1
|
Lasemi N, Wicht T, Bernardi J, Liedl G, Rupprechter G. Defect-Rich CuZn Nanoparticles for Model Catalysis Produced by Femtosecond Laser Ablation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38163-38176. [PMID: 38934369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser ablation of Cu0.70Zn0.30 targets in ethanol led to the formation of periodic surface nanostructures and crystalline CuZn alloy nanoparticles with defects, low-coordinated surface sites, and, controlled by the applied laser fluence, different sizes and elemental composition. The Cu/Zn ratio of the nanoparticles was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. The CuZn nanoparticles were about 2-3 nm in size, and Cu-rich, varying between 70 and 95%. Increasing the laser fluence from 1.6 to 3.2 J cm-2 yielded larger particles, more stacking fault defects, and repeated nanotwinning, as evident from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, aided by (inverse) fast Fourier transform analysis. This is due to the higher plasma temperature, leading to increased random collisions/diffusion of primary nanoparticles and their incomplete ordering due to immediate solidification typical of ultrashort pulses. The femtosecond laser-synthesized often nanotwinned CuZn nanoparticles were supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and applied for ethylene hydrogenation, demonstrating their promising potential as model catalysts. Nanoparticles produced at 3.2 J cm-2 exhibited lower catalytic activity than those made at 2.7 J cm-2. Presumably, agglomeration/aggregation of especially 2-3 nm sized nanoparticles, as observed by postreaction analysis, resulted in a decrease in the surface area to volume ratio and thus in the number of low-coordinated active sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Lasemi
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Wicht
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Johannes Bernardi
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerhard Liedl
- Institute of Production Engineering and Photonic Technologies, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Song J, Li X, Xu C, Xu Y, Zhang L, Bao W, Sun B, Wang L, Liu D. [Ce 3+-O V-Ce 4+] Located Surface-Distributed Sheet Cu-Zn-Ce Catalysts for Methanol Production by CO 2 Hydrogenation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:15140-15149. [PMID: 38978384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The metal-support interaction is crucial for the performance of Cu-based catalysts. However, the distinctive properties of the support metal element itself are often overlooked in catalyst design. In this paper, a sheet Cu-Zn-Ce with [Ce3+-OV-Ce4+] located on the surface was designed by the sol-gel method. Through EPR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the relationship between the content of oxygen vacancies and Ce was revealed. Ce itself induces the generation of [Ce3+-OV-Ce4+]. Through ICP-MS, XPS, and SEM-mapping, the Ce-induced formation of [Ce3+-OV-Ce4+] located on the catalyst surface was demonstrated. CO2-TPD and DFT calculations further revealed that [Ce3+-OV-Ce4+] enhanced CO2 adsorption, leading to a 10% increase in methanol selectivity compared to Cu-Zn-Ce synthesized via the coprecipitation method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Carbon Neutral Joint Laboratory of East China University of Science and Technology-Shenergy Co., Ltd. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Carbon Neutral Joint Laboratory of East China University of Science and Technology-Shenergy Co., Ltd. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Carbon Neutral Joint Laboratory of East China University of Science and Technology-Shenergy Co., Ltd. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianhua Song
- Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Carbon Neutral Joint Laboratory of East China University of Science and Technology-Shenergy Co., Ltd. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xue Li
- Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Carbon Neutral Joint Laboratory of East China University of Science and Technology-Shenergy Co., Ltd. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Carbon Neutral Joint Laboratory of East China University of Science and Technology-Shenergy Co., Ltd. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanxiang Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Carbon Neutral Joint Laboratory of East China University of Science and Technology-Shenergy Co., Ltd. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao No. 3 Power Generation Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Weizhong Bao
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao No. 3 Power Generation Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao No. 3 Power Generation Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao No. 3 Power Generation Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Dianhua Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Carbon Neutral Joint Laboratory of East China University of Science and Technology-Shenergy Co., Ltd. