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Whaley-Mayda L, Guha A, Tokmakoff A. Multimode vibrational dynamics and orientational effects in fluorescence-encoded infrared spectroscopy. I. Response function theory. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:194201. [PMID: 37966137 DOI: 10.1063/5.0171939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence-encoded infrared (FEIR) spectroscopy is an emerging technique for performing vibrational spectroscopy in solution with detection sensitivity down to single molecules. FEIR experiments use ultrashort pulses to excite a fluorescent molecule's vibrational and electronic transitions in a sequential, time-resolved manner, and are therefore sensitive to intervening vibrational dynamics on the ground state, vibronic coupling, and the relative orientation of vibrational and electronic transition dipole moments. This series of papers presents a theoretical treatment of FEIR spectroscopy that describes these phenomena and examines their manifestation in experimental data. This first paper develops a nonlinear response function description of Fourier-transform FEIR experiments for a two-level electronic system coupled to multiple vibrations, which is then applied to interpret experimental measurements in the second paper [L. Whaley-Mayda et al., J. Chem. Phys. 159, 194202 (2023)]. Vibrational coherence between pairs of modes produce oscillatory features that interfere with the vibrations' population response in a manner dependent on the relative signs of their respective Franck-Condon wavefunction overlaps, leading to time-dependent distortions in FEIR spectra. The orientational response of population and coherence contributions are analyzed and the ability of polarization-dependent experiments to extract relative transition dipole angles is discussed. Overall, this work presents a framework for understanding the full spectroscopic information content of FEIR measurements to aid data interpretation and inform optimal experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Whaley-Mayda
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Abhirup Guha
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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2
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Ma Z, Chen L, Xu C, Fournier JA. Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Isolated Molecular Ions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9683-9689. [PMID: 37871134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy of mass-selected, cryogenically cooled molecular ions is presented. Nonlinear response pathways, encoded in the time-domain photodissociation action response of weakly bound N2 messenger tags, were isolated using pulse shaping techniques following excitation with four collinear ultrafast IR pulses. 2D IR spectra of Re(CO)3(CH3CN)3+ ions capture off-diagonal cross-peak bleach signals between the asymmetric and symmetric carbonyl stretching transitions. These cross peaks display intensity variations as a function of pump-probe delay time due to coherent coupling between the vibrational modes. Well-resolved 2D IR features in the congested fingerprint region of protonated caffeine (C8H10N4O2H+) are also reported. Importantly, intense cross-peak signals were observed at 3 ps waiting time, indicating that tag-loss dynamics are not competing with the measured nonlinear signals. These demonstrations pave the way for more precise studies of molecular interactions and dynamics that are not easily obtainable with current condensed-phase methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Liangyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chuzhi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Joseph A Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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3
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Lüttig J, Mueller S, Malý P, Krich JJ, Brixner T. Higher-Order Multidimensional and Pump-Probe Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7556-7573. [PMID: 37589504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient absorption and coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy are widely established methods for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in quantum systems. Conventionally, they are interpreted in the framework of perturbation theory at the third order of interaction. Here, we discuss the potential of higher-(than-third-)order pump-probe and multidimensional spectroscopy to provide insight into excited multiparticle states and their dynamics. We focus on recent developments from our group. In particular, we demonstrate how phase cycling can be used in fluorescence-detected two-dimensional spectroscopy to isolate higher-order spectra that provide information about highly excited states such as the correlation of multiexciton states. We discuss coherently detected fifth-order 2D spectroscopy and its power to track exciton diffusion. Finally, we show how to extract higher-order signals even from ordinary pump-probe experiments, providing annihilation-free signals at high excitation densities and insight into multiexciton interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jacob J Krich
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Chen L, Ma Z, Fournier JA. Ultrafast transient vibrational action spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled ions. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:041101. [PMID: 37486043 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast transient vibrational action spectra of cryogenically cooled Re(CO)3(CH3CN)3+ ions are presented. Nonlinear spectra were collected in the time domain by monitoring the photodissociation of a weakly bound N2 messenger tag as a function of delay times and phases between a set of three infrared pulses. Frequency-resolved spectra in the carbonyl stretch region show relatively strong bleaching signals that oscillate at the difference frequency between the two observed vibrational features as a function of the pump-probe waiting time. This observation is consistent with the presence of nonlinear pathways resulting from underlying cross-peak signals between the coupled symmetric-asymmetric C≡O stretch pair. The successful demonstration of frequency-resolved ultrafast transient vibrational action spectroscopy of dilute molecular ion ensembles provides an exciting, new framework for the study of molecular dynamics in isolated, complex molecular ion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Zifan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Joseph A Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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5
