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Ma H, Xing F, Zhou Y, Yu P, Luo R, Xu J, Xiang Z, Rommens PM, Duan X, Ritz U. Design and fabrication of intracellular therapeutic cargo delivery systems based on nanomaterials: current status and future perspectives. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7873-7912. [PMID: 37551112 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular cargo delivery, the introduction of small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids into a specific targeted site in a biological system, is an important strategy for deciphering cell function, directing cell fate, and reprogramming cell behavior. With the advancement of nanotechnology, many researchers use nanoparticles (NPs) to break through biological barriers to achieving efficient targeted delivery in biological systems, bringing a new way to realize efficient targeted drug delivery in biological systems. With a similar size to many biomolecules, NPs possess excellent physical and chemical properties and a certain targeting ability after functional modification on the surface of NPs. Currently, intracellular cargo delivery based on NPs has emerged as an important strategy for genome editing regimens and cell therapy. Although researchers can successfully deliver NPs into biological systems, many of them are delivered very inefficiently and are not specifically targeted. Hence, the development of efficient, target-capable, and safe nanoscale drug delivery systems to deliver therapeutic substances to cells or organs is a major challenge today. In this review, on the basis of describing the research overview and classification of NPs, we focused on the current research status of intracellular cargo delivery based on NPs in biological systems, and discuss the current problems and challenges in the delivery process of NPs in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Ludwigstraße 23, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peiyun Yu
- LIMES Institute, Department of Molecular Brain Physiology and Behavior, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rong Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Pol Maria Rommens
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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2
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Lin M, Montana G, Blanco J, Yedra L, van Gog H, van Huis MA, López-Haro M, Calvino JJ, Estradé S, Peiró F, Figuerola A. Spontaneous Hetero-attachment of Single-Component Colloidal Precursors for the Synthesis of Asymmetric Au-Ag 2X (X = S, Se) Heterodimers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:10849-10860. [PMID: 36590704 PMCID: PMC9799023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Finding simple, easily controlled, and flexible synthetic routes for the preparation of ternary and hybrid nanostructured semiconductors is always highly desirable, especially to fulfill the requirements for mass production to enable application to many fields such as optoelectronics, thermoelectricity, and catalysis. Moreover, understanding the underlying reaction mechanisms is equally important, offering a starting point for its extrapolation from one system to another. In this work, we developed a new and more straightforward colloidal synthetic way to form hybrid Au-Ag2X (X = S, Se) nanoparticles under mild conditions through the reaction of Au and Ag2X nanostructured precursors in solution. At the solid-solid interface between metallic domains and the binary chalcogenide domains, a small fraction of a ternary AuAg3X2 phase was observed to have grown as a consequence of a solid-state electrochemical reaction, as confirmed by computational studies. Thus, the formation of stable ternary phases drives the selective hetero-attachment of Au and Ag2X nanoparticles in solution, consolidates the interface between their domains, and stabilizes the whole hybrid Au-Ag2X systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Lin
- Department
of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University
of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Montana
- Department
of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University
of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Blanco
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University
of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory
of Electron Nanoscopies (LENS-MIND), Department of Electronics and
Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí I Franquès
1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Yedra
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University
of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory
of Electron Nanoscopies (LENS-MIND), Department of Electronics and
Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí I Franquès
1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heleen van Gog
- Nanostructured
Materials and Interfaces, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AGGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Marijn A. van Huis
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CCUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Miguel López-Haro
- Departamento
de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz11510, Spain
| | - José Juan Calvino
- Departamento
de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz11510, Spain
| | - Sònia Estradé
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University
of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory
of Electron Nanoscopies (LENS-MIND), Department of Electronics and
Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí I Franquès
1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Peiró
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University
of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory
of Electron Nanoscopies (LENS-MIND), Department of Electronics and
Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí I Franquès
1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Figuerola
- Department
of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University