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jensen S, Mammen MHR, Hedevang M, Li Z, Lammich L, Lauritsen JV. Visualizing the gas-sensitive structure of the CuZn surface in methanol synthesis catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3865. [PMID: 38719827 PMCID: PMC11079032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Methanol formation over Cu/ZnO catalysts is linked with a catalytically active phase created by contact between Cu nanoparticles and Zn species whose chemical and structural state depends on reaction conditions. Herein, we use variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at elevated pressure conditions combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements to investigate the surface structures and chemical states that evolve when a CuZn/Cu(111) surface alloy is exposed to reaction gas mixtures. In CO2 hydrogenation conditions, Zn stays embedded in the CuZn surface, but once CO gas is added to the mixture, the Zn segregates onto the Cu surface. The Zn segregation is CO-induced, and establishes a new dynamic state of the catalyst surface where Zn is continually exchanged at the Cu surface. Candidates for the migrating few-atom Zn clusters are further identified in time-resolved imaging series. The findings point to a significant role of CO affecting the distribution of Zn in the multiphasic ZnO/CuZn/Cu catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigmund Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mathias H R Mammen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Hedevang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Zheshen Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lutz Lammich
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeppe V Lauritsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beck A, Newton MA, van de Water LGA, van Bokhoven JA. The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al 2O 3-Based Catalysts. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4543-4678. [PMID: 38564235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The activity and durability of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) catalyst formulation for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 feeds far exceed the sum of its individual components. As such, this ternary catalytic system is a prime example of synergy in catalysis, one that has been employed for the large scale commercial production of methanol since its inception in the mid 1960s with precious little alteration to its original formulation. Methanol is a key building block of the chemical industry. It is also an attractive energy storage molecule, which can also be produced from CO2 and H2 alone, making efficient use of sequestered CO2. As such, this somewhat unusual catalyst formulation has an enormous role to play in the modern chemical industry and the world of global economics, to which the correspondingly voluminous and ongoing research, which began in the 1920s, attests. Yet, despite this commercial success, and while research aimed at understanding how this formulation functions has continued throughout the decades, a comprehensive and universally agreed upon understanding of how this material achieves what it does has yet to be realized. After nigh on a century of research into CZA catalysts, the purpose of this Review is to appraise what has been achieved to date, and to show how, and how far, the field has evolved. To do so, this Review evaluates the research regarding this catalyst formulation in a chronological order and critically assesses the validity and novelty of various hypotheses and claims that have been made over the years. Ultimately, the Review attempts to derive a holistic summary of what the current body of literature tells us about the fundamental sources of the synergies at work within the CZA catalyst and, from this, suggest ways in which the field may yet be further advanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mark A Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tian G, Li Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Fan X, Shen K, Meng H, Wang N, Xiong H, Zhao M, Liang X, Luo L, Zhang L, Yan B, Chen X, Peng HJ, Wei F. Upgrading CO 2 to sustainable aromatics via perovskite-mediated tandem catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3037. [PMID: 38589472 PMCID: PMC11002022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The directional transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) with renewable hydrogen into specific carbon-heavy products (C6+) of high value presents a sustainable route for net-zero chemical manufacture. However, it is still challenging to simultaneously achieve high activity and selectivity due to the unbalanced CO2 hydrogenation and C-C coupling rates on complementary active sites in a bifunctional catalyst, thus causing unexpected secondary reaction. Here we report LaFeO3 perovskite-mediated directional tandem conversion of CO2 towards heavy aromatics with high CO2 conversion (> 60%), exceptional aromatics selectivity among hydrocarbons (> 85%), and no obvious deactivation for 1000 hours. This is enabled by disentangling the CO2 hydrogenation domain from the C-C coupling domain in the tandem system for Iron-based catalyst. Unlike other active Fe oxides showing wide hydrocarbon product distribution due to carbide formation, LaFeO3 by design is endowed with superior resistance to carburization, therefore inhibiting uncontrolled C-C coupling on oxide and isolating aromatics formation in the zeolite. In-situ spectroscopic evidence and theoretical calculations reveal an oxygenate-rich surface chemistry of LaFeO3, that easily escape from the oxide surface for further precise C-C coupling inside zeolites, thus steering CO2-HCOOH/H2CO-Aromatics reaction pathway to enable a high yield of aromatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Ordos Laboratory, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017010, China.
- Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinyan Liu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haibin Meng
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Binhang Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Ordos Laboratory, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017010, China.