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Liu Z, Jha A, Liang XT, Duan HG. Transient chiral dynamics revealed by two-dimensional circular dichroism spectroscopy. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:054119. [PMID: 37329099 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.054119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chirality has been considered as one of the key factors in the evolution of life in nature. It is important to uncover how chiral potentials of molecular systems play vital role in fundamental photochemical processes. Here, we investigate the role of chirality in photoinduced energy transfer in a model dimeric system, where the monomers are excitonically coupled. To observe transient chiral dynamics and energy transfer, we employ circularly polarized laser pulses in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to construct the two-dimensional circular dichroism (2DCD) spectral maps. Tracking time-resolved peak magnitudes in 2DCD spectra allows one to identify chirality induced population dynamics. The dynamics of energy transfer is revealed by the time-resolved kinetics of cross peaks. However, the differential signal of 2DCD spectra shows the magnitude of cross peaks is dramatically reduced at initial waiting time, which indicates the weak chiral interactions between two monomers. The downhill energy transfer is resolved by presenting a strong magnitude of cross peak in 2DCD spectra after long waiting time. The chiral contribution towards coherent and incoherent energy-transfer pathways in the model dimer system is further examined via control of excitonic couplings between two monomers. Applications are made to study the energy-transfer process in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex. Our work uncovers the potential of 2DCD spectroscopy to resolve the chiral-induced interactions and population transfers in excitonically coupled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Liu
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Ajay Jha
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Xian-Ting Liang
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Guang Duan
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
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6
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Landmesser F, Sixt T, Dulitz K, Bruder L, Stienkemeier F. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of an ultracold gas. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:473-476. [PMID: 36638487 DOI: 10.1364/ol.477301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond coherent multidimensional spectroscopy is demonstrated for an ultracold gas. A setup for phase modulation spectroscopy is used to probe the 32S1/2-22P1/2,3/2 transition in an 800μK-cold sample of 7Li atoms confined in a magneto-optical trap. The observation of a double quantum coherence response, a signature of interparticle interactions, paves the way for detailed investigations of few- and many-body effects in ultracold gases using this technique. The experiment combines a frequency resolution of 3 GHz with a potential time resolution of 200 fs, which allows for high-resolution studies of ultracold atoms and molecules both in the frequency and in the time domain.
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7
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Sahu A, Bhat VN, Patra S, Tiwari V. High-sensitivity fluorescence-detected multidimensional electronic spectroscopy through continuous pump-probe delay scan. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024201. [PMID: 36641398 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence-detected multidimensional electronic spectroscopy (fMES) promises high sensitivity compared to conventional approaches and is an emerging spectroscopic approach toward combining the advantages of MES with the spatial resolution of a microscope. Here, we present a visible white light continuum-based fMES spectrometer and systematically explore the sensitivity enhancement expected from fluorescence detection. As a demonstration of sensitivity, we report room temperature two-dimensional coherence maps of vibrational quantum coherences in a laser dye at optical densities of ∼2-3 orders of magnitude lower than conventional approaches. This high sensitivity is enabled by a combination of biased sampling along the optical coherence time axes and a rapid scan of the pump-probe waiting time T at each sample. A combination of this approach with acousto-optic phase modulation and phase-sensitive lock-in detection enables measurements of room temperature vibrational wavepackets even at the lowest ODs. Alternative faster data collection schemes, which are enabled by the flexibility of choosing a non-uniform undersampled grid in the continuous T scanning approach, are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitav Sahu
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Vivek N Bhat
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Sanjoy Patra
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Vivek Tiwari
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
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8
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Liang D, Savio Rodriguez L, Zhou H, Zhu Y, Li H. Optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy of cold atoms. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6452-6455. [PMID: 36538460 DOI: 10.1364/ol.478793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental demonstration of optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) in cold atoms. The experiment integrates a collinear 2DCS setup with a magneto-optical trap (MOT), in which cold rubidium (Rb) atoms are prepared at a temperature of approximately 200 µK and a number density of 1010 cm-3. With a sequence of femtosecond laser pulses, we first obtain one-dimensional second- and fourth-order nonlinear signals and then acquire both one-quantum and zero-quantum 2D spectra of cold Rb atoms. The capability of performing optical 2DCS in cold atoms is an important step toward optical 2DCS study of many-body physics in cold atoms and ultimately in atom arrays and trapped ions. Optical 2DCS in cold atoms/molecules can also be a new avenue to probe chemical reaction dynamics in cold molecules.
