1
|
Porter DW, Orandle MS, Hubbs A, Staska LM, Lowry D, Kashon M, Wolfarth MG, McKinney W, Sargent LM. Potent lung tumor promotion by inhaled MWCNT. Nanotoxicology 2024; 18:69-86. [PMID: 38420937 PMCID: PMC11057902 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2024.2314473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In the lung, carcinogenesis is a multi-stage process that includes initiation by a genotoxic agent, promotion that expands the population of cells with damaged DNA to form a tumor, and progression from benign to malignant neoplasms. We have previously shown that Mitsui-7, a long and rigid multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), promotes pulmonary carcinogenesis in a mouse model. To investigate the potential exposure threshold and dose-response for tumor promotion by this MWCNT, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) initiated (10 μg/g, i.p., once) or vehicle (corn oil) treated B6C3F1 mice were exposed by inhalation to filtered air or MWCNT (5 mg/m3) for 5 h/day for 0, 2, 5, or 10 days and were followed for 17 months post-exposure for evidence of lung tumors. Pulmonary neoplasia incidence in MC-initiated mice significantly increased with each MWCNT exposure duration. Exposure to either MC or MWCNT alone did not affect pulmonary neoplasia incidence compared with vehicle controls. Lung tumor multiplicity in MC-initiated mice also significantly increased with each MWCNT exposure duration. Thus, a significantly higher lung tumor multiplicity was observed after a 10-day MWCNT exposure than following a 2-day exposure. Both bronchioloalveolar adenoma and bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma multiplicity in MC-initiated mice were significantly increased following 5- and 10-day MWCNT exposure, while a 2-day MWCNT exposure in MC-initiated mice significantly increased the multiplicity of adenomas but not adenocarcinomas. In this study, even the lowest MWCNT exposure promoted lung tumors in MC-initiated mice. Our findings indicate that exposure to this MWCNT strongly promotes pulmonary carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Porter
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marlene S Orandle
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ann Hubbs
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - David Lowry
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael G Wolfarth
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Physical Effects Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sen Gupta A, Seidel C, Tsuchiya D, McKinney S, Yu Z, Smith SE, Unruh JR, Gerton JL. Defining a core configuration for human centromeres during mitosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7947. [PMID: 38040722 PMCID: PMC10692335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere components cohesin, CENP-A, and centromeric DNA are essential for biorientation of sister chromatids on the mitotic spindle and accurate sister chromatid segregation. Insight into the 3D organization of centromere components would help resolve how centromeres function on the mitotic spindle. We use ChIP-seq and super-resolution microscopy with single particle averaging to examine the geometry of essential centromeric components on human chromosomes. Both modalities suggest cohesin is enriched at pericentromeric DNA. CENP-A localizes to a subset of the α-satellite DNA, with clusters separated by ~562 nm and a perpendicular intervening ~190 nM wide axis of cohesin in metaphase chromosomes. Differently sized α-satellite arrays achieve a similar core structure. Here we present a working model for a common core configuration of essential centromeric components that includes CENP-A nucleosomes, α-satellite DNA and pericentromeric cohesion. This configuration helps reconcile how centromeres function and serves as a foundation to add components of the chromosome segregation machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Seidel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dai Tsuchiya
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sean McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Zulin Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parmar S, Gonzalez SJ, Heckel JM, Mukherjee S, McClellan M, Clarke DJ, Johansson M, Tank D, Geisness A, Wood DK, Gardner MK. Robust microtubule dynamics facilitate low-tension kinetochore detachment in metaphase. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202202085. [PMID: 37166419 PMCID: PMC10182774 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, sister chromatids are stretched apart at their centromeres via their attachment to oppositely oriented kinetochore microtubules. This stretching generates inwardly directed tension across the separated sister centromeres. The cell leverages this tension signal to detect and then correct potential errors in chromosome segregation, via a mechanical tension signaling pathway that detaches improperly attached kinetochores from their microtubules. However, the sequence of events leading up to these detachment events remains unknown. In this study, we used microfluidics to sustain and observe low-tension budding yeast metaphase spindles over multiple hours, allowing us to elucidate the tension history prior to a detachment event. We found that, under conditions in which kinetochore phosphorylation weakens low-tension kinetochore-microtubule connections, the mechanical forces produced via the dynamic growth and shortening of microtubules is required to efficiently facilitate detachment events. Our findings underscore the critical role of robust kinetochore microtubule dynamics in ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Parmar
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samuel J. Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julia M. Heckel
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark McClellan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Duncan J. Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marnie Johansson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Damien Tank