| | - Hong-Jie Peng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Ordos Laboratory, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kordus D, Widrinna S, Timoshenko J, Lopez Luna M, Rettenmaier C, Chee SW, Ortega E, Karslioglu O, Kühl S, Roldan Cuenya B. Enhanced Methanol Synthesis from CO 2 Hydrogenation Achieved by Tuning the Cu-ZnO Interaction in ZnO/Cu 2O Nanocube Catalysts Supported on ZrO 2 and SiO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8677-8687. [PMID: 38472104 PMCID: PMC10979448 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The nature of the Cu-Zn interaction and especially the role of Zn in Cu/ZnO catalysts used for methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation are still debated. Migration of Zn onto the Cu surface during reaction results in a Cu-ZnO interface, which is crucial for the catalytic activity. However, whether a Cu-Zn alloy or a Cu-ZnO structure is formed and the transformation of this interface under working conditions demand further investigation. Here, ZnO/Cu2O core-shell cubic nanoparticles with various ZnO shell thicknesses, supported on SiO2 or ZrO2 were prepared to create an intimate contact between Cu and ZnO. The evolution of the catalyst's structure and composition during and after the CO2 hydrogenation reaction were investigated by means of operando spectroscopy, diffraction, and ex situ microscopy methods. The Zn loading has a direct effect on the oxidation state of Zn, which, in turn, affects the catalytic performance. High Zn loadings, resulting in a stable ZnO catalyst shell, lead to increased methanol production when compared to Zn-free particles. Low Zn loadings, in contrast, leading to the presence of metallic Zn species during reaction, showed no significant improvement over the bare Cu particles. Therefore, our work highlights that there is a minimum content of Zn (or optimum ZnO shell thickness) needed to activate the Cu catalyst. Furthermore, in order to minimize catalyst deactivation, the Zn species must be present as ZnOx and not metallic Zn or Cu-Zn alloy, which is undesirably formed during the reaction when the precatalyst ZnO overlayer is too thin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kordus
- Department
of Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Widrinna
- Department
of Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janis Timoshenko
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mauricio Lopez Luna
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara Rettenmaier
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - See Wee Chee
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Osman Karslioglu
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kühl
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ye R, Ma L, Mao J, Wang X, Hong X, Gallo A, Ma Y, Luo W, Wang B, Zhang R, Duyar MS, Jiang Z, Liu J. A Ce-CuZn catalyst with abundant Cu/Zn-O V-Ce active sites for CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2159. [PMID: 38461315 PMCID: PMC10924954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
CO2 hydrogenation to chemicals and fuels is a significant approach for achieving carbon neutrality. It is essential to rationally design the chemical structure and catalytic active sites towards the development of efficient catalysts. Here we show a Ce-CuZn catalyst with enriched Cu/Zn-OV-Ce active sites fabricated through the atomic-level substitution of Cu and Zn into Ce-MOF precursor. The Ce-CuZn catalyst exhibits a high methanol selectivity of 71.1% and a space-time yield of methanol up to 400.3 g·kgcat-1·h-1 with excellent stability for 170 h at 260 °C, comparable to that of the state-of-the-art CuZnAl catalysts. Controlled experiments and DFT calculations confirm that the incorporation of Cu and Zn into CeO2 with abundant oxygen vacancies can facilitate H2 dissociation energetically and thus improve CO2 hydrogenation over the Ce-CuZn catalyst via formate intermediates. This work offers an atomic-level design strategy for constructing efficient multi-metal catalysts for methanol synthesis through precise control of active sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Lixuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jianing Mao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yanfu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wenhao Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Baojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Riguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Melis Seher Duyar
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, and Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Zheng Jiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, PR China.
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, PR China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, and Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu M, Peng M, Tang H, Zhou W, Qiao B, Ma D. Renaissance of Strong Metal-Support Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2290-2307. [PMID: 38236140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Strong metal-support interactions (SMSIs) have emerged as a significant and cutting-edge area of research in heterogeneous catalysis. They play crucial roles in modifying the chemisorption properties, interfacial structure, and electronic characteristics of supported metals, thereby exerting a profound influence on the catalytic properties. This Perspective aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements and insights into SMSIs, with a focus on state-of-the-art in situ/operando characterization techniques. This overview also identifies innovative designs and applications of new types of SMSI systems in catalytic chemistry and highlights their pivotal role in enhancing catalytic performance, selectivity, and stability in specific cases. Particularly notable is the discovery of SMSI between active metals and metal carbides, which opens up a new era in the field of SMSI. Additionally, the strong interactions between atomically dispersed metals and supports are discussed, with an emphasis on the electronic effects of the support. The chemical nature of SMSI and its underlying catalytic mechanisms are also elaborated upon. It is evident that SMSI modification