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Lamka GF, Willoughby JR. Habitat remediation followed by managed connectivity reduces unwanted changes in evolutionary trajectory of high extirpation risk populations. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304276. [PMID: 38814889 PMCID: PMC11139274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
As we continue to convert green spaces into roadways and buildings, connectivity between populations and biodiversity will continue to decline. In threatened and endangered species, this trend is particularly concerning because the cessation of immigration can cause increased inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity, leading to lower adaptability and higher extirpation probabilities in these populations. Unfortunately, monitoring changes in genetic diversity from management actions such as assisted migration and predicting the extent of introduced genetic variation that is needed to prevent extirpation is difficult and costly in situ. Therefore, we designed an agent-based model to link population-wide genetic variability and the influx of unique alleles via immigration to population stability and extirpation outcomes. These models showed that management of connectivity can be critical in restoring at-risk populations and reducing the effects of inbreeding depression. However, the rescued populations were more similar to the migrant source population (average FST range 0.05-0.10) compared to the historical recipient population (average FST range 0.23-0.37). This means that these management actions not only recovered the populations from the effects of inbreeding depression, but they did so in a way that changed the evolutionary trajectory that was predicted and expected for these populations prior to the population crash. This change was most extreme in populations with the smallest population sizes, which are representative of critically endangered species that could reasonably be considered candidates for restored connectivity or translocation strategies. Understanding how these at-risk populations change in response to varying management interventions has broad implications for the long-term adaptability of these populations and can improve future efforts for protecting locally adapted allele complexes when connectivity is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina F. Lamka
- College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Janna R. Willoughby
- College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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Wedekind C, Vonlanthen P, de Guttry C, Stadelmann R, Stadelmann N, Pirat A, Perroud G. Persistent high hatchery recruitment despite advanced reoligotrophication and significant natural spawning in a whitefish. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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3
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Bolstad GH, Karlsson S, Hagen IJ, Fiske P, Urdal K, Sægrov H, Florø-Larsen B, Sollien VP, Østborg G, Diserud OH, Jensen AJ, Hindar K. Introgression from farmed escapees affects the full life cycle of wild Atlantic salmon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj3397. [PMID: 34936452 PMCID: PMC8694624 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
After a half a century of salmon farming, we have yet to understand how the influx of genes from farmed escapees affects the full life history of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the wild. Using scale samples of over 6900 wild adult salmon from 105 rivers, we document that increased farmed genetic ancestry is associated with increased growth throughout life and a younger age at both seaward migration and sexual maturity. There was large among-population variation in the effects of introgression. Most saliently, the increased growth at sea following introgression declined with the population’s average growth potential. Variation at two major-effect loci associated with age at maturity was little affected by farmed genetic ancestry and could not explain the observed phenotypic effects of introgression. Our study provides knowledge crucial for predicting the ecological and evolutionary consequences of increased aquaculture production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir H. Bolstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sten Karlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingerid J. Hagen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peder Fiske
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kurt Urdal
- Rådgivende Biologer, NO-5059 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Gunnel Østborg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola H. Diserud
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne J. Jensen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hindar
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
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Leitwein M, Cayuela H, Bernatchez L. Associative Overdominance and Negative Epistasis Shape Genome-Wide Ancestry Landscape in Supplemented Fish Populations. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040524. [PMID: 33916757 PMCID: PMC8065892 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between recombination rate, genetic drift and selection modulates variation in genome-wide ancestry. Understanding the selective processes at play is of prime importance toward predicting potential beneficial or negative effects of supplementation with domestic strains (i.e., human-introduced strains). In a system of lacustrine populations supplemented with a single domestic strain, we documented how population genetic diversity and stocking intensity produced lake-specific patterns of domestic ancestry by taking the species’ local recombination rate into consideration. We used 552 Brook Charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) from 22 small lacustrine populations, genotyped at ~32,400 mapped SNPs. We observed highly variable patterns of domestic ancestry between each of the 22 populations without any consistency in introgression patterns of the domestic ancestry. Our results suggest that such lake-specific ancestry patterns were mainly due to variable associative overdominance (AOD) effects among populations (i.e., potential positive effects due to the masking of possible deleterious alleles in low recombining regions). Signatures of AOD effects were also emphasized by highly variable patterns of genetic diversity among and within lakes, potentially driven by predominant genetic drift in those small isolated populations. Local negative effects such as negative epistasis (i.e., potential genetic incompatibilities between the native and the introduced population) potentially reflecting precursory signs of outbreeding depression were also observed at a chromosomal scale. Consequently, in order to improve conservation practices and management strategies, it became necessary to assess the consequences of supplementation at the population level by taking into account both genetic diversity and stocking intensity when available.
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Tanaka T, Ueda R, Sato T. Captive-bred populations of a partially migratory salmonid fish are unlikely to maintain migratory polymorphism in natural habitats. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200324. [PMID: 33435849 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in life history is fundamental to the long-term persistence of populations and species. Partial migration, in which both migratory and resident individuals are maintained in a population, is commonly found across animal taxa. However, human-induced habitat fragmentation continues to cause a rapid decline in the migratory phenotype in many natural populations. Using field and hatchery experiments, we demonstrated that despite both migrants and residents being maintained in captive environments, few individuals of the red-spotted masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae, became migrants in natural streams when released prior to the migration decision. Released fish rarely reached the threshold body size necessary to become migrants in natural streams, presumably owing to lower growth rates in natural than in captive environments. The decision to migrate is often considered a threshold trait in salmonids and other animal taxa. Our findings highlight the need for management programmes that acknowledge the effects of the environment on the determination of the migratory phenotypes of partially migratory species when releasing captive-bred individuals prior to their migratory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tanaka
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rui Ueda
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Pagliaro MD, Knouft JH. Differential effects of the urban heat island on thermal responses of freshwater fishes from unmanaged and managed systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138084. [PMID: 32224401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A lack of understanding exists regarding how freshwater species will respond to increases in temperature associated with ongoing changes in climate. Non-urban to urban thermal gradients generated by urban heat islands can serve as models to characterize the effects of relatively consistent increases in temperature on freshwater ecosystems over several decades. This study investigates the apparent responses of two freshwater fish species, Campostoma anomalum (Central Stoneroller) and Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill), to directional changes in temperature over the past century across the non-urban to urban gradient in the Saint Louis, Missouri region in the central United States. Differences in air temperature across this gradient have increased by approximately 3 °C since 1920. Critical thermal maximum (CTMax) assays were conducted on individuals from fish populations across this gradient from either streams (C. anomalum) or ponds (L. macrochirus) to assess whether thermal tolerance is associated with water temperature among sites. According to expectations based on the effect of an urban heat island, maximum water temperature at stream sites was positively correlated with percent urban landcover around the sites. Moreover, CTMax among populations of C. anomalum was positively correlated with maximum water temperature at each site, suggesting that this species has likely responded to increases in temperature over the past several decades. There was no relationship between percent urban landcover and maximum water temperature in the pond systems. There was also no relationship between CTMax and maximum water temperature among L. macrochirus populations. The pond systems and populations of L. macrochirus are highly managed, which may limit local physical and biological responses to increases in air temperature. Results suggest that freshwater habitats in urban environments and the species inhabiting these areas are responding differently to recent increases in air temperature, highlighting the complexity of the physical and biological components of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Pagliaro
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jason H Knouft
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
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Bekkevold D, Höjesjö J, Nielsen EE, Aldvén D, Als TD, Sodeland M, Kent MP, Lien S, Hansen MM. Northern European Salmo trutta (L.) populations are genetically divergent across geographical regions and environmental gradients. Evol Appl 2020; 13:400-416. [PMID: 31993085 PMCID: PMC6976966 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The salmonid fish Brown trout is iconic as a model for the application of conservation genetics to understand and manage local interspecific variation. However, there is still scant information about relationships between local and large-scale population structure, and to what extent geographical and environmental variables are associated with barriers to gene flow. We used information from 3,782 mapped SNPs developed for the present study and conducted outlier tests and gene-environment association (GEA) analyses in order to examine drivers of population structure. Analyses comprised >2,600 fish from 72 riverine populations spanning a central part of the species' distribution in northern Europe. We report hitherto unidentified genetic breaks in population structure, indicating strong barriers to gene flow. GEA loci were widely spread across genomic regions and showed correlations with climatic, abiotic and geographical parameters. In some cases, individual loci showed consistent GEA across the geographical regions Britain, Europe and Scandinavia. In other cases, correlations were observed only within a sub-set of regions, suggesting that locus-specific variation was associated with local processes. A paired-population sampling design allowed us to evaluate sampling effects on detection of outlier loci and GEA. Two widely applied methods for outlier detection (pcadapt and bayescan) showed low overlap in loci identified as statistical outliers across sub-sets of data. Two GEA analytical approaches (LFMM and RDA) showed good correspondence concerning loci associated with specific variables, but LFMM identified five times more statistically significant associations than RDA. Our results emphasize the importance of carefully considering the statistical methods applied for the hypotheses being tested in outlier analysis. Sampling design may have lower impact on results if the objective is to identify GEA loci and their population distribution. Our study provides new insights into trout populations, and results have direct management implications in serving as a tool for identification of conservation units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Bekkevold
- National Institute of Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkSilkeborgDenmark
| | - Johan Höjesjö
- Department of Biological & Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Einar Eg Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkSilkeborgDenmark
| | | | | | - Marte Sodeland
- Department of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | | | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Faculty of BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Michael Møller Hansen
- Department of Bioscience – Genetics, Ecology and EvolutionAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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Jonsson B, Jonsson N, Jonsson M. Supportive breeders of Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar
have reduced fitness in nature. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bror Jonsson
- Department of Landscape EcologyNorwegian Institute for Nature Research Oslo Norway
| | - Nina Jonsson
- Department of Landscape EcologyNorwegian Institute for Nature Research Oslo Norway
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Marine Ranching Construction and Management in East China Sea: Programs for Sustainable Fishery and Aquaculture. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11061237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Marine ranching, which is considered a sustainable fishery mode that has advantages for the ecosystem approach to fishery, the ecosystem approach to aquaculture, and capture-based aquaculture, is rapidly growing in China. The development of marine ranching requires integrating different theoretical frameworks, methodological approaches for conceptual exploring, and models and management of ecosystem frameworks. We reviewed the definition of marine ranching, the history of marine ranching construction in China, and the techniques, principles, and cases of marine ranching construction and management in the East China Sea (ECS). We highlight four major developments in marine ranching in the ECS: (1) marine ranching site selection and design, (2) habitat restoration and construction technologies, (3) stock enhancement and the behavioral control of fishery resources, and (4) marine ranching management. We conclude that this step-wise procedure for marine ranching construction and management could have comprehensive benefits in terms of ecology, the economy, and society. Finally, a synthesis of the existing problems in ECS marine ranching construction, along with future challenges and directions, are outlined.
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