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9
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Mirzajani N, Keenan CL, Melton SR, King SB. Accurate phase detection in time-domain heterodyne SFG spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:39162-39174. [PMID: 36258463 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterodyne detection is a ubiquitous tool in spectroscopy for the simultaneous detection of intensity and phase of light. However, the need for phase stability hinders the application of heterodyne detection to electronic spectroscopy. We present an interferometric design for a phase-sensitive electronic sum frequency generation (e-SFG) spectrometer in the time domain with lock-in detection. Our method of continuous phase modulation of one arm of the interferometer affords direct measurement of the phase between SFG and local oscillator fields. Errors in the path length difference caused by drifts in the optics are corrected, offering unprecedented stability. This spectrometer has the added advantage of collinear fundamental beams. The capabilities of the spectrometer are demonstrated with proof-of-principle experiments with GaAs e-SFG spectra, where we see significantly improved signal to noise ratio, spectral accuracy, and lineshapes.
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10
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High-resolution two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy reveals the homogeneous line profile of chromophores solvated in nanoclusters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3350. [PMID: 35688839 PMCID: PMC9187667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Doped clusters in the gas phase provide nanoconfined model systems for the study of system-bath interactions. To gain insight into interaction mechanisms between chromophores and their environment, the ensemble inhomogeneity has to be lifted and the homogeneous line profile must be accessed. However, such measurements are very challenging at the low particle densities and low signal levels in cluster beam experiments. Here, we dope cryogenic rare-gas clusters with phthalocyanine molecules and apply action-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to gain insight into the local molecule-cluster environment for solid and superfluid cluster species. The high-resolution homogeneous linewidth analysis provides a benchmark for the theoretical modelling of binding configurations and shows a promising route for high-resolution molecular two-dimensional spectroscopy. Understanding the interaction of single chromophores with nanoparticles remains a challenging task in nanoscience. Here the authors provide insight into the interaction between isolated base-free phthalocyanine molecules and He and Ne nanoclusters in the gas phase using high-resolution two-dimensional spectroscopy.
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11
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Solowan HP, Malý P, Brixner T. Direct comparison of molecular-beam versus liquid-phase pump-probe and two-dimensional spectroscopy on the example of azulene. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:044201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although azulene's anomalous fluorescence originating from S2 rather than from S1 is the textbook example for the violation of Kasha's rule, the understanding of the underlying processes is still a subject of investigation. Here, we use action-based coherent two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to measure a single Liouville-space response pathway from S0 via S1 to the S2 state of azulene. We directly compare this sequential excitation in liquid phase detecting S2 fluorescence and in a molecular beam detecting photoionized cations, using the S2 anomalous emission to our advantage. We complement the 2DES study by pump-probe measurements of S1 excitation dynamics, including vibrational relaxation and passage through a conical intersection. The direct comparison of liquid and gas phase allows us to assess the effect of the solvent and the interplay of intra- and inter-molecular energy relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut fuer Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Chen L, Dean JLS, Fournier JA. Time-Domain Vibrational Action Spectroscopy of Cryogenically Cooled, Messenger-Tagged Ions Using Ultrafast IR Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10235-10244. [PMID: 34788043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the initial steps toward developing a framework that will enable the characterization of photoinitiated dynamics within large molecular ions in the gas phase with temporal and energy resolution. We combine the established techniques of tag-loss action spectroscopy on cryogenically trapped molecular ions with ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy by measuring the linear action spectrum of N2-tagged protonated diglycine (GlyGlyH+·N2) with an ultrafast infrared (IR) pulse pair. The presented time-domain data demonstrate that the excited-state vibrational populations in the tagged parent ions are modulated by the ultrafast IR pulse pair and encoded through the messenger tag-loss action response. The Fourier transform of the time-domain action interferograms yields the linear frequency-domain vibrational spectrum of the ion ensemble, and we show that this spectrum matches the linear spectrum collected in a traditional manner using a frequency-resolved IR laser. Time- and frequency-domain interpretations of the data are considered and discussed. Finally, we demonstrate the acquisition of nonlinear signals through cross-polarization pump-probe experiments. These results validate the prerequisite first steps of combining tag-loss action spectroscopy with two-dimensional IR spectroscopy for probing dynamics in gas-phase molecular ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 United States
| | - Jessika L S Dean
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 United States
| | - Joseph A Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 United States