has become a powerful tool for enhancing catalytic performance in various catalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Mi Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hailian Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Wu Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Botao Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernández-Villanueva E, Lustemberg PG, Zhao M, Soriano Rodriguez J, Concepción P, Ganduglia-Pirovano MV. Water and Cu + Synergy in Selective CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol over Cu-MgO-Al 2O 3 Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2024-2032. [PMID: 38206050 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The CO2 hydrogenation reaction to produce methanol holds great significance as it contributes to achieving a CO2-neutral economy. Previous research identified isolated Cu+ species doping the oxide surface of a Cu-MgO-Al2O3-mixed oxide derived from a hydrotalcite precursor as the active site in CO2 hydrogenation, stabilizing monodentate formate species as a crucial intermediate in methanol synthesis. In this work, we present a molecular-level understanding of how surface water and hydroxyl groups play a crucial role in facilitating spontaneous CO2 activation at Cu+ sites and the formation of monodentate formate species. Computational evidence has been experimentally validated by comparing the catalytic performance of the Cu-MgO-Al2O3 catalyst with hydroxyl groups against that of its hydrophobic counterpart, where hydroxyl groups are blocked using an esterification method. Our work highlights the synergistic effect between doped Cu+ ions and adjacent hydroxyl groups, both of which serve as key parameters in regulating methanol production via CO2 hydrogenation. By elucidating the specific roles of these components, we contribute to advancing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and provide valuable insights for optimizing methanol synthesis processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Fernández-Villanueva
- Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camè de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICP - CSIC), Calle de Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Pablo G Lustemberg
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICP - CSIC), Calle de Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Minjie Zhao
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Jose Soriano Rodriguez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Patricia Concepción
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - M Verónica Ganduglia-Pirovano
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICP - CSIC), Calle de Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barrow N, Bradley J, Corrie B, Cui Y, Tran TD, Erden TE, Fish A, Garcia M, Glen P, Mistry N, Nicholson M, Roloff-Standring S, Sheldon D, Smith T, Summer A, Din KU, Macleod N. Doubling the life of Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalysts via use of Si as a structural promoter to inhibit sintering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk2081. [PMID: 38232167 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts used to synthesize methanol undergo extensive deactivation during use, mainly due to sintering. Here, we report on formulations wherein deactivation has been substantially reduced by the targeted use of a small quantity of a Si-based promoter, resulting in accrued activity benefits that can exceed a factor of 1.8 versus unpromoted catalysts. This enhanced stability also provides longer lifetimes, up to double that of prior generation catalysts. Detailed characterization of a library of aged catalysts has allowed the most important deactivation mechanisms to be established and the chemical state of the silicon promoter to be identified. We show that silicon is incorporated within the ZnO lattice, providing a pronounced improvement in the hydrothermal stability of this component. These findings have important implications for sustainable methanol production from H2 and CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Barrow
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Corrie
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Youxin Cui
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Trung Dung Tran
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, UK
| | | | - Andrew Fish
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Monica Garcia
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Pauline Glen
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Neetisha Mistry
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Sheldon
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Thomas Smith
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Aron Summer
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Kaamila Un Din
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Norman Macleod
- Johnson Matthey, Catalyst Technologies, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
He Y, Li Y, Lei M, Polo-Garzon F, Perez-Aguilar J, Bare SR, Formo E, Kim H, Daemen L, Cheng Y, Hong K, Chi M, Jiang DE, Wu Z. Significant Roles of Surface Hydrides in Enhancing the Performance of Cu/BaTiO 2.8 H 0.2 Catalyst for CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313389. [PMID: 37906130 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the anionic site of catalyst supports can impact reaction pathways by creating active sites on the support or influencing metal-support interactions when using supported metal nanoparticles. This study focuses on CO2 hydrogenation over supported Cu nanoparticles, revealing a 3-fold increase in methanol yield when replacing oxygen anions with hydrides in the perovskite support (Cu/BaTiO2.8 H0.2 yields ~146 mg/h/gCu vs. Cu/BaTiO3 yields ~50 mg/h/gCu). The contrast suggests that significant roles are played by the support hydrides in the reaction. Temperature programmed reaction and isotopic labelling studies indicate that BaTiO2.8 H0.2 surface hydride species follow a Mars van Krevelen mechanism in CO2 hydrogenation, promoting methanol production. High-pressure steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) studies suggest that Cu/BaTiO2.8 H0.2 possesses both a higher density and more active and selective sites for methanol production compared to Cu/BaTiO3 . An operando high-pressure diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS)-SSITKA study shows that formate species are the major surface intermediates over both catalysts, and the subsequent hydrogenation steps of formate are likely rate-limiting. However, the catalytic reactivity of Cu/BaTiO2.8 H0.2 towards the formate species is much higher than Cu/BaTiO3 , likely due to the altered electronic structure of interface Cu sites by the hydrides in the support as validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN-37235, USA