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Athena Geisness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David K. Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Melissa K. Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bloomfield M, Cimini D. The fate of extra centrosomes in newly formed tetraploid cells: should I stay, or should I go? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1210983. [PMID: 37576603 PMCID: PMC10413984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1210983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in centrosome number is commonly observed in cancer cells, but the role centrosome amplification plays along with how and when it occurs during cancer development is unclear. One mechanism for generating cancer cells with extra centrosomes is whole genome doubling (WGD), an event that occurs in over 30% of human cancers and is associated with poor survival. Newly formed tetraploid cells can acquire extra centrosomes during WGD, and a generally accepted model proposes that centrosome amplification in tetraploid cells promotes cancer progression by generating aneuploidy and chromosomal instability. Recent findings, however, indicate that newly formed tetraploid cells in vitro lose their extra centrosomes to prevent multipolar cell divisions. Rather than persistent centrosome amplification, this evidence raises the possibility that it may be advantageous for tetraploid cells to initially restore centrosome number homeostasis and for a fraction of the population to reacquire additional centrosomes in the later stages of cancer evolution. In this review, we explore the different evolutionary paths available to newly formed tetraploid cells, their effects on centrosome and chromosome number distribution in daughter cells, and their probabilities of long-term survival. We then discuss the mechanisms that may alter centrosome and chromosome numbers in tetraploid cells and their relevance to cancer progression following WGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sen Gupta A, Seidel C, Tsuchiya D, McKinney S, Yu Z, Smith S, Unruh J, Gerton JL. Defining a core configuration for human centromeres during mitosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.10.539634. [PMID: 37214893 PMCID: PMC10197669 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.539634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biorientation of sister chromatids on the mitotic spindle, essential for accurate sister chromatid segregation, relies on critical centromere components including cohesin, the centromere-specific H3 variant CENP-A, and centromeric DNA. Centromeric DNA is highly variable between chromosomes yet must accomplish a similar function. Moreover, how the 50 nm cohesin ring, proposed to encircle sister chromatids, accommodates inter-sister centromeric distances of hundreds of nanometers on the metaphase spindle is a conundrum. Insight into the 3D organization of centromere components would help resolve how centromeres function on the mitotic spindle. We used ChIP-seq and super-resolution microscopy to examine the geometry of essential centromeric components on human chromosomes. ChIP-seq demonstrates that cohesin subunits are depleted in α-satellite arrays where CENP-A nucleosomes and kinetochores assemble. Cohesin is instead enriched at pericentromeric DNA. Structured illumination microscopy of sister centromeres is consistent, revealing a non-overlapping pattern of CENP-A and cohesin. We used single particle averaging of hundreds of mitotic sister chromatids to develop an average centromere model. CENP-A clusters on sister chromatids, connected by α-satellite, are separated by ~562 nm with a perpendicular intervening ~190 nM wide axis of cohesin. Two differently sized α-satellite arrays on chromosome 7 display similar inter-sister CENP-A cluster distance, demonstrating different sized arrays can achieve a common spacing. Our data suggest a working model for a common core configuration of essential centromeric components that includes CENP-A nucleosomes at the outer edge of extensible α-satellite DNA and pericentromeric cohesion. This configuration helps reconcile how centromeres function and serves as a foundation for future studies of additional components required for centromere function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Seidel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dai Tsuchiya
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sean McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Zulin Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jay Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- University of Kansas Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bunning AR, Gupta Jr. ML. The importance of microtubule-dependent tension in accurate chromosome segregation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1096333. [PMID: 36755973 PMCID: PMC9899852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1096333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is vital for cell and organismal viability. The mitotic spindle, a bipolar macromolecular machine composed largely of dynamic microtubules, is responsible for chromosome segregation during each cell replication cycle. Prior to anaphase, a bipolar metaphase spindle must be formed in which each pair of chromatids is attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. In this bipolar configuration pulling forces from the dynamic microtubules can generate tension across the sister kinetochores. The tension status acts as a signal that can destabilize aberrant kinetochore-microtubule attachments and reinforces correct, bipolar connections. Historically it has been challenging to isolate the specific role of tension in mitotic processes due to the interdependency of attachment and tension status at kinetochores. Recent technical and experimental advances have revealed new insights into how tension functions during mitosis. Here we summarize the evidence that tension serves as a biophysical signal that unifies multiple aspects of kinetochore and centromere function to ensure accurate chromosome segregation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Scotto di Carlo F, Russo S, Muyas F, Mangini M, Garribba L, Pazzaglia L, Genesio R, Biamonte F, De Luca AC, Santaguida S, Scotlandi K, Cortés-Ciriano I, Gianfrancesco F. Profilin 1 deficiency drives mitotic defects and reduces genome stability. Commun Biol 2023; 6:9. [PMID: 36599901 PMCID: PMC9813376 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Profilin 1-encoded by PFN1-is a small actin-binding protein with a tumour suppressive role in various adenocarcinomas and pagetic osteosarcomas. However, its contribution to tumour development is not fully understood. Using fix and live cell imaging, we report that Profilin 1 inactivation results in multiple mitotic defects, manifested prominently by anaphase bridges, multipolar spindles, misaligned and lagging chromosomes, and cytokinesis failures. Accordingly, next-generation sequencing technologies highlighted that Profilin 1 knock-out cells display extensive copy-number alterations, which are associated with complex genome rearrangements and chromothripsis events in primary pagetic osteosarcomas with Profilin 1 inactivation. Mechanistically, we show that Profilin 1 is recruited to the spindle midzone at anaphase, and its deficiency reduces the supply of actin filaments to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. The mitotic defects are also observed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells deriving from a newly generated knock-in mouse model harbouring a Pfn1 loss-of-function mutation. Furthermore, nuclear atypia is also detected in histological sections of mutant femurs. Thus, our results indicate that Profilin 1 has a role in regulating cell division, and its inactivation triggers mitotic defects, one of the major mechanisms through which tumour cells acquire chromosomal instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scotto di Carlo
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” (IGB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Sharon Russo
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” (IGB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy ,grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesc Muyas
- grid.52788.300000 0004 0427 7672European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Maria Mangini
- grid.429047.c0000 0004 6477 0469Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenza Garribba
- grid.15667.330000 0004 1757 0843Department of Experimental Oncology at IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pazzaglia
- grid.419038.70000 0001 2154 6641IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- grid.411489.10000 0001 2168 2547Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy ,grid.411489.10000 0001 2168 2547Center of Interdepartmental Services (CIS), Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- grid.429047.c0000 0004 6477 0469Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Santaguida
- grid.15667.330000 0004 1757 0843Department of Experimental Oncology at IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- grid.419038.70000 0001 2154 6641IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isidro Cortés-Ciriano
- grid.52788.300000 0004 0427 7672European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Fernando Gianfrancesco
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” (IGB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Sequence Dependent Nanoscale Structure of CENP-A Nucleosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911385. [PMID: 36232691 PMCID: PMC9569828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CENP-A is a histone variant found in high abundance at the centromere in humans. At the centromere, this histone variant replaces the histone H3 found throughout the bulk chromatin. Additionally, the centromere comprises tandem repeats of α-satellite DNA, which CENP-A nucleosomes assemble upon. However, the effect of the DNA sequence on the nucleosome assembly and centromere formation remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the structure of nucleosomes assembled with the CENP-A variant using Atomic Force Microscopy. We assembled both CENP-A nucleosomes and H3 nucleosomes on a DNA substrate containing an α-satellite motif and characterized their positioning and wrapping efficiency. We also studied CENP-A nucleosomes on the 601-positioning motif and non-specific DNA to compare their relative positioning and stability. CENP-A nucleosomes assembled on α-satellite DNA did not show any positional preference along the substrate, which is similar to both H3 nucleosomes and CENP-A nucleosomes on non-specific DNA. The range of nucleosome wrapping efficiency was narrower on α-satellite DNA compared with non-specific DNA, suggesting a more stable complex. These findings indicate that DNA sequence and histone composition may be two of many factors required for accurate centromere assembly.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The centromere serves as the binding site for the kinetochore and is essential for the faithful segregation of chromosomes throughout cell division. The point centromere in yeast is encoded by a ∼115 bp specific DNA sequence, whereas regional centromeres range from 6-10 kbp in fission yeast to 5-10 Mbp in humans. Understanding the physical structure of centromere chromatin (pericentromere in yeast), defined as the chromatin between sister kinetochores, will provide fundamental insights into how centromere DNA is woven into a stiff spring that is able to resist microtubule pulling forces during mitosis. One hallmark of the pericentromere is the enrichment of the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins cohesin and condensin. Based on studies from population approaches (ChIP-seq and Hi-C) and experimentally obtained images of fluorescent probes of pericentromeric structure, as well as quantitative comparisons between simulations and experimental results, we suggest a mechanism for building tension between sister kinetochores. We propose that the centromere is a chromatin bottlebrush that is organized by the loop-extruding proteins condensin and cohesin. The bottlebrush arrangement provides a biophysical means to transform pericentromeric chromatin into a spring due to the steric repulsion between radial loops. We argue that the bottlebrush is an organizing principle for chromosome organization that has emerged from multiple approaches in the field.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mukherjee S, Gardner MK. Centromere Tension Measurement in Budding Yeast Mitosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2415:199-210. [PMID: 34972956 PMCID: PMC9800073 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1904-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During budding yeast mitosis, duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the center of the metaphase mitotic spindle, and the centromeres are stretched by forces generated within the mitotic spindle. In response to these stretching forces, mechanical tension builds up in the centromeric chromatin. The magnitude of this tension is detected by the cell to signal the attachment configuration of the sister chromosomes: a high tension signal would indicate that sister chromosomes are properly attached to opposite spindle poles, while a low tension signal could indicate the lack of a bipolar attachment. A low tension signal drives the cell to correct improper attachments in metaphase, thus preventing potential errors in anaphase chromosome segregation. In this paper, we describe a microscopy-based method to directly measure the magnitude of centromere tension in budding yeast metaphase spindles. The advantage of this method is that quantitative tension estimates are obtained without perturbing spindle and/or chromosome structure and as cells progress normally through mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wenda JM, Prosée RF, Gabus C, Steiner FA. Mitotic chromosome condensation requires phosphorylation of the centromeric protein KNL-2 in C. elegans. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272713. [PMID: 34734636 PMCID: PMC8714079 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are chromosomal regions that serve as sites for kinetochore formation and microtubule attachment, processes that are essential for chromosome segregation during mitosis. Centromeres are almost universally defined by the histone variant CENP-A. In the holocentric nematode C. elegans, CENP-A deposition depends on the loading factor KNL-2. Depletion of either CENP-A or KNL-2 results in defects in centromere maintenance, chromosome condensation and kinetochore formation, leading to chromosome segregation failure. Here, we show that KNL-2 is phosphorylated by CDK-1 in vitro, and that mutation of three C-terminal phosphorylation sites causes chromosome segregation defects and an increase in embryonic lethality. In strains expressing phosphodeficient KNL-2, CENP-A and kinetochore proteins are properly localised, indicating that the role of KNL-2 in centromere maintenance is not affected. Instead, the mutant embryos exhibit reduced mitotic levels of condensin II on chromosomes and significant chromosome condensation impairment. Our findings separate the functions of KNL-2 in CENP-A loading and chromosome condensation, and demonstrate that KNL-2 phosphorylation regulates the cooperation between centromeric regions and the condensation machinery in C. elegans. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Phosphorylation of the essential centromere protein KNL-2 is required for mitotic chromosome condensation, but not for the role of KNL-2 in centromere maintenance and kinetochore formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wenda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reinier F Prosée
- Department of Molecular Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Gabus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian A Steiner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jeusset LM, Guppy BJ, Lichtensztejn Z, McDonald D, McManus KJ. Reduced USP22 Expression Impairs Mitotic Removal of H2B Monoubiquitination, Alters Chromatin Compaction and Induces Chromosome Instability That May Promote Oncogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051043. [PMID: 33801331 PMCID: PMC7958346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an enabling feature of oncogenesis associated with poor patient outcomes, whose genetic determinants remain largely unknown. As mitotic chromatin compaction defects can compromise the accuracy of chromosome segregation into daughter cells and drive CIN, characterizing the molecular mechanisms ensuring accurate chromatin compaction may identify novel CIN genes. In vitro, histone H2B monoubiquitination at lysine 120 (H2Bub1) impairs chromatin compaction, while in vivo H2Bub1 is rapidly depleted from chromatin upon entry into mitosis, suggesting that H2Bub1 removal may be a pre-requisite for mitotic fidelity. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP22 catalyzes H2Bub1 removal in interphase and may also be required for H2Bub1 removal in early mitosis to maintain chromosome stability. In this study, we demonstrate that siRNA-mediated USP22 depletion increases H2Bub1 levels in early mitosis and induces CIN phenotypes associated with mitotic chromatin compaction defects revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Moreover, USP22-knockout models exhibit continuously changing chromosome complements over time. These data identify mitotic removal of H2Bub1 as a critical determinant of chromatin compaction and faithful chromosome segregation. We further demonstrate that USP22 is a CIN gene, indicating that USP22 deletions, which are frequent in many tumor types, may drive genetic heterogeneity and contribute to cancer pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile M. Jeusset
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0V9, Canada; (L.M.J.); (B.J.G.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0J9, Canada
| | - Brent J. Guppy
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0V9, Canada; (L.M.J.); (B.J.G.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0J9, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0V9, Canada; (L.M.J.); (B.J.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Darin McDonald
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada;
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0V9, Canada; (L.M.J.); (B.J.G.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(204)-787-2833
