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Li Y, Wei Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Colnaghi T, Han L, Rao Z, Zhou X, Huber L, Dsouza R, Gong Y, Neugebauer J, Marek A, Rampp M, Bauer S, Li H, Baker I, Stephenson LT, Gault B. Quantitative three-dimensional imaging of chemical short-range order via machine learning enhanced atom probe tomography. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7410. [PMID: 37973821 PMCID: PMC10654683 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical short-range order (CSRO) refers to atoms of specific elements self-organising within a disordered crystalline matrix to form particular atomic neighbourhoods. CSRO is typically characterized indirectly, using volume-averaged or through projection microscopy techniques that fail to capture the three-dimensional atomistic architectures. Here, we present a machine-learning enhanced approach to break the inherent resolution limits of atom probe tomography enabling three-dimensional imaging of multiple CSROs. We showcase our approach by addressing a long-standing question encountered in body-centred-cubic Fe-Al alloys that see anomalous property changes upon heat treatment. We use it to evidence non-statistical B2-CSRO instead of the generally-expected D03-CSRO. We introduce quantitative correlations among annealing temperature, CSRO, and nano-hardness and electrical resistivity. Our approach is further validated on modified D03-CSRO detected in Fe-Ga. The proposed strategy can be generally employed to investigate short/medium/long-range ordering phenomena in different materials and help design future high-performance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ye Wei
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Institute of Metals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Timoteo Colnaghi
- Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Gießenbachstraße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Liuliu Han
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ziyuan Rao
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xuyang Zhou
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Liam Huber
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raynol Dsouza
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yilun Gong
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Marek
- Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Gießenbachstraße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Rampp
- Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Gießenbachstraße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Max-Planck-Ring 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Ian Baker
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Materials, Imperial College, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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2
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Li X, Ding J. Establishment of coverage-mass equation to quantify the corrosion inhomogeneity and examination of medium effects on iron corrosion. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad007. [PMID: 36817974 PMCID: PMC9933843 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal corrosion is important in the fields of biomedicine as well as construction and transportation etc. While most corrosion occurs inhomogeneously, there is so far no satisfactory parameter to characterize corrosion inhomogeneity. Herein, we employ the Poisson raindrop question to model the corrosion process and derive an equation to relate corrosion coverage and corrosion mass. The resultant equation is named coverage-mass equation, abbreviated as C-M equation. We also suggest corrosion mass at 50% coverage, termed as half-coverage mass M corro50%, as an inhomogeneity parameter to quantify corrosion inhomogeneity. The equation is confirmed and the half-coverage mass M corro50% is justified in our experiments of iron corrosion in five aqueous media, normal saline, phosphate-buffered saline, Hank's solution, deionized water and artificial seawater, where the former three ones are biomimetic and very important in studies of biomedical materials. The half-coverage mass M corro50% is proved to be more comprehensive and mathematically convergent than the traditional pitting factor. Iron corrosion is detected using visual observation, scanning electron microscopy with a build-in energy dispersive spectrometer, inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometry and electrochemical measurements. Both rates and inhomogeneity extents of iron corrosion are compared among the five aqueous media. The factors underlying the medium effects on corrosion rate and inhomogeneity are discussed and interpreted. Corrosion rates of iron in the five media differ about 7-fold, and half-coverage mass values differ about 300 000-fold. The fastest corrosion and the most significant inhomogeneity occur both in biomimetic media, but not the same one. The new equation (C-M equation) and the new quantity (half-coverage mass) are stimulating for dealing with a dynamic and stochastic process with global inhomogeneity including but not limited to metal corrosion. The findings are particularly meaningful for research and development of next-generation biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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3
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Lee S, Kang H, Jeon J, Bae D. Influence of the Composition and Vacancy Concentration on Cluster Decomposition Behavior in Al-Si-Mg Alloy: A Kinetic Monte Carlo Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6552. [PMID: 36233898 PMCID: PMC9572101 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The influence of cluster composition and the addition of vacancies on the decomposition behavior of clusters during artificial aging in Al-Si-Mg alloys were analyzed according to the kinetic Montel Carlo model. Clusters with a balanced composition (Mg/(Mg + Si) = 0.5) were the most difficult to decompose. In addition, the cluster decomposition was slower when more vacancies were added to the cluster. Among Si, Mg, and vacancies, vacancies most significantly affect decomposition. The clusters with Mg/(Mg + Si) ≤ 0.4 strongly trap vacancies, which can be classified as hardly decomposable vacancy-rich clusters. The clustering behavior during natural aging and the effect of pre-aging were analyzed using the Kinetic Monte Carlo model. Pre-aging slows down cluster formation due to the lowered vacancy concentration. In addition, the overall composition of the clusters changes to easily decomposable clusters after pre-aging. Thus, not only is the number of clusters reduced but also the clusters are more easily decomposable when pre-aging is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Heon Kang