| | - Felipe Polo-Garzon
- Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| | - Jorge Perez-Aguilar
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA-94025, USA
| | - Simon R Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA-94025, USA
| | - Eric Formo
- Georgia Electron Microscopy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA-30602, USA
| | - Hwangsun Kim
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| | - Luke Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN-37235, USA
| | - Zili Wu
- Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zamora B, Nyulászi L, Höltzl T. CO 2 and H 2 Activation on Zinc-Doped Copper Clusters. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300409. [PMID: 38057146 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we systematically investigate the CO2 and H2 activation and dissociation on small Cun Zn0/+ (n=3-6) clusters using Density Functional Theory. We show that Cu6 Zn is a superatom, displaying an increased HOMO-LUMO gap and is inert towards CO2 or H2 activation or dissociation. While other neutral clusters weakly activate CO2 , the cationic clusters preferentially bind the CO2 in monodentate nonactivated way. Notably, Cu4 Zn allows for the dissociation of activated CO2 , whereas larger clusters destabilize all activated CO2 binding modes. Conversely, H2 dissociation is favored on all clusters examined, except for Cu6 Zn. Cu3 Zn+ and Cu4 Zn, favor the formation of formate through the H2 dissociation pathway rather than CO2 dissociation. These findings suggest the potential of these clusters as synthetic targets and underscore their significance in the realm of CO2 hydrogenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Zamora
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111-, Budapest, Műegytem rkp 3, Hungary
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111-, Budapest, Műegytem rkp 3, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry research group, 1111-, Budapest, Műegytem rkp. 3, Hungary
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111-, Budapest, Műegytem rkp 3, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry research group, 1111-, Budapest, Műegytem rkp. 3, Hungary
- Furukawa Electric Institute of Technology, Nanomaterials Science Group, 1158, Budapest, Késmárk utca 28/A, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wada Y, Maruchi T, Ishii R, Sunada Y. Visible Light Responsive Dinuclear Zinc Complex Consisting of Proximally Arranged Two d 10 -Zinc Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310571. [PMID: 37753736 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
So far, Zn(II)-based d10 complexes have been known to be colorless unless they are accompanied by chromophoric groups, and therefore both fundamental and advanced photophysical performance of Zn centers of complexes, especially in visible-light regions has been unexplored. Here, we first demonstrate a dinuclear Zn(II) complex that shows visible light absorption using an orbital distributed over closely contacted two Zn centers experimentally determined by X-ray crystallography. A contrastive study demonstrated that intermetallic orbital interaction in dinuclear Zn(II) complex is responsible for capturing visible light to exhibit orangish yellow color, whereas an analogous one without such an interaction is colorless. This work demonstrates that introduction of Zn-Zn interactions to Zn(II) molecules contradicts the common notion that Zn is unresponsive to visible light and expands the photophysical field of zinc chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Wada
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reon Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sunada
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, 332-0012, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou H, Docherty SR, Phongprueksathat N, Chen Z, Bukhtiyarov AV, Prosvirin IP, Safonova OV, Urakawa A, Copéret C, Müller CR, Fedorov A. Combining Atomic Layer Deposition with Surface Organometallic Chemistry to Enhance Atomic-Scale Interactions and Improve the Activity and Selectivity of Cu-Zn/SiO 2 Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Methanol. JACS AU 2023; 3:2536-2549. [PMID: 37772188 PMCID: PMC10523371 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of methanol via the hydrogenation of CO2, if performed efficiently and selectively, is potentially a powerful technology for CO2 mitigation. Here, we develop an active and selective Cu-Zn/SiO2 catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 by introducing copper and zinc onto dehydroxylated silica via surface organometallic chemistry and atomic layer deposition, respectively. At 230 °C and 25 bar, the optimized catalyst shows an intrinsic methanol formation rate of 4.3 g h-1 gCu-1 and selectivity to methanol of 83%, with a space-time yield of 0.073 g h-1 gcat-1 at a contact time of 0.06 s g mL-1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Cu and Zn K-edges and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that the CuZn alloy displays reactive metal support interactions; that is, it is stable under H2 atmosphere and unstable under conditions of CO2 hydrogenation, indicating that the dealloyed structure contains the sites promoting methanol synthesis. While solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies identify methoxy species as the main stable surface adsorbate, transient operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy indicates that μ-HCOO*(ZnOx) species that form on the Cu-Zn/SiO2 catalyst are hydrogenated to methanol faster than the μ-HCOO*(Cu) species that are found in the Zn-free Cu/SiO2 catalyst, supporting the role of Zn in providing a higher activity in the Cu-Zn system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Scott R. Docherty