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13
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Agathangelou D, Javed A, Sessa F, Solinas X, Joffre M, Ogilvie JP. Phase-modulated rapid-scanning fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:094201. [PMID: 34496582 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a rapid-scanning approach to fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy that combines acousto-optic phase-modulation with digital lock-in detection. This approach shifts the signal detection window to suppress 1/f laser noise and enables interferometric tracking of the time delays to allow for correction of spectral phase distortions and accurate phasing of the data. This use of digital lock-in detection enables acquisition of linear and nonlinear signals of interest in a single measurement. We demonstrate the method on a laser dye, measuring the linear fluorescence excitation spectrum as well as rephasing, non-rephasing, and absorptive fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damianos Agathangelou
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ariba Javed
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xavier Solinas
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Manuel Joffre
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jennifer P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Uhl D, Bruder L, Stienkemeier F. A flexible and scalable, fully software-based lock-in amplifier for nonlinear spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:083101. [PMID: 34470399 DOI: 10.1063/5.0059740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a cost-effective, fully software-based lock-in amplifier (LIA) implemented on a commercial computer. The device is designed for application in nonlinear spectroscopy, such as transient absorption and coherent multidimensional spectroscopy, but may also be used in any other application. The performance of our device is compared to a state-of-the-art commercial LIA with nearly identical results for both devices. Advantages of our device over commercial hardwired electronic LIAs are the improved flexibility in the data analysis and the possibility of arbitrary up-scaling of the number of LIA channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Uhl
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Bruder
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Stienkemeier
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Tiwari V. Multidimensional electronic spectroscopy in high-definition-Combining spectral, temporal, and spatial resolutions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:230901. [PMID: 34241275 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, coherent multidimensional spectroscopies have been implemented across the terahertz, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A combination of coherent excitation of several resonances with few-cycle pulses, and spectral decongestion along multiple spectral dimensions, has enabled new insights into wide ranging molecular scale phenomena, such as energy and charge delocalization in natural and artificial light-harvesting systems, hydrogen bonding dynamics in monolayers, and strong light-matter couplings in Fabry-Pérot cavities. However, measurements on ensembles have implied signal averaging over relevant details, such as morphological and energetic inhomogeneity, which are not rephased by the Fourier transform. Recent extension of these spectroscopies to provide diffraction-limited spatial resolution, while maintaining temporal and spectral information, has been exciting and has paved a way to address several challenging questions by going beyond ensemble averaging. The aim of this Perspective is to discuss the technological developments that have eventually enabled spatially resolved multidimensional electronic spectroscopies and highlight some of the very recent findings already made possible by introducing spatial resolution in a powerful spectroscopic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Tiwari
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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16
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Pres S, Kontschak L, Hensen M, Brixner T. Coherent 2D electronic spectroscopy with complete characterization of excitation pulses during all scanning steps. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:4191-4209. [PMID: 33771004 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coherent two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy has become a standard tool in ultrafast science. Thus it is relevant to consider the accuracy of data considering both experimental imperfections and theoretical assumptions about idealized conditions. It is already known that chirped excitation pulses can affect 2D line shapes. In the present work, we demonstrate performance-efficient, automated characterization of the full electric field of each individual multipulse sequence employed during a 2D scanning procedure. Using Fourier-transform spectral interferometry, we analyze how the temporal intensity and phase profile varies from scanning step to scanning step and extract relevant pulse-sequence parameters. This takes into account both random and systematic variations during the scan that may be caused, for example, by femtosecond pulse-shaping artifacts. Using the characterized fields, we simulate and compare 2D spectra obtained with idealized and real shapes obtained from an LCD-based pulse shaper. Exemplarily, we consider fluorescence of a molecular dimer and multiphoton photoemission of a plasmonic nanoslit. The deviations from pulse-shaper artifacts in our specific case do not distort strongly the population-based multidimensional data. The characterization procedure is applicable to other pulses-shaping technologies or excitation geometries, including also pump-probe geometry with multipulse excitation and coherent detection, and allows for accurate consideration of realistic optical excitation fields at all inter-pulse time-delays.