- Heat & Surface Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Siheung 15014, Korea
| | - Jonggyu Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Donghyun Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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4
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Zhao L, Wen M, Fang H, Meng K, Qiu X, Wu Q, Fu Y. NiCoPd Inlaid NiCo-Bimetallene for Efficient Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10211-10219. [PMID: 35723430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pd-based metallenes have attracted great attention recently as newly burgeoning two-dimensional (2D) materials, attributed to their significantly increased active surface areas and intrinsic electrocatalytic activities. Therefore, they could be used as a potential candidate as the high-performance electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reactions (MORs) in the direct methanol fuel cell. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to fabricate NiCoPd inlaid NiCo-bimetallene (NiCoPd/NiCo-bimetallene) by the structure directing effect of 18-crown-6 ether under an ultrasonic-pulse interface together with the HCHO reduction and atom-diffusion-aging process. NiCoPd ternary-alloys with uniformly dispersed Pd active sites are decorated onto NiCo-bimetallenes, achieving remarkably enhancing the effective utilization of Pd atoms. What is more, the intrinsic activity is enhanced by the "bifunctional mechanism" of NiCo-bimetallene adsorption of intermediate species and increased Pd-active sites. Moreover, the anti-CO poisoning ability is optimized through the "alloying ligand effect" of NiCoPd. Therefore, the NiCoPd/NiCo-bimetallene exhibits excellent mass activity for MOR, which is higher than commercial Pd/C. This work suggests a new way of the Pd-based metallenes catalyst approach to the efficient electrocatalytic MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ming Wen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Fang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Kexin Meng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qingsheng Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
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5
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Wu S, Soreide HS, Chen B, Bian J, Yang C, Li C, Zhang P, Cheng P, Zhang J, Peng Y, Liu G, Li Y, Roven HJ, Sun J. Freezing solute atoms in nanograined aluminum alloys via high-density vacancies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3495. [PMID: 35715468 PMCID: PMC9206034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature decomposition of supersaturated solid solution into unfavorable intergranular precipitates is a long-standing bottleneck limiting the practical applications of nanograined aluminum alloys that are prepared by severe plastic deformation. Minimizing the vacancy concentration is generally regarded as an effective approach in suppressing the decomposition process. Here we report a counterintuitive strategy to stabilize supersaturated solid solution in nanograined Al-Cu alloys via high-density vacancies in combination with Sc microalloying. By generating a two orders of magnitude higher concentration of vacancies bonded in strong (Cu, Sc, vacancy)-rich atomic complexes, a high thermal stability is achieved in an Al-Cu-Sc alloy that precipitation is nearly suppressed up to ~230 °C. The solute-vacancy complexes also enable the nanograined Al-Cu alloys with higher strength, greater strain hardening capability and ductility. These findings provide perspectives towards the great potentials of solute-vacancy interaction and the development of nanograined alloys with high stability and well-performed mechanical properties. Low-temperature decomposition and insufficient plastic deformability are bottlenecks that limit the practical applications of nanograined Al alloys. Here the authors utilize a high density vacancies in combination with Sc microalloying to stabilize nanograined Al-Cu alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hanne S Soreide
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianjun Bian
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/a, Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Chong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chunan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Pengming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Hans J Roven
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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6
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Effect of Natural Aging on Precipitation Strengthening Behaviors in Al-Mg-Si Alloy. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural aging (NA) is unavoidable in Al-Mg-Si alloys during actual manufacturing. Revealing the reasons for the alloy strength reduction caused by the negative NA effect is of great significance to research and practice. In this work, atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed simultaneously to study the effect of NA on precipitates and their contributions to the strength of Al-Mg-Si alloys. It was found that the numerous clusters formed after significant NA are unstable and will dissolve into the matrix during initial AA. However, a few stable clusters are undissolved and will result in abnormal growth of β″, which then transforms to β′. Due to the decrease of nucleation sites resulting from the abnormal growth of precipitates, more solute atoms remain in the matrix. The calculation results show that the strengthening of the solid solution atoms is much smaller than that of large-sized β′, which is much less than that of fine β″. Therefore, lengthy NA causes a significant reduction in AA strength of the Al-Mg-Si alloy.