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nat Phongprueksathat
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Zixuan Chen
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrey V. Bukhtiyarov
- Synchrotron
Radiation Facility SKIF, Boreskov Institute
of Catalysis SB RAS, 630559 Kol’tsovo, Russia
| | | | | | - Atsushi Urakawa
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph R. Müller
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hou SL, Dong J, Zhao XY, Li XS, Ren FY, Zhao J, Zhao B. Thermocatalytic Conversion of CO 2 to Valuable Products Activated by Noble-Metal-Free Metal-Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305213. [PMID: 37170958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermocatalysis of CO2 into high valuable products is an efficient and green method for mitigating global warming and other environmental problems, of which Noble-metal-free metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most promising heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 thermocatalysis, and many excellent researches have been published. Hence, this review focuses on the valuable products obtained from various CO2 conversion reactions catalyzed by noble-metal-free MOFs, such as cyclic carbonates, oxazolidinones, carboxylic acids, N-phenylformamide, methanol, ethanol, and methane. We classified these published references according to the types of products, and analyzed the methods for improving the catalytic efficiency of MOFs in CO2 reaction. The advantages of using noble-metal-free MOF catalysts for CO2 conversion were also discussed along the text. This review concludes with future perspectives on the challenges to be addressed and potential research directions. We believe that this review will be helpful to readers and attract more scientists to join the topic of CO2 conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jie Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiang-Shuai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fang-Yu Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chai Y, Qin B, Li B, Dai W, Wu G, Guan N, Li L. Zeolite-encaged mononuclear copper centers catalyze CO 2 selective hydrogenation to methanol. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad043. [PMID: 37547060 PMCID: PMC10401316 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol by renewable hydrogen source represents an attractive route for CO2 recycling and is carbon neutral. Stable catalysts with high activity and methanol selectivity are being vigorously pursued, and current debates on the active site and reaction pathway need to be clarified. Here, we report a design of faujasite-encaged mononuclear Cu centers, namely Cu@FAU, for this challenging reaction. Stable methanol space-time-yield (STY) of 12.8 mmol gcat-1 h-1 and methanol selectivity of 89.5% are simultaneously achieved at a relatively low reaction temperature of 513 K, making Cu@FAU a potential methanol synthesis catalyst from CO2 hydrogenation. With zeolite-encaged mononuclear Cu centers as the destined active sites, the unique reaction pathway of stepwise CO2 hydrogenation over Cu@FAU is illustrated. This work provides a clear example of catalytic reaction with explicit structure-activity relationship and highlights the power of zeolite catalysis in complex chemical transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bonan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weili Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guangjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Naijia Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Z, Wang M, Jia Y, Du R, Li T, Zheng Y, Chen M, Qiu Y, Yan K, Zhao WW, Wang P, Waterhouse GIN, Dai S, Zhao Y, Chen G. CeO 2/Cu 2O/Cu Tandem Interfaces for Efficient Water-Gas Shift Reaction Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37339248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Metal-oxide interfaces on Cu-based catalysts play very important roles in the low-temperature water-gas shift reaction (LT-WGSR). However, developing catalysts with abundant, active, and robust Cu-metal oxide interfaces under LT-WGSR conditions remains challenging. Herein, we report the successful development of an inverse copper-ceria catalyst (Cu@CeO2), which exhibited very high efficiency for the LT-WGSR. At a reaction temperature of 250 °C, the LT-WGSR activity of the Cu@CeO2 catalyst was about three times higher than that of a pristine Cu catalyst without CeO2. Comprehensive quasi-in situ structural characterizations indicated that the Cu@CeO2 catalyst was rich in CeO2/Cu2O/Cu tandem interfaces. Reaction kinetics studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the Cu+/Cu0 interfaces were the active sites for the LT-WGSR, while adjacent CeO2 nanoparticles play a key role in activating H2O and stabilizing the Cu+/Cu0 interfaces. Our study highlights the role of the CeO2/Cu2O/Cu tandem interface in regulating catalyst activity and stability, thus contributing to the development of improved Cu-based catalysts for the LT-WGSR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjian Li
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Mingzhi Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruian Du
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Tan Li
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yanping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Mingshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yongcai Qiu
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Keyou Yan