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17
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Malý P, Mueller S, Lüttig J, Lambert C, Brixner T. Signatures of exciton dynamics and interaction in coherently and fluorescence-detected four- and six-wave-mixing two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:144204. [PMID: 33086839 DOI: 10.1063/5.0022743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) can be realized in increasing nonlinear orders of interaction with the electric field, bringing new information about single- and multi-particle properties and dynamics. Furthermore, signals can be detected both coherently (C-2DES) and by fluorescence (F-2DES), with fundamental and practical differences. We directly compare the simultaneous measurements of four- and six-wave mixing C-2DES and F-2DES on an excitonic heterodimer of squaraine molecules. Spectral features are described in increasing orders of nonlinearity by an explicit excitonic model. We demonstrate that the four-wave-mixing spectra are sensitive to one-exciton energies, their delocalization and dynamics, while the six-wave-mixing spectra include information on bi-exciton and higher excited states including the state energies, electronic coupling, and exciton-exciton annihilation. We focus on the possibility to extract the dynamics arising from exciton-exciton interaction directly from the six-wave-mixing spectra. To this end, in analogy to previously demonstrated fifth-order coherently detected exciton-exciton-interaction 2DES (EEI2D spectroscopy), we introduce a sixth-order fluorescence-detected EEI2D spectroscopy variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Wituschek A, Bruder L, Allaria E, Bangert U, Binz M, Callegari C, Cinquegrana P, Danailov M, Demidovich A, Di Fraia M, Feifel R, Laarmann T, Michiels R, Mudrich M, Nikolov I, Piseri P, Plekan O, Charles Prince K, Przystawik A, Rebernic Ribič P, Sigalotti P, Stranges S, Uhl D, Giannessi L, Stienkemeier F. High-gain harmonic generation with temporally overlapping seed pulses and application to ultrafast spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29976-29990. [PMID: 33114885 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Collinear double-pulse seeding of the High-Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) process in a free-electron laser (FEL) is a promising approach to facilitate various coherent nonlinear spectroscopy schemes in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral range. However, in collinear arrangements using a single nonlinear medium, temporally overlapping seed pulses may introduce nonlinear mixing signals that compromise the experiment at short time delays. Here, we investigate these effects in detail by extending the analysis described in a recent publication (Wituschek et al., Nat. Commun., 11, 883, 2020). High-order fringe-resolved autocorrelation and wave packet interferometry experiments at photon energies > 23 eV are performed, accompanied by numerical simulations. It turns out that both the autocorrelation and the wave-packet interferometry data are very sensitive to saturation effects and can thus be used to characterize saturation in the HGHG process. Our results further imply that time-resolved spectroscopy experiments are feasible even for time delays smaller than the seed pulse duration.
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19
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Binz M, Bruder L, Chen L, Gelin MF, Domcke W, Stienkemeier F. Effects of high pulse intensity and chirp in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of an atomic vapor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25806-25829. [PMID: 32906864 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of high pulse intensity and chirp on two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy signals are experimentally investigated in the highly non-perturbative regime using atomic rubidium vapor as clean model system. Data analysis is performed based on higher-order Feynman diagrams and non-perturbative numerical simulations of the system response. It is shown that higher-order contributions may lead to a fundamental change of the static appearance and beating-maps of the 2D spectra and that chirped pulses enhance or suppress distinct higher-order pathways. We further give an estimate of the threshold intensity beyond which the high-intensity effects become visible for the system under consideration.
