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Tavangarian F, Sadeghzade S, Fani N, Khezrimotlagh D, Davami K. 3D-printed bioinspired spicules: Strengthening and toughening via stereolithography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 155:106555. [PMID: 38640693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the replication of biological microstructures has garnered significant attention due to their superior flexural strength and toughness, coupled with lightweight structures. Among the most intriguing biological microstructures renowned for their flexural strength are those found in the Euplectella Aspergillum (EA) marine sponges. The remarkable strength of this sponge is attributed to its complex microstructure, which consists of concentric cylindrical layers known as spicules with organic interlayers. These features effectively impede large crack propagation, imparting extraordinary mechanical properties. However, there have been limited studies aimed at mimicking the spicule microstructure. In this study, structures inspired by spicules were designed and fabricated using the stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing technique. The mechanical properties of concentric cylindrical structures (CCSs) inspired by the spicule microstructure were evaluated, considering factors such as the wall thickness of the cylinders, the number of layers, and core diameter, all of which significantly affect the mechanical response. These results were compared with those obtained from solid rods used as solid samples. The findings indicated that CCSs with five layers or fewer exhibited a flexural strength close to or higher than that of solid rods. Particularly, samples with 4 and 5 cylindrical layers displayed architecture similar to natural spicules. Moreover, in all CCSs, the absorbed energy was at least 3-4 times higher than solid rods. Conversely, CCSs with a cylinder wall thickness of 0.65 mm exhibited a more brittle behavior under the 3-point bending test than those with 0.35 mm and 0.5 mm wall thicknesses. CCSs demonstrated greater resistance to failure, displaying different crack propagation patterns and shear stress distributions under the bending test compared to solid rods. These results underscore that replicating the structure of spicules and producing structures with concentric cylindrical layers can transform a brittle structure into a more flexible one, particularly in load-bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Tavangarian
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, 17057, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Sorour Sadeghzade
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, 17057, United States; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Niloofar Fani
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, 17057, United States
| | - Dariush Khezrimotlagh
- Mathematical Sciences Program, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, 17057, United States
| | - Keivan Davami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, United States
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2
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Ehrlich H, Voronkina A, Tabachniсk K, Kubiak A, Ereskovsky A, Jesionowski T. Silactins and Structural Diversity of Biosilica in Sponges. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:393. [PMID: 39056834 PMCID: PMC11274843 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) were among the first metazoans on Earth, and represent a unique global source of highly structured and diverse biosilica that has been formed and tested over more than 800 million years of evolution. Poriferans are recognized as a unique archive of siliceous multiscaled skeletal constructs with superficial micro-ornamentation patterned by biopolymers. In the present study, spicules and skeletal frameworks of selected representatives of sponges in such classes as Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha, and Hexactinellida were desilicified using 10% HF with the aim of isolating axial filaments, which resemble the shape and size of the original structures. These filaments were unambiguously identified in all specimens under study as F-actin, using the highly specific indicators iFluor™ 594-Phalloidin, iFluor™ 488-Phalloidin, and iFluor™ 350-Phalloidin. The identification of this kind of F-actins, termed for the first time as silactins, as specific pattern drivers in skeletal constructs of sponges opens the way to the fundamental understanding of their skeletogenesis. Examples illustrating the biomimetic potential of sophisticated poriferan biosilica patterned by silactins are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Ehrlich
- Center of Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Pharmacy Department, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Pirogov Street 56, 21018 Vinnytsia, Ukraine;
| | - Konstantin Tabachniсk
- International Institute of Biomineralogy GmbH, Am St.-Niclas Schacht 13, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Anita Kubiak
- Center of Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille University, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France;
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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3
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Wang X, Liu AG, Chen Z, Wu C, Liu Y, Wan B, Pang K, Zhou C, Yuan X, Xiao S. A late-Ediacaran crown-group sponge animal. Nature 2024; 630:905-911. [PMID: 38839967 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Sponges are the most basal metazoan phylum1 and may have played important roles in modulating the redox architecture of Neoproterozoic oceans2. Although molecular clocks predict that sponges diverged in the Neoproterozoic era3,4, their fossils have not been unequivocally demonstrated before the Cambrian period5-8, possibly because Precambrian sponges were aspiculate and non-biomineralized9. Here we describe a late-Ediacaran fossil, Helicolocellus cantori gen. et sp. nov., from the Dengying Formation (around 551-539 million years ago) of South China. This fossil is reconstructed as a large, stemmed benthic organism with a goblet-shaped body more than 0.4 m in height, with a body wall consisting of at least three orders of nested grids defined by quadrate fields, resembling a Cantor dust fractal pattern. The resulting lattice is interpreted as an organic skeleton comprising orthogonally arranged cruciform elements, architecturally similar to some hexactinellid sponges, although the latter are built with biomineralized spicules. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis resolves H. cantori as a crown-group sponge related to the Hexactinellida. H. cantori confirms that sponges diverged and existed in the Precambrian as non-biomineralizing animals with an organic skeleton. Considering that siliceous biomineralization may have evolved independently among sponge classes10-13, we question the validity of biomineralized spicules as a necessary criterion for the identification of Precambrian sponge fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander G Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yarong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ke Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Nanjing, China