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7
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Tweddle D, Johnson JA, Kapoor M, Mileski S, Carsley JE, Thompson GB. Direct Observation of PFIB-Induced Clustering in Precipitation-Strengthened Al Alloys by Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-6. [PMID: 35067265 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sample preparation on a pre-aged Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy has been evaluated using atom probe tomography. Three methods of preparation were investigated: electropolishing (control), Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB) milling, and Xe+ plasma FIB (PFIB) milling. Ga+-based FIB preparation was shown to introduce significant amount of Ga contamination throughout the reconstructed sample (≈1.3 at%), while no Xe contamination was detected in the PFIB-prepared sample. Nevertheless, a significantly higher cluster density was observed in the Xe+ PFIB-prepared sample (≈25.0 × 1023 m−3) as compared to the traditionally produced electropolished sample (≈3.2 × 1023 m−3) and the Ga+ FIB sample (≈5.6 × 1023 m−3). Hence, the absence of the ion milling species does not necessarily mean an absence of specimen preparation defects. Specifically, the FIB and PFIB-prepared samples had more Si-rich clusters as compared to electropolished samples, which is indicative of vacancy stabilization via solute clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tweddle
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35405, USA
| | - Jonathan A Johnson
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35405, USA
| | - M Kapoor
- Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, 1950 Vaughn Road, Kennesaw, GA30144, USA
| | - Sean Mileski
- Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, 1950 Vaughn Road, Kennesaw, GA30144, USA
| | - John E Carsley
- Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, 1950 Vaughn Road, Kennesaw, GA30144, USA
| | - Gregory B Thompson
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35405, USA
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8
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Stender P, Gault B, Schwarz TM, Woods EV, Kim SH, Ott J, Stephenson LT, Schmitz G, Freysoldt C, Kästner J, El-Zoka AA. Status and Direction of Atom Probe Analysis of Frozen Liquids. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-18. [PMID: 35039105 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of liquids and cryogenic biological materials by electron microscopy has been recently enabled by innovative approaches for specimen preparation and the fast development of optimized instruments for cryo-enabled electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Yet, cryo-EM typically lacks advanced analytical capabilities, in particular for light elements. With the development of protocols for frozen wet specimen preparation, atom probe tomography (APT) could advantageously complement insights gained by cryo-EM. Here, we report on different approaches that have been recently proposed to enable the analysis of relatively large volumes of frozen liquids from either a flat substrate or the fractured surface of a wire. Both allowed for analyzing water ice layers which are several micrometers thick consisting of pure water, pure heavy water, and aqueous solutions. We discuss the merits of both approaches and prospects for further developments in this area. Preliminary results raise numerous questions, in part concerning the physics underpinning field evaporation. We discuss these aspects and lay out some of the challenges regarding the APT analysis of frozen liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Stender
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric V Woods
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Ott
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Guido Schmitz
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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McCarroll I, Bagot P, Devaraj A, Perea D, Cairney J. New frontiers in atom probe tomography: a review of research enabled by cryo and/or vacuum transfer systems. MATERIALS TODAY. ADVANCES 2020; 7:100090. [PMID: 33103106 PMCID: PMC7581275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2020.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been a recent surge in the use of cryo and/or vacuum specimen preparation and transfer systems to broaden the scope of research enabled by the microscopy technique of atom probe tomography. This is driven by the fact that, as for many microscopes, the application of atom probes to air- and temperature-sensitive materials or wet biological specimens has previously been limited by transfer through air at room temperature. Here we provide an overview of areas of research that benefit from these new transfer and analysis protocols, as well as a review of current advances in transfer devices, environmental cells, and glove boxes for controlled specimen manipulation. This includes the study of catalysis and corrosion, biological samples, liquid-solid interfaces, natural aging, and the distribution of hydrogen in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.E. McCarroll
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Madsen Building F09, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P.A.J. Bagot
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - A. Devaraj
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - D.E. Perea
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999 Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - J.M. Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Madsen Building F09, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Corresponding author. (J.M. Cairney)
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10
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Czerwinski F. Thermal Stability of Aluminum Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3441. [PMID: 32759855 PMCID: PMC7435424 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermal stability, determining the material ability of retaining its properties at required temperatures over extended service time, is becoming the next frontier for aluminum alloys. Its improvement would substantially expand their range of structural applications, especially in automotive and aerospace industries. This report explains the fundamentals of thermal stability; definitions, the properties involved; and the deterioration indicators during thermal/thermomechanical exposures, including an impact of accidental fire, and testing techniques. For individual classes of alloys, efforts aimed at identifying factors stabilizing their microstructure at service temperatures are described. Particular attention is paid to attempts of increasing the current upper service limit of high-temperature grades. In addition to alloying aluminum with a variety of elements to create the thermally stable microstructure, in particular, transition and rare-earth metals, parallel efforts are explored through applying novel routes of alloy processing, such as rapid solidification, powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing, engineering alloys in a liquid state prior to casting, and post-casting treatments. The goal is to overcome the present barriers and to develop novel aluminum alloys with superior properties that are stable across the temperature and time space, required by modern designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Czerwinski
- CanmetMATERIALS, Natural Resources Canada, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A5, Canada
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11
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The Effect of Al-Mg-Si Wire Rod Heat Treatment on Its Electrical Conductivity and Strength. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10081027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The raw material for the production of Al-Mg-Si wires is wire rods, created in the Continuus Properzi line in temper T1 (cooled after forming at an elevated temperature and after natural aging). The general technologies for shaping the mechanical and electrical properties of Al-Mg-Si wire rods include two kinds: high- and low-temperature heat treatments. High-temperature heat treatment includes a homogenization process and a supersaturation process. Low-temperature heat treatment takes place after supersaturation and includes natural or artificial aging. This study shows how the amount of Mg and Si influences the mechanical and electrical properties of EN-AW 6101 wire rods after different kinds of heat treatments. As the general aim of this study was to determine the effect of the material’s temper on its mechanical and electrical properties, the research considered the initial parameters of the starting materials being examined. These parameters can be modified by selecting the chemical composition of the Al-Mg-Si alloy and the value of precipitation hardening obtained with artificial.
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