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gu X, Yu J, Chai P, Ge S, Fan X. Novel insights into extrachromosomal DNA: redefining the onco-drivers of tumor progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:215. [PMID: 33046109 PMCID: PMC7552444 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA), gene-encoding extrachromosomal particles of DNA, is often present in tumor cells. Recent studies have revealed that oncogene amplification via ecDNA is widespread across a diverse range of cancers. ecDNA is involved in increasing tumor heterogeneity, reverting tumor phenotypes, and enhancing gene expression and tumor resistance to chemotherapy, indicating that it plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and genesis of ecDNA, connect these characteristics with their concomitant influences on tumorigenesis, enumerate the oncogenes encoded by ecDNA in multiple cancers, elaborate the roles of ecDNA in tumor pathogenesis and progression, and propose the considerable research and therapeutic prospects of ecDNA in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P. R. China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P. R. China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Audett MR, Maresca TJ. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts: at the intersection of order, disorder, and kinetochore function. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:349-358. [PMID: 32756877 PMCID: PMC8011995 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore (KT) field has matured tremendously since Earnshaw first identified CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C [1,2]. In the past 35 years, the accumulation of knowledge has included: defining the parts list, identifying epistatic networks of interdependence within the parts list, understanding the spatial organization of subcomplexes into a massive structure - hundreds of megadaltons in size, and dissecting the functions of the KT in its entirety as well as of its individual parts. Like nearly all cell and molecular biology fields, the structure-function paradigm has been foundational to advances in the KT field. A point nicely highlighted by the fact that we are at the precipice of the in vitro reconstitution of a functional KT holo complex. Yet conventional notions of structure cannot provide a complete picture of the KT especially since it contains an abundance of unstructured or intrinsically disordered constituents. The combination of structured and disordered proteins within the KT results in an assembled system that is functionally greater than the sum of its parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux R Audett
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trivedi P, Stukenberg PT. A Condensed View of the Chromosome Passenger Complex. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:676-687. [PMID: 32684321 PMCID: PMC10714244 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The inner centromere is a region on the mitotic chromosome that serves as a platform for mitotic signaling and possesses unique biophysical properties that enable it to withstand relatively large pulling forces that are generated by kinetochores (KTs) during chromosome segregation. The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) localizes to and is the key regulator of inner centromere organization and function during mitosis. Recently, we demonstrated that in addition to its kinase and histone code-reading activities, the CPC also can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and proposed that the inner centromere is a membraneless organelle scaffolded by the CPC. In this perspective, we explore mechanisms that can allow the formation and dissolution of this membraneless body. The cell-cycle-regulated spatially defined assembly and disassembly of the CPC condensate at the inner centromere can reveal general principles about how histone modifications control chromatin-bound membraneless organelles. We further explore how the ability of the CPC to undergo LLPS may contribute to the organization and function of the inner centromere during mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Trivedi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - P Todd Stukenberg
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lawrimore J, Bloom K. The regulation of chromosome segregation via centromere loops. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:352-370. [PMID: 31573359 PMCID: PMC6856439 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1670130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical studies of the yeast centromere have shown that the organization of the centromeric chromatin plays a crucial role in maintaining proper tension between sister kinetochores during mitosis. While centromeric chromatin has traditionally been considered a simple spring, recent work reveals the centromere as a multifaceted, tunable shock absorber. Centromeres can differ from other regions of the genome in their heterochromatin state, supercoiling state, and enrichment of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes. Each of these differences can be utilized to alter the effective stiffness of centromeric chromatin. In budding yeast, the SMC protein complexes condensin and cohesin stiffen chromatin by forming and cross-linking chromatin loops, respectively, into a fibrous structure resembling a bottlebrush. The high density of the loops compacts chromatin while spatially isolating the tension from spindle pulling forces to a subset of the chromatin. Paradoxically, the molecular crowding of chromatin via cohesin and condensin also causes an outward/poleward force. The structure allows the centromere to act as a shock absorber that buffers the variable forces generated by dynamic spindle microtubules. Based on the distribution of SMCs from bacteria to human and the conserved distance between sister kinetochores in a wide variety of organisms (0.4 to 1 micron), we propose that the bottlebrush mechanism is the foundational principle for centromere function in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lawrimore
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kerry Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|