| | - Xunlai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuhai Xiao
- Department of Geosciences and Global Change Centre, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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4
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Pan F, Shi Y, Yang Y, Guo H, Li L, Jiang H, Wang X, Zeng Z, Lu W. Porifera-Inspired Lightweight, Thin, Wrinkle-Resistance, and Multifunctional MXene Foam. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311135. [PMID: 38146773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) demonstrate a massive potential in constructing lightweight, multifunctional wearable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shields for application in various fields. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to develop a facile, scalable approach to prepare the MXene-based macrostructures characterized by low density, low thickness, high mechanical flexibility, and high EMI SE at the same time. Herein, the ultrathin MXene/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Ag foams with a porifera-inspired hierarchically porous microstructure are prepared by combining Zn2+ diffusion induction and hard template methods. The hierarchical porosity, which includes a mesoporous skeleton and a microporous MXene network within the skeleton, not only exerts a regulatory effect on stress distribution during compression, making the foams rubber-like resistant to wrinkling but also provides more channels for multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves. Due to the interaction between Ag nanosheets, MXene/rGO, and porous structure, it is possible to produce an outstanding EMI shielding performance with the specific surface shielding effectiveness reaching 109152.4 dB cm2 g-1. Furthermore, the foams exhibit multifunctionalities, such as transverse Joule heating, longitudinal heat insulation, self-cleaning, fire resistance, and motion detection. These discoveries open up a novel pathway for the development of lightweight MXene-based materials with considerable application potential in wearable electromagnetic anti-interference devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pan
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P.R. China
| | - Yuyang Shi
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Guo
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Li
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P.R. China
| | - Haojie Jiang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University Jinan, Jinan, 250061, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P.R. China
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Anderson RP, Woltz CR, Tosca NJ, Porter SM, Briggs DEG. Fossilisation processes and our reading of animal antiquity. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1060-1071. [PMID: 37385847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Estimates for animal antiquity exhibit a significant disconnect between those from molecular clocks, which indicate crown animals evolved ∼800 million years ago (Ma), and those from the fossil record, which extends only ∼574 Ma. Taphonomy is often held culpable: early animals were too small/soft/fragile to fossilise, or the circumstances that preserve them were uncommon in the early Neoproterozoic. We assess this idea by comparing Neoproterozoic fossilisation processes with those of the Cambrian and its abundant animal fossils. Cambrian Burgess Shale-type (BST) preservation captures animals in mudstones showing a narrow range of mineralogies; yet, fossiliferous Neoproterozoic mudstones rarely share the same mineralogy. Animal fossils are absent where BST preservation occurs in deposits ≥789 Ma, suggesting a soft maximum constraint on animal antiquity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross P Anderson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK; All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4AL, UK.
| | - Christina R Woltz
- Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas J Tosca
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Susannah M Porter
- Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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6
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Shan S, Hu J, Zheng Z, Gui S, Long Y, Wu D, He N. Development and Assessment of Acyclovir Gel Plaster Containing Sponge Spicules. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2879-2890. [PMID: 37331627 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir is an acyclic purine nucleoside analog that is highly effective in inhibiting the herpes simplex virus. However, topical acyclovir has poor efficacy because of its low skin permeability. This study aimed to develop an acyclovir gel plaster containing sponge spicules (AGP-SS) to achieve synergistic improvements in skin absorption and deposition of acyclovir. The process of preparing the gel plaster was optimized by orthogonal experiments, while the composition of the formulation was optimized using the Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken experimental designs. The selected formula was tested for physical properties, in vitro release, stability, ex vivo permeation, skin irritation, and pharmacokinetics. The optimized formulation exhibited good physical characteristics. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies showed that acyclovir release from AGP-SS was dominated by diffusion with significantly higher skin permeation (20.00 ± 1.07 μg/cm2) than that of the controls (p < 0.05). Dermatopharmacokinetic analyses revealed that the maximum concentration (78.74 ± 11.12 μg/g), area under the curve (1091.81 ± 29.05 μg/g/h) and relative bioavailability (197.12) of AGP-SS were higher than those of the controls. Therefore, gel plaster containing sponge spicules show potential for development as transdermal delivery systems to achieve higher skin absorption and deposition of acyclovir, especially in deep skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuangying Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Long
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Nolan MR, Walker SE, Selly T, Schiffbauer J. Is the middle Cambrian Brooksella a hexactinellid sponge, trace fossil or pseudofossil? PeerJ 2023; 11:e14796. [PMID: 36860767 PMCID: PMC9969855 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