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20
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Mueller S, Brixner T. Molecular Coherent Three-Quantum Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5139-5147. [PMID: 32515598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce molecular coherent three-quantum (3Q) two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy with phase cycling via shot-to-shot pulse shaping at a 1 kHz repetition rate. This allows us to acquire simultaneously, within a single scan, three fourth-order and six sixth-order signals correlating various one-quantum, two-quantum, and 3Q coherences. We demonstrate the approach on the dye molecule rhodamine 700 and reproduce all nine 2D data sets, including their absolute signal strengths, with simulations using a single, consistent set of model parameters. We observe a linear concentration dependence of all nonlinear signals, evidencing the absence of cascades and many-particle signals of noninteracting molecules. The single-beam, background-free implementation allows direct comparability between various nonlinear signal types and provides information about multiple excited states. Apart from molecules, the method is expected to be applicable to supramolecular systems, polymers, and solid-state materials with the prospect of revealing signatures of bi- and triexcitonic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Thaler B, Meyer M, Heim P, Koch M. Long-Lived Nuclear Coherences inside Helium Nanodroplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:115301. [PMID: 32242724 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Much of our knowledge about dynamics and functionality of molecular systems has been achieved with femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy. Despite extensive technical developments over the past decades, some classes of systems have eluded dynamical studies so far. Here, we demonstrate that superfluid helium nanodroplets, acting as a thermal bath of 0.4 K temperature to stabilize weakly bound or reactive systems, are well suited for time-resolved studies of single molecules solvated in the droplet interior. By observing vibrational wave packet motion of indium dimers (In_{2}) for tens of picoseconds, we demonstrate that the perturbation imposed by this quantum liquid can be lower by a factor of 10-100 compared to any other solvent, which uniquely allows us to study processes depending on long nuclear coherence in a dissipative environment. Furthermore, tailor-made microsolvation environments inside droplets will enable us to investigate the solvent influence on intramolecular dynamics in a wide tuning range from molecular isolation to strong molecule-solvent coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Thaler
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Experimental Physics, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Meyer
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Experimental Physics, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Pascal Heim
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Experimental Physics, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Koch
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Experimental Physics, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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22
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Thaler B, Heim P, Treiber L, Koch M. Ultrafast photoinduced dynamics of single atoms solvated inside helium nanodroplets. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:014307. [PMID: 31914752 DOI: 10.1063/1.5130145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helium nanodroplets can serve as reaction containers for photoinduced time-resolved studies of cold, isolated molecular systems that are otherwise inaccessible. Recently, three different dynamical processes, triggered by photoexcitation of a single atom inside a droplet, were observed in their natural time scale: Expansion of the He solvation shell (He bubble) within 600 fs initiates a collective bubble oscillation with a ∼30 ps oscillation period, followed by dopant ejection after ∼60 ps. Here, we present a systematic investigation of these processes by combining time-resolved photoelectron and photoion spectroscopy with time-dependent He density functional theory simulations. By variation of the photoexcitation energy, we find that the full excess excitation energy, represented by the blue-shifted in-droplet excitation band, is completely transferred to the He environment during the bubble expansion. Surprisingly, we find that variation of the droplet size has only a minor influence on the ejection time, providing insight into the spatial distribution of the ground-state atoms before photoexcitation. Simulated particle trajectories after photoexcitation are in agreement with experimental observations and suggest that the majority of ground-state atoms are located at around 16 Å below the droplet surface. Bubble expansion and oscillation are purely local effects, depending only on the ultimate dopant environment. These solvation-induced dynamics will be superimposed on intramolecular dynamics of molecular systems, and a mechanistic description is fundamental for the interpretation of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Thaler
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Experimental Physics, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Pascal Heim
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Experimental Physics, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Leonhard Treiber
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Experimental Physics, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Koch
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Experimental Physics, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Malý P, Lüttig J, Mueller S, Schreck MH, Lambert C, Brixner T. Coherently and fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy: direct comparison on squaraine dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21222-21237. [PMID: 32930273 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03218b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is now widely utilized to study excitonic structure and dynamics of a broad range of systems, from molecules to solid state. Besides the traditional experimental implementation using phase matching and coherent signal field detection, action-based approaches that detect incoherent signals such as fluorescence have been gaining popularity in recent years. While incoherent detection extends the range of applicability of 2DES, the observed spectra are not equivalent to the coherently detected ones. This raises questions about their interpretation and the sensitivity of the technique. Here we directly compare, both experimentally and theoretically, four-wave mixing coherently and fluorescence-detected 2DES of a series of squaraine dimers of increasing electronic coupling. All experiments are qualitatively well reproduced by a Frenkel exciton model with secular Redfield theory description of excitation dynamics. We contrast the spectral features and the sensitivities of both techniques with respect to exciton energies, delocalization, coherent and dissipative dynamics, and exciton-exciton annihilation. Discussing the fundamental and practical differences, we demonstrate the degree of complementarity of the techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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24
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Albareda G, Riera A, González M, Bofill JM, Moreira IDPR, Valero R, Tavernelli I. Quantum equilibration of the double-proton transfer in a model system porphine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22332-22341. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02991b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The equilibration of the double proton transfer in porphine is demonstrated using a model system Hamiltonian. This highly coherent process could be witnessed experimentally using state-of-the-art femtosecond spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Albareda
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science
- 22761 Hamburg
- Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Universitat de Barcelona
| | - Arnau Riera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- Castelldefels (Barcelona)
- Spain
| | - Miguel González
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física
| | - Josep Maria Bofill
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
| | - Iberio de P. R. Moreira
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física
| | - Rosendo Valero
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física
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25
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Maiuri M, Garavelli M, Cerullo G. Ultrafast Spectroscopy: State of the Art and Open Challenges. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:3-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Maiuri
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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26
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Mueller S, Lüttig J, Malý P, Ji L, Han J, Moos M, Marder TB, Bunz UHF, Dreuw A, Lambert C, Brixner T. Rapid multiple-quantum three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy disentangles quantum pathways. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4735. [PMID: 31628299 PMCID: PMC6800439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing ultrafast quantum dynamics in complex systems. Several variants offer different types of information but typically require distinct beam geometries. Here we introduce population-based three-dimensional (3D) electronic spectroscopy and demonstrate the extraction of all fourth- and multiple sixth-order nonlinear signal contributions by employing 125-fold (1⨯5⨯5⨯5) phase cycling of a four-pulse sequence. Utilizing fluorescence detection and shot-to-shot pulse shaping in single-beam geometry, we obtain various 3D spectra of the dianion of TIPS-tetraazapentacene, a fluorophore with limited stability at ambient conditions. From this, we recover previously unknown characteristics of its electronic two-photon state. Rephasing and nonrephasing sixth-order contributions are measured without additional phasing that hampered previous attempts using noncollinear geometries. We systematically resolve all nonlinear signals from the same dataset that can be acquired in 8 min. The approach is generalizable to other incoherent observables such as external photoelectrons, photocurrents, or photoions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lei Ji
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jie Han
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Moos
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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27
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Zeng HJ, Yang N, Johnson MA. Introductory lecture: advances in ion spectroscopy: from astrophysics to biology. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:8-33. [PMID: 31094388 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This introduction provides a historical context for the development of ion spectroscopy over the past half century by following the evolution of experimental methods to the present state-of-the-art. Rather than attempt a comprehensive review, we focus on how early work on small ions, carried out with fluorescence, direct absorption, and photoelectron spectroscopy, evolved into powerful technologies that can now address complex chemical problems ranging from catalysis to biophysics. One of these developments is the incorporation of cooling and temperature control to enable the general application of "messenger tagging" vibrational spectroscopy, first carried out using ionized supersonic jets and then with buffer gas cooling in radiofrequency ion traps. Some key advances in the application of time-resolved pump-probe techniques to follow ultrafast dynamics are also discussed, as are significant benchmarks in the refinement of ion mobility to allow spectroscopic investigation of large biopolymers with well-defined shapes. We close with a few remarks on challenges and opportunities to explore molecular level mechanics that drive macroscopic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Zeng
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Nan Yang
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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28
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Wituschek A, Bruder L, Klein LS, Strucka J, Demidovich A, Danailov MB, Stienkemeier F. Stable interferometric platform for phase modulation of seeded free-electron lasers. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:943-946. [PMID: 30768026 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact phase modulation setup designed for high laser intensities sufficient to drive highly nonlinear processes, such as high-gain harmonic generation in seeded free-electron lasers. This paves the way for all-extreme-ultravioloet coherent nonlinear spectroscopy. The high linearity, phase stability, and sensitivity of the setup are demonstrated by probing the quantum interference of electronic wave packets in the deep ultraviolet region (268 nm) combined with photoion time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
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29
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Shcherbinin M, Westergaard FV, Hanif M, Krishnan SR, LaForge AC, Richter R, Pfeifer T, Mudrich M. Inelastic scattering of photoelectrons from He nanodroplets. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:044304. [PMID: 30709284 DOI: 10.1063/1.5074130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a detailed study of inelastic energy-loss collisions of photoelectrons emitted from He nanodroplets by tunable extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation. Using coincidence imaging detection of electrons and ions, we probe the lowest He droplet excited states up to the electron impact ionization threshold. We find significant signal contributions from photoelectrons emitted from free He atoms accompanying the He nanodroplet beam. Furthermore, signal contributions from photoionization and electron impact excitation/ionization occurring in pairs of nearest-neighbor atoms in the He droplets are detected. This work highlights the importance of inelastic electron scattering in the interaction of nanoparticles with XUV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shcherbinin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - F Vad Westergaard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Hanif
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S R Krishnan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - A C LaForge
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - R Richter
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Mudrich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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