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | | | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Guangxu Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Swallow JEN, Jones ES, Head AR, Gibson JS, David RB, Fraser MW, van Spronsen MA, Xu S, Held G, Eren B, Weatherup RS. Revealing the Role of CO during CO 2 Hydrogenation on Cu Surfaces with In Situ Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6730-6740. [PMID: 36916242 PMCID: PMC10064333 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of H2, CO2, and CO gas mixtures on the surface of Cu at 200 °C, relevant for industrial methanol synthesis, are investigated using a combination of ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) and atmospheric-pressure near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (AtmP-NEXAFS) spectroscopy bridging pressures from 0.1 mbar to 1 bar. We find that the order of gas dosing can critically affect the catalyst chemical state, with the Cu catalyst maintained in a metallic state when H2 is introduced prior to the addition of CO2. Only on increasing the CO2 partial pressure is CuO formation observed that coexists with metallic Cu. When only CO2 is present, the surface oxidizes to Cu2O and CuO, and the subsequent addition of H2 partially reduces the surface to Cu2O without recovering metallic Cu, consistent with a high kinetic barrier to H2 dissociation on Cu2O. The addition of CO to the gas mixture is found to play a key role in removing adsorbed oxygen that otherwise passivates the Cu surface, making metallic Cu surface sites available for CO2 activation and subsequent conversion to CH3OH. These findings are corroborated by mass spectrometry measurements, which show increased H2O formation when H2 is dosed before rather than after CO2. The importance of maintaining metallic Cu sites during the methanol synthesis reaction is thereby highlighted, with the inclusion of CO in the gas feed helping to achieve this even in the absence of ZnO as the catalyst support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack E N Swallow
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Elizabeth S Jones
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton 11973, New York, United States
| | - Joshua S Gibson
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Roey Ben David
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael W Fraser
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K
| | | | - Shaojun Xu
- Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Baran Eren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K.,Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang S, Huang C, Shao Z, Zhou H, Chen J, Li L, Lu J, Liu X, Luo H, Xia L, Wang H, Sun Y. Revealing and Regulating the Complex Reaction Mechanism of CO 2 Hydrogenation to Higher Alcohols on Multifunctional Tandem Catalysts. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunan Zhang
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Chaojie Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zilong Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Haozhi Zhou
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Junjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Junwen Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Hu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Lin Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Clean Technology, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee K, Mendes PCD, Jeon H, Song Y, Dickieson MP, Anjum U, Chen L, Yang TC, Yang CM, Choi M, Kozlov SM, Yan N. Engineering nanoscale H supply chain to accelerate methanol synthesis on ZnZrO x. Nat Commun 2023; 14:819. [PMID: 36781851 PMCID: PMC9925737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal promotion is the most widely adopted strategy for enhancing the hydrogenation functionality of an oxide catalyst. Typically, metal nanoparticles or dopants are located directly on the catalyst surface to create interfacial synergy with active sites on the oxide, but the enhancement effect may be compromised by insufficient hydrogen delivery to these sites. Here, we introduce a strategy to promote a ZnZrOx methanol synthesis catalyst by incorporating hydrogen activation and delivery functions through optimized integration of ZnZrOx and Pd supported on carbon nanotube (Pd/CNT). The CNT in the Pd/CNT + ZnZrOx system delivers hydrogen activated on Pd to a broad area on the ZnZrOx surface, with an enhancement factor of 10 compared to the conventional Pd-promoted ZnZrOx catalyst, which only transfers hydrogen to Pd-adjacent sites. In CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, Pd/CNT + ZnZrOx exhibits drastically boosted activity-the highest among reported ZnZrOx-based catalysts-and excellent stability over 600 h on stream test, showing potential for practical implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Lee
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Paulo C. D. Mendes
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Hyungmin Jeon
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yizhen Song
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Maxim Park Dickieson
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Uzma Anjum
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Luwei Chen
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 627833 Singapore
| | - Tsung-Cheng Yang
- grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Yang
- grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044 Taiwan ,grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044 Taiwan
| | - Minkee Choi
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sergey M. Kozlov
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585 Singapore
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang M, Yu J, Zimina A, Sarma BB, Pandit L, Grunwaldt JD, Zhang L, Xu H, Sun J. Probing the Nature of Zinc in Copper-Zinc-Zirconium Catalysts by Operando Spectroscopies for CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216803. [PMID: 36507860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Active Zn species in Cu-based methanol synthesis catalysts have not been clearly identified yet due to their complex nature and dynamic structural changes during reactions. Herein, atomically dispersed Zn on ZrO2 support is established in Cu-based catalysts by separating Zn and Zr components from Cu (Cu-ZnZr) via the double-nozzle flame spray pyrolysis (DFSP) method. It exhibits superiority in methanol selectivity and yield compared to those with Cu-ZnO interface and isolated ZnO nanoparticles. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveals that the atomically dispersed Zn species are induced during the reaction due to the strengthened Zn-Zr interaction. They can suppress formate decomposition to CO and decrease the H2 dissociation energy, shifting the reaction to methanol production. This work enlightens the rational design of unique Zn species by regulating coordination environments and offers a new perspective for exploring complex interactions in multi-component catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China.,Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Pandit
