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Zhang P, Trester J, Ueda K, Han M, Balčiūnas T, Wörner HJ. Time-Resolved Multielectron Coincidence Spectroscopy of Double Auger-Meitner Decay Following Xe 4d Ionization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:083201. [PMID: 38457733 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.083201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
We introduce time-resolved multielectron coincidence spectroscopy and apply it to the double Auger-Meitner (AM) emission process following xenon 4d photoionization. The photoelectron and AM electron(s) are measured in coincidence by using a magnetic-bottle time-of-flight spectrometer, enabling an unambiguous assignment of the complete cascade pathways involving two AM electron emissions. In the presence of a near-infrared (NIR) laser pulse, the intermediate Xe^{2+*} state embedded in the Xe^{3+} continuum is probed through single NIR photon absorption and the lifetime of this intermediate Xe^{2+*} state is directly obtained as (109±22) fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Zhang
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Trester
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
- School Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meng Han
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Tadas Balčiūnas
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Howard AJ, Britton M, Streeter ZL, Cheng C, Forbes R, Reynolds JL, Allum F, McCracken GA, Gabalski I, Lucchese RR, McCurdy CW, Weinacht T, Bucksbaum PH. Filming enhanced ionization in an ultrafast triatomic slingshot. Commun Chem 2023; 6:81. [PMID: 37106058 PMCID: PMC10140156 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Filming atomic motion within molecules is an active pursuit of molecular physics and quantum chemistry. A promising method is laser-induced Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI) where a laser pulse rapidly ionizes many electrons from a molecule, causing the remaining ions to undergo Coulomb repulsion. The ion momenta are used to reconstruct the molecular geometry which is tracked over time (i.e., filmed) by ionizing at an adjustable delay with respect to the start of interatomic motion. Results are distorted, however, by ultrafast motion during the ionizing pulse. We studied this effect in water and filmed the rapid "slingshot" motion that enhances ionization and distorts CEI results. Our investigation uncovered both the geometry and mechanism of the enhancement which may inform CEI experiments in many other polyatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Howard
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Mathew Britton
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zachary L Streeter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chuan Cheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Joshua L Reynolds
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Felix Allum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Gregory A McCracken
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ian Gabalski
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Robert R Lucchese
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C William McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas Weinacht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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3
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Muchova E, Hollas D, Holland DMP, Bacellar C, Leroy L, Barillot TR, Longetti L, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Chergui M, Ingle RA. Jahn-Teller effects in initial and final states: high-resolution X-ray absorption, photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy of allene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6733-6745. [PMID: 36799466 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon K-edge resonant Auger spectra of gas-phase allene following excitation of the pre-edge 1s → π* transitions are presented and analysed with the support of EOM-CCSD/cc-pVTZ calculations. X-Ray absorption (XAS), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), valence band and non-resonant Auger spectra are also reanalysed with a series of computational approaches. The results presented demonstrate the importance of including nuclear ensemble effects for simulating X-ray observables and as an effective strategy for capturing Jahn-Teller effects in spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Muchova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hollas
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Camila Bacellar
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludmila Leroy
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Barillot
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Longetti
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura dei Materiali, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Grazioli
- IOM-CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca A Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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4
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Tenorio BNC, Oliveira RR, Coriani S. Insights on the site-selective fragmentation of CF2Cl2 and CH2Cl2 at the chlorine K-edge from ab initio calculations. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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5
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Skomorowski W, Krylov AI. Feshbach-Fano approach for calculation of Auger decay rates using equation-of-motion coupled-cluster wave functions. I. Theory and implementation. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084124. [PMID: 33639760 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray absorption creates electron vacancies in the core shell. These highly excited states often relax by Auger decay-an autoionization process in which one valence electron fills the core hole and another valence electron is ejected into the ionization continuum. Despite the important role of Auger processes in many experimental settings, their first-principles modeling is challenging, even for small systems. The difficulty stems from the need to describe many-electron continuum (unbound) states, which cannot be tackled with standard quantum-chemistry methods. We present a novel approach to calculate Auger decay rates by combining Feshbach-Fano resonance theory with the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster single double (EOM-CCSD) framework. We use the core-valence separation scheme to define projectors into the bound (square-integrable) and unbound (continuum) subspaces of the full function space. The continuum many-body decay states are represented by products of an appropriate EOM-CCSD state and a free-electron state, described by a continuum orbital. The Auger rates are expressed in terms of reduced quantities, two-body Dyson amplitudes (objects analogous to the two-particle transition density matrix), contracted with two-electron bound-continuum integrals. Here, we consider two approximate treatments of the free electron: a plane wave and a Coulomb wave with an effective charge, which allow us to evaluate all requisite integrals analytically; however, the theory can be extended to incorporate a more sophisticated description of the continuum orbital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Skomorowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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6
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Jahnke T, Hergenhahn U, Winter B, Dörner R, Frühling U, Demekhin PV, Gokhberg K, Cederbaum LS, Ehresmann A, Knie A, Dreuw A. Interatomic and Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11295-11369. [PMID: 33035051 PMCID: PMC7596762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interatomic or intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) is a nonlocal electronic decay mechanism occurring in weakly bound matter. In an ICD process, energy released by electronic relaxation of an excited atom or molecule leads to ionization of a neighboring one via Coulombic electron interactions. ICD has been predicted theoretically in the mid nineties of the last century, and its existence has been confirmed experimentally approximately ten years later. Since then, a number of fundamental and applied aspects have been studied in this quickly growing field of research. This review provides an introduction to ICD and draws the connection to related energy transfer and ionization processes. The theoretical approaches for the description of ICD as well as the experimental techniques developed and employed for its investigation are described. The existing body of literature on experimental and theoretical studies of ICD processes in different atomic and molecular systems is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Frühling
- Institut für Experimentalphysik and Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp V Demekhin
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Kirill Gokhberg
- Physical-Chemistry Institute, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Physical-Chemistry Institute, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arno Ehresmann
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - André Knie
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Howell RW. Advancements in the use of Auger electrons in science and medicine during the period 2015-2019. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 99:2-27. [PMID: 33021416 PMCID: PMC8062591 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1831706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Auger electrons can be highly radiotoxic when they are used to irradiate specific molecular sites. This has spurred basic science investigations of their radiobiological effects and clinical investigations of their potential for therapy. Focused symposia on the biophysical aspects of Auger processes have been held quadrennially. This 9th International Symposium on Physical, Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects of Auger Processes at Oxford University brought together scientists from many different fields to review past findings, discuss the latest studies, and plot the future work to be done. This review article examines the research in this field that was published during the years 2015-2019 which corresponds to the period since the last meeting in Japan. In addition, this article points to future work yet to be done. There have been a plethora of advancements in our understanding of Auger processes. These advancements range from basic atomic and molecular physics to new ways to implement Auger electron emitters in radiopharmaceutical therapy. The highly localized doses of radiation that are deposited within a 10 nm of the decay site make them precision tools for discovery across the physical, chemical, biological, and medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Howell
- Division of Radiation Research, Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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8
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A Perspective on Molecular Structure and Bond-Breaking in Radiation Damage in Serial Femtosecond Crystallography. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10070585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have a unique capability for time-resolved studies of protein dynamics and conformational changes on femto- and pico-second time scales. The extreme intensity of X-ray pulses can potentially cause significant modifications to the sample structure during exposure. Successful time-resolved XFEL crystallography depends on the unambiguous interpretation of the protein dynamics of interest from the effects of radiation damage. Proteins containing relatively heavy elements, such as sulfur or metals, have a higher risk for radiation damage. In metaloenzymes, for example, the dynamics of interest usually occur at the metal centers, which are also hotspots for damage due to the higher atomic number of the elements they contain. An ongoing challenge with such local damage is to understand the residual bonding in these locally ionized systems and bond-breaking dynamics. Here, we present a perspective on radiation damage in XFEL experiments with a particular focus on the impacts for time-resolved protein crystallography. We discuss recent experimental and modelling results of bond-breaking and ion motion at disulfide bonding sites in protein crystals.
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9
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Nass K, Gorel A, Abdullah MM, V Martin A, Kloos M, Marinelli A, Aquila A, Barends TRM, Decker FJ, Bruce Doak R, Foucar L, Hartmann E, Hilpert M, Hunter MS, Jurek Z, Koglin JE, Kozlov A, Lutman AA, Kovacs GN, Roome CM, Shoeman RL, Santra R, Quiney HM, Ziaja B, Boutet S, Schlichting I. Structural dynamics in proteins induced by and probed with X-ray free-electron laser pulses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1814. [PMID: 32286284 PMCID: PMC7156470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable crystallographic structure determination beyond the limitations imposed upon synchrotron measurements by radiation damage. The need for very short XFEL pulses is relieved through gating of Bragg diffraction by loss of crystalline order as damage progresses, but not if ionization events are spatially non-uniform due to underlying elemental distributions, as in biological samples. Indeed, correlated movements of iron and sulfur ions were observed in XFEL-irradiated ferredoxin microcrystals using unusually long pulses of 80 fs. Here, we report a femtosecond time-resolved X-ray pump/X-ray probe experiment on protein nanocrystals. We observe changes in the protein backbone and aromatic residues as well as disulfide bridges. Simulations show that the latter’s correlated structural dynamics are much slower than expected for the predicted high atomic charge states due to significant impact of ion caging and plasma electron screening. This indicates that dense-environment effects can strongly affect local radiation damage-induced structural dynamics. The local X-ray-induced dynamics that occur in protein crystals during serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) measurements at XFELs are not well understood. Here the authors performed a time-resolved X-ray pump X-ray probe SFX experiment, and they observe distinct structural changes in the disulfide bridges and peptide backbone of proteins; complementing theoretical approaches allow them to further characterize the details of the X-ray induced ionization and local structural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Nass
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Gorel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malik M Abdullah
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew V Martin
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Marco Kloos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew Aquila
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas R M Barends
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - R Bruce Doak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Hilpert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark S Hunter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jason E Koglin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alexander Kozlov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alberto A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Gabriela Nass Kovacs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher M Roome
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert L Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, 20355, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harry M Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany. .,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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