First described as a medusoid jellyfish, the "star-shaped" Brooksella from the Conasauga shale Lagerstätten, Southeastern USA, was variously reconsidered as algae, feeding traces, gas bubbles, and most recently hexactinellid sponges. In this work, we present new morphological, chemical, and structural data to evaluate its hexactinellid affinities, as well as whether it could be a trace fossil or pseudofossil. External and cross-sectional surfaces, thin sections, X-ray computed tomography (CT) and micro-CT imaging, revealed no evidence that Brooksella is a hexactinellid sponge or a trace fossil. Although internally Brooksella contains abundant voids and variously orientated tubes consistent with multiple burrowing or bioeroding organisms, these structures have no relation to Brooksella's external lobe-like morphology. Furthermore, Brooksella has no pattern of growth comparable to the linear growth of early Paleozoic hexactinellids; rather, its growth is similar to syndepositional concretions. Lastly, Brooksella, except for its lobes and occasional central depression, is no different in microstructure to the silica concretions of the Conasauga Formation, strongly indicating it is a morphologically unusual endmember of the silica concretions of the formation. These findings highlight the need for thorough and accurate descriptions in Cambrian paleontology; wherein care must be taken to examine the full range of biotic and abiotic hypotheses for these compelling and unique fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morrison R. Nolan
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Sally E. Walker
- Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Tara Selly
- X-ray Microanalysis Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - James Schiffbauer
- X-ray Microanalysis Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
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8
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Naimark EB. Geochemical and Evolutionary Prerequisites for the Cambrian Skeletal Revolution. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022070111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Yun H, Luo C, Chang C, Li L, Reitner J, Zhang X. Adaptive specialization of a unique sponge body from the Cambrian Qingjiang biota. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220804. [PMID: 35703053 PMCID: PMC9198775 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge fossils from the Cambrian black shales have attracted attention from both palaeontologists and geochemists for many years in terms of their high diversity, beautiful preservation and perplexing adaptation to inhospitable living environments. However, the body shape of these sponges, which contributes to deciphering adaptive evolution, has not been scrutinized. New complete specimens of the hexactinellid sponge Sanshapentella tentoriformis sp. nov. from the Qingjiang biota (black shale of the Cambrian Stage 3 Shuijingtuo Formation, ca 518 Ma) allow recognition of a unique dendriform body characterized by a columnar trunk with multiple conical high peaks and distinctive quadripod-shaped dermal spicules that frame each high peak. The body shape of this new sponge along with other early Cambrian hexactinellids, is classified into three morpho-groups that reflect different levels of adaptivity to the environment. The cylindrical and ovoid bodies generally adapted to a large spectrum of environments; however, the dendriform body of S. tentoriformis was restricted to the relatively deep-water, oxygen-deficient environment. From a hindsight view, the unique body shape represents a consequence of adaptation that helps maintain an effective use of oxygen and a low energy cost in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, Ministry of Education, and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Joachim Reitner
- Department of Geobiology, Centre of Geosciences of the University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Xingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
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10
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Can sustainable, monodisperse, spherical silica be produced from biomolecules? A review. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Plese B, Kenny NJ, Rossi ME, Cárdenas P, Schuster A, Taboada S, Koutsouveli V, Riesgo A. Mitochondrial evolution in the Demospongiae (Porifera): Phylogeny, divergence time, and genome biology. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 155:107011. [PMID: 33217579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The sponge class Demospongiae is the most speciose and morphologically diverse in the phylum Porifera, and the species within it are vital components of a range of ecosystems worldwide. Despite their ubiquity, a number of recalcitrant problems still remain to be solved regarding their phylogenetic inter-relationships, the timing of their appearance, and their mitochondrial biology, the latter of which is only beginning to be investigated. Here we generated 14 new demosponge mitochondrial genomes which, alongside previously published mitochondrial resources, were used to address these issues. In addition to phylogenomic analysis, we have used syntenic data and analysis of coding regions to forge a framework for understanding the inter-relationships between Demospongiae sub-classes and orders. We have also leveraged our new resources to study the mitochondrial biology of these clades in terms of codon usage, optimisation and gene expression, to understand how these vital cellular components may have contributed to the success of the Porifera. Our results strongly support a sister relationship between Keratosa and (Verongimorpha + Heteroscleromorpha), contradicting previous studies using nuclear markers. Our study includes one species of Clionaida, and show for the first time support for a grouping of Suberitida+(Clionaida+(Tethyida + Poecilosclerida). The findings of our phylogenetic analyses are supported by in-depth examination of structural and coding-level evidence from our mitochondrial data. A time-calibrated phylogeny estimated the origin of Demospongiae in the Cambrian (~529 Mya), and suggests that most demosponge order crown-groups emerged in the Mesozoic. This work therefore provides a robust basis for considering demosponge phylogenetic relationships, as well as essential mitochondrial data for understanding the biological basis for their success and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Plese
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Nathan James Kenny
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Rd, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom(2).
| | - Maria Eleonora Rossi
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Science Building, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden.
| | - Astrid Schuster
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M 5230, Denmark; CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sergi Taboada
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais, 12, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vasiliki Koutsouveli
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden.
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (CSIC), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Ediacaran sponges, animal biomineralization, and skeletal reefs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20997-20999. [PMID: 32817471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014393117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Murdock DJE. The ‘biomineralization toolkit’ and the origin of animal skeletons. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1372-1392. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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