of Barcelona, Carrer de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Gentili D, Ori G. Reversible assembly of nanoparticles: theory, strategies and computational simulations. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14385-14432. [PMID: 36169572 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02640f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The significant advances in synthesis and functionalization have enabled the preparation of high-quality nanoparticles that have found a plethora of successful applications. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles can be manipulated through the control of size, shape, composition, and surface chemistry, but their technological application possibilities can be further expanded by exploiting the properties that emerge from their assembly. The ability to control the assembly of nanoparticles not only is required for many real technological applications, but allows the combination of the intrinsic properties of nanoparticles and opens the way to the exploitation of their complex interplay, giving access to collective properties. Significant advances and knowledge gained over the past few decades on nanoparticle assembly have made it possible to implement a growing number of strategies for reversible assembly of nanoparticles. In addition to being of interest for basic studies, such advances further broaden the range of applications and the possibility of developing innovative devices using nanoparticles. This review focuses on the reversible assembly of nanoparticles and includes the theoretical aspects related to the concept of reversibility, an up-to-date assessment of the experimental approaches applied to this field and the advanced computational schemes that offer key insights into the assembly mechanisms. We aim to provide readers with a comprehensive guide to address the challenges in assembling reversible nanoparticles and promote their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gentili
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Guido Ori
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Rue du Loess 23, F-67034 Strasbourg, France.
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4
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Lei P, Li Y, Song X, Hao Y, Deng Z. DNA‐Programmable AgAuS‐Primed Conductive Nanowelding Wires‐Up Wet Colloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203568. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Lei
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yanjuan Li
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xiaojun Song
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yan Hao
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Zhaoxiang Deng
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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5
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Jurkiewicz K, Kamiński M, Bródka A, Burian A. Atomistic origin of nano-silver paracrystalline structure: molecular dynamics and x-ray diffraction studies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:375401. [PMID: 35772380 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac7d84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical molecular dynamics (MD) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to establish the origin of the paracrystalline structure of silver nanoparticles at the atomic scale. Models based on the face-centred cubic structure have been computer generated and their atomic arrangements have been optimized by the MD with the embedded-atom model (EAM) potential and its modified version (MEAM). The simulation results are compared with the experimental XRD data in reciprocal and real spaces, i.e. the structure factor and the pair distribution function. The applied approach returns the structural models, defined by the Cartesian coordinates of the constituent atoms. It has been found that most of the structural features of Ag nanoparticles are better reproduced by the MEAM. The presence of vacancy defects in the structure of the Ag nanoparticles has been considered and the average concentration of vacancies is estimated to be 3 at.%. The average nearest-neighbour Ag-Ag distances and the coordination numbers are determined and compared with the values predicted for the bulk Ag, demonstrating a different degree of structural disorder on the surface and in the core, compared to the bulk crystalline counterpart. It has been shown that the paracrystalline structure of the Ag nanoparticles has origin in the surface disorder and the disorder generated by the presence of the vacancy defects. Both sources lead to network distortion that propagates proportionally to the square root of the interatomic distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jurkiewicz
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Michał Kamiński
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Photon Science, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aleksander Bródka
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Burian
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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6
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Lei P, Li Y, Song X, Hao Y, Deng Z. DNA‐Programmable AgAuS‐Primed Conductive Nanowelding Wires up Wet Colloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Lei
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yanjuan Li
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xiaojun Song
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yan Hao
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhaoxiang Deng
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry 96 Jinzhai Road 230026 Hefei CHINA
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7
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Controlled Synthesis of Au Nanocrystals-Metal Selenide Hybrid Nanostructures toward Plasmon-Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030564. [PMID: 32245031 PMCID: PMC7153708 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the controllable synthesis of Au nanocrystals–metal selenide hybrid nanostructures via amino acid guiding strategy is proposed. The results show that the symmetric overgrowth mode of PbSe shells on Au nanorods can be precisely manipulated by only adjusting the initial concentration of Pb2+. The shape of Au–PbSe hybrids can evolve from dumbbell-like to yolk-shell. Interestingly, the plasmonic absorption enhancement could be tuned by the symmetry of these hybrid nanostructures. This provides an effective pathway for maneuvering plasmon-induced energy transfer in metal–semiconductor hybrids. In addition, the photoactivities of Au–PbSe nanorods sensitized TiO2 electrodes have been further evaluated. Owing to the synergism between effective plasmonic enhancement effect and efficient interfacial charge transfer in these hybrid nanostructures, the Au–PbSe yolk-shell nanorods exhibit an outstanding photocurrent activity. Their photocurrent density is 4.38 times larger than that of Au–PbSe dumbbell-like nanorods under light irradiation at λ > 600 nm. As a versatile method, the proposed strategy can also be employed to synthesize other metal–selenide hybrid nanostructures (such as Au–CdSe, Au–Bi2Se3 and Au–CuSe).
