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A retrievable implant for the long-term encapsulation and survival of therapeutic xenogeneic cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:814-826. [PMID: 32231313 PMCID: PMC8051527 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The long-term function of transplanted therapeutic cells typically requires systemic immune suppression. Here, we show that a retrievable implant comprising of a silicone reservoir and a porous polymeric membrane protects human cells encapsulated in it after implant transplantation in the intraperitoneal space of immunocompetent mice. Membranes with pores 1 µm in diameter allowed host macrophages to migrate into the device without the loss of transplanted cells, whereas membranes with pore sizes under 0.8 µm prevented their infiltration by immune cells. A synthetic polymer coating prevented fibrosis and was necessary for the long-term function of the device. For over 130 days the device supported human cells engineered to secrete erythropoietin in immunocompetent mice as well as transgenic human cells carrying an inducible gene circuit for the on-demand secretion of erythropoietin. Pancreatic islets from rats encapsulated in the device and implanted in diabetic mice restored normoglycaemia in the mice for over 75 days. The biocompatible device provides a retrievable solution for the transplantation of engineered cells in the absence of immunosuppression.
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Takeda K, Noiri A, Yoneda J, Nakajima T, Tarucha S. Resonantly Driven Singlet-Triplet Spin Qubit in Silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:117701. [PMID: 32242710 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.117701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report implementation of a resonantly driven singlet-triplet spin qubit in silicon. The qubit is defined by the two-electron antiparallel spin states and universal quantum control is provided through a resonant drive of the exchange interaction at the qubit frequency. The qubit exhibits long T_{2}^{*} exceeding 1 μs that is limited by dephasing due to the ^{29}Si nuclei rather than charge noise thanks to the symmetric operation and a large micromagnet Zeeman field gradient. The randomized benchmarking shows 99.6% single gate fidelity which is the highest reported for singlet-triplet qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takeda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Noiri
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - J Yoneda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Nakajima
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Tarucha
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Yoneda J, Takeda K, Noiri A, Nakajima T, Li S, Kamioka J, Kodera T, Tarucha S. Quantum non-demolition readout of an electron spin in silicon. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1144. [PMID: 32123167 PMCID: PMC7052195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While single-shot detection of silicon spin qubits is now a laboratory routine, the need for quantum error correction in a large-scale quantum computing device demands a quantum non-demolition (QND) implementation. Unlike conventional counterparts, the QND spin readout imposes minimal disturbance to the probed spin polarization and can therefore be repeated to extinguish measurement errors. Here, we show that an electron spin qubit in silicon can be measured in a highly non-demolition manner by probing another electron spin in a neighboring dot Ising-coupled to the qubit spin. The high non-demolition fidelity (99% on average) enables over 20 readout repetitions of a single spin state, yielding an overall average measurement fidelity of up to 95% within 1.2 ms. We further demonstrate that our repetitive QND readout protocol can realize heralded high-fidelity (>99.6%) ground-state preparation. Our QND-based measurement and preparation, mediated by a second qubit of the same kind, will allow for a wide class of quantum information protocols with electron spins in silicon without compromising the architectural homogeneity. Conventional qubit readout methods in silicon spin qubits destroy the quantum state, precluding any further computations based on the outcome. Here, the authors demonstrate quantum non-demolition readout using a second qubit of the same kind, making for a scalable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yoneda
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Center for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - K Takeda
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Noiri
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Nakajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Li
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - J Kamioka
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - T Kodera
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - S Tarucha
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Nakajima T, Noiri A, Yoneda J, Delbecq MR, Stano P, Otsuka T, Takeda K, Amaha S, Allison G, Kawasaki K, Ludwig A, Wieck AD, Loss D, Tarucha S. Quantum non-demolition measurement of an electron spin qubit. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:555-560. [PMID: 30988474 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of quantum systems inevitably involve disturbance in various forms. Within the limits imposed by quantum mechanics, there exists an ideal projective measurement that does not introduce a back action on the measured observable, known as a quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement1,2. Here we demonstrate an all-electrical QND measurement of a single electron spin in a gate-defined quantum dot. We entangle the single spin with a two-electron, singlet-triplet ancilla qubit via the exchange interaction3,4 and then read out the ancilla in a single shot. This procedure realizes a disturbance-free projective measurement of the single spin at a rate two orders of magnitude faster than its relaxation. The QND nature of the measurement protocol5,6 enables enhancement of the overall measurement fidelity by repeating the protocol. We demonstrate a monotonic increase of the fidelity over 100 repetitions against arbitrary input states. Our analysis based on statistical inference is tolerant to the presence of the relaxation and dephasing. We further exemplify the QND character of the measurement by observing spontaneous flips (quantum jumps)7 of a single electron spin. Combined with the high-fidelity control of spin qubits8-13, these results will allow for various measurement-based quantum state manipulations including quantum error correction protocols14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakajima
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Akito Noiri
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Yoneda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Matthieu R Delbecq
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Peter Stano
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Otsuka
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenta Takeda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Amaha
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Giles Allison
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kento Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Loss
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seigo Tarucha
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan.
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zhang X, Li HO, Cao G, Xiao M, Guo GC, Guo GP. Semiconductor quantum computation. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:32-54. [PMID: 34691830 PMCID: PMC8291422 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductors, a significant type of material in the information era, are becoming more and more powerful in the field of quantum information. In recent decades, semiconductor quantum computation was investigated thoroughly across the world and developed with a dramatically fast speed. The research varied from initialization, control and readout of qubits, to the architecture of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here, we first introduce the basic ideas for quantum computing, and then discuss the developments of single- and two-qubit gate control in semiconductors. Up to now, the qubit initialization, control and readout can be realized with relatively high fidelity and a programmable two-qubit quantum processor has even been demonstrated. However, to further improve the qubit quality and scale it up, there are still some challenges to resolve such as the improvement of the readout method, material development and scalable designs. We discuss these issues and introduce the forefronts of progress. Finally, considering the positive trend of the research on semiconductor quantum devices and recent theoretical work on the applications of quantum computation, we anticipate that semiconductor quantum computation may develop fast and will have a huge impact on our lives in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hai-Ou Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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