticals containing an allene moiety have been identified. During the last two decades, allenes have also been demonstrated as synthetically versatile starting materials in organic synthesis. In comparison to alkenes and alkynes, allenes are unique unsaturated hydrocarbons due to their axial chirality, which could be transformed to central chirality via chirality transfer to provide an irreplaceable entry to chiral molecules. Thus, methods for allene synthesis from readily available chemicals are of great interest. In 1979, Crabbé et al. reported the first CuBr-mediated allenation of terminal alkynes (ATA) reaction to form monosubstituted allenes from 1-alkynes and paraformaldehyde in the presence of diisopropylamine. During the following 30 years, the ATA reactions were limited to paraformaldehyde. This Account describes our efforts toward the development of ATA reactions in the last ten years. First, we improved the yields and scope greatly for the synthesis of monosubstituted allenes by modifying the original Crabbé recipe. Next we developed the ZnI2-promoted or CuI-catalyzed ATA reactions for the synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted allenes from terminal alkyne and normal aldehydes. Furthermore, we first realized the CdI2-promoted ATA reaction of ketones with pyrrolidine as the matched amine for the preparation of trisubstituted allenes. Due to the toxicity of CdI2, we also developed two alternative approaches utilizing CuBr/ZnI2 or CuI/ZnBr2/Ti(OEt)4. The asymmetric version of ATA reactions for the synthesis of optically active 1,3-disubstituted allenes has also been achieved in this group with two strategies. One is called "chiral ligand" strategy, using terminal alkynes, aldehydes, and nonchiral amine with the assistance of a proper chiral ligand. The other is the "chiral amine" strategy, applying terminal alkynes, aldehydes, and chiral amines such as ( S)- or ( R)-α,α-diphenylprolinol or ( S)- or ( R)-α,α-dimethylprolinol. Optically active 1,3-disubstituted allenes containing different synthetically useful functionalities such as alcohol, amide, sulfamide, malonate, carboxylate, and carbohydrate units could be prepared without protection with the newly developed CuBr2-catalyzed chiral amine strategy. Recently, we have applied these enantioselective allenation of terminal alkyne (EATA) reactions to the syntheses of some natural allenes such as laballenic acid, insect pheromone, methyl ( R)-8-hydroxyocta-5,6-dienoate, phlomic acid, and lamenallenic acid, as well as some non-allene natural γ-butyrolactones such as xestospongienes (E, F, G, and H), ( R)-4-tetradecalactone, ( S)-4-tetradecalactone, ( R)-γ-palmitolactone, and ( R)-4-decalactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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23
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Marín-Luna M, Nieto Faza O, Silva López C. Gold-Catalyzed Homogeneous (Cyclo)Isomerization Reactions. Front Chem 2019; 7:296. [PMID: 31139614 PMCID: PMC6527766 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold is currently one of the most used metals in organometallic catalysis. The ability of gold to activate unsaturated groups in different modes, together with its tolerance to a wide range of functional groups and reaction conditions, turns gold-based complexes into efficient and highly sought after catalysts. Natural products and relevant compounds with biological and pharmaceutical activity are often characterized by complex molecular structures. (Cyclo)isomerization reactions are often a useful strategy for the generation of this molecular complexity from synthetically accessible reactants. In this review, we collect the most recent contributions in which gold(I)- and/or gold(III)-catalysts mediate intramolecular (cyclo)isomerization transformations of unsaturated species, which commonly feature allene or alkyne motifs, and organize them depending on the substrate and the reaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marín-Luna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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24
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Xia F, Gao Z, Zhang C, Ye S. Oxidative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [8+2] Annulation of Tropone and Aldehydes: Synthesis of Cycloheptatriene‐Fused Furanones. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong‐Hua Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Lin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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25
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Song S, Zhou J, Fu C, Ma S. Catalytic enantioselective construction of axial chirality in 1,3-disubstituted allenes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:507. [PMID: 30705274 PMCID: PMC6355870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed enantioselective construction of the loosening axial allene chirality spreading over three carbon atoms using a chiral ligand is still a significant challenge. In the literature, steric effect of the substrates is the major strategy applied for such a purpose. Herein, we present a general palladium-catalyzed asymmetrization of readily available racemic 2,3-allenylic carbonates with different types of non-substituted and 2-substituted malonates using (R)-(−)-DTBM-SEGPHOS as the preferred ligand to afford 1,3-disubstituted chiral allenes with 90~96% ee. This protocol has been applied to the first enantioselective synthesis of natural product, (R)-traumatic lactone. Control experiments showed that in addition to the chiral ligand, conducting this transformation via Procedure C, which excludes the extensive prior coordination of the allene unit in the starting allene with Pd forming a species without the influence of the chiral ligand, is crucial for the observed high enantioselectivity. Highly enantioselective synthesis of allenes has been relying, so far, on the steric hindrance of substrates. Here the authors achieve excellent stereocontrol in the synthesis of chiral allenes with a palladium-DTBM-SEGPHOS catalytic system in a non-substrate-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Li MB, Inge AK, Posevins D, Gustafson KPJ, Qiu Y, Bäckvall JE. Chemodivergent and Diastereoselective Synthesis of γ-Lactones and γ-Lactams: A Heterogeneous Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Tandem Process. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14604-14608. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Bo Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Ken Inge
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniels Posevins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl P. J. Gustafson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Youai Qiu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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