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Zhao Y, Zhou H, Chen W, Tong Y, Zhao C, Lin Y, Jiang Z, Zhang Q, Xue Z, Cheong WC, Jin B, Zhou F, Wang W, Chen M, Hong X, Dong J, Wei S, Li Y, Wu Y. Two-Step Carbothermal Welding To Access Atomically Dispersed Pd1 on Three-Dimensional Zirconia Nanonet for Direct Indole Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10590-10594. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhenggang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weng-Chon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Benjin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fangyao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Juncai Dong
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Abstract
Multicomponent nanoparticles (MCNs) composed of disparate inorganic colloidal components have attracted great attention from researchers in both the academic and industrial community, because of their unique properties and diverse applications in energy conversion and storage; heterogeneous catalysis; optics and electronics; and biomedical imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. Compared with single-component nanoparticles (NPs), new or advanced properties of MCNs arise from the synergistic effect between their constituent components and the presence of nanoscale interfaces between distinct materials within the particles. Consequently, the spatial arrangement of nanoscale domains of MCNs becomes equally important in property or function control of MCNs as their size, shape, and composition, if not more. In particular, compositionally asymmetric MCNs may outperform their symmetric counterparts in many of their applications. To this end, the seed-mediated growth (SMG) method, which involves depositing a second material onto seed NPs, has been considered as the most common strategy for the synthesis of asymmetric MCNs with desired complexity. In this approach, the control of symmetry breaking during MCN growth is usually achieved by manipulating the growth kinetics or using seed NPs with asymmetric shapes or surfaces. Although great progress has been made in the past decade, there remains a challenge to control the shape, orientation and organization of colloidal components of MCNs with a high yield and reproducibility. Recently, several unconventional methods have been developed as an important addition to the synthetic toolbox for the production of complex MCNs that otherwise may not be readily attainable. This Account summarizes recent advancements on the development of unconventional synthetic strategies for breaking the growth symmetry in the synthesis of asymmetric MCNs. We start with a brief discussion of the achievements and limitations of the conventional strategies for symmetry breaking synthesis. In the subsequent section, we present three unconventional approaches toward symmetry-breaking synthesis of asymmetric MCNs, namely, surface-protected growth, interface-guided growth, and welding-induced synthesis. First, we discuss how commonly used soft agents (e.g., collapsed polymer) and hard agents (e.g., silica) can be asymmetrically coated on seed NPs to template the asymmetric growth of secondary material, generating a broad range of MCNs with complex architectures. The unique features and key factors of this surface-protected synthesis are discussed from the viewpoints of the surface chemistry of seed NPs. We further discuss the use of a solid/liquid or liquid/liquid interface to guide the synthesis of Janus or more complex MCNs through two general mechanisms; that is, selective blocking or impeding the access of precursors to one side of seed NPs and interfacial reaction-enabled generation of asymmetric seeds for further growth. Finally, we discuss a symmetry-breaking method beyond the SMG mechanism, directed welding of as-synthesized single-component NPs. Moreover, we discuss how the unique structural symmetry and compositional arrangement of these MCNs significantly alter the physical and chemical properties of MCNs, thus facilitating their performance in exemplary applications of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. We finally conclude this Account with a summary of recent progress and our future perspective on the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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