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ling Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A review of in situ/Operando studies of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
23
|
Kordus D, Jelic J, Lopez Luna M, Divins NJ, Timoshenko J, Chee SW, Rettenmaier C, Kröhnert J, Kühl S, Trunschke A, Schlögl R, Studt F, Roldan Cuenya B. Shape-Dependent CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol over Cu 2O Nanocubes Supported on ZnO. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3016-3030. [PMID: 36716273 PMCID: PMC9912329 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol over Cu/ZnO-based catalysts is highly sensitive to the surface composition and catalyst structure. Thus, its optimization requires a deep understanding of the influence of the pre-catalyst structure on its evolution under realistic reaction conditions, including the formation and stabilization of the most active sites. Here, the role of the pre-catalyst shape (cubic vs spherical) in the activity and selectivity of ZnO-supported Cu nanoparticles was investigated during methanol synthesis. A combination of ex situ, in situ, and operando microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction methods revealed drastic changes in the morphology and composition of the shaped pre-catalysts under reaction conditions. In particular, the rounding of the cubes and partial loss of the (100) facets were observed, although such motifs remained in smaller domains. Nonetheless, the initial pre-catalyst structure was found to strongly affect its subsequent transformation in the course of the CO2 hydrogenation reaction and activity/selectivity trends. In particular, the cubic Cu particles displayed an increased activity for methanol production, although at the cost of a slightly reduced selectivity when compared to similarly sized spherical particles. These findings were rationalized with the help of density functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kordus
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany,Department
of Physics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780Bochum, Germany
| | - Jelena Jelic
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher
Institute of Technology, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mauricio Lopez Luna
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Núria J. Divins
- Department
of Physics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780Bochum, Germany
| | - Janis Timoshenko
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - See Wee Chee
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara Rettenmaier
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Kröhnert
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kühl
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Trunschke
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher
Institute of Technology, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany,Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany,
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195Berlin, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Müller A, Comas-Vives A, Copéret C. Ga and Zn increase the oxygen affinity of Cu-based catalysts for the CO x hydrogenation according to ab initio atomistic thermodynamics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13442-13458. [PMID: 36507169 PMCID: PMC9685501 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct hydrogenation of CO or CO2 to methanol, a highly vivid research area in the context of sustainable development, is typically carried out with Cu-based catalysts. Specific elements (so-called promoters) improve the catalytic performance of these systems under a broad range of reaction conditions (from pure CO to pure CO2). Some of these promoters, such as Ga and Zn, can alloy with Cu and their role remains a matter of debate. In that context, we used periodic DFT calculations on slab models and ab initio thermodynamics to evaluate both metal alloying and surface formation by considering multiple surface facets, different promoter concentrations and spatial distributions as well as adsorption of several species (O*, H*, CO* and ) for different gas phase compositions. Both Ga and Zn form an fcc-alloy with Cu due to the stronger interaction of the promoters with Cu than with themselves. While the Cu-Ga-alloy is more stable than the Cu-Zn-alloy at low promoter concentrations (<25%), further increasing the promoter concentration reverses this trend, due to the unfavoured Ga-Ga-interactions. Under CO2 hydrogenation conditions, a substantial amount of O* can adsorb onto the alloy surfaces, resulting in partial dealloying and oxidation of the promoters. Therefore, the CO2 hydrogenation conditions are actually rather oxidising for both Ga and Zn despite the large amount of H2 present in the feedstock. Thus, the growth of a GaO x /ZnO x overlayer is thermodynamically preferred under reaction conditions, enhancing CO2 adsorption, and this effect is more pronounced for the Cu-Ga-system than for the Cu-Zn-system. In contrast, under CO hydrogenation conditions, fully reduced and alloyed surfaces partially covered with H* and CO* are expected, with mixed CO/CO2 hydrogenation conditions resulting in a mixture of reduced and oxidised states. This shows that the active atmosphere tunes the preferred state of the catalyst, influencing the catalytic activity and stability, indicating that the still widespread image of a static catalyst under reaction conditions is insufficient to understand the complex interplay of processes taking place on a catalyst surface under reaction conditions, and that dynamic effects must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich8093 ZurichSwitzerland+41 44 633 93 94
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien1060 ViennaAustria,Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193 Cerdanyola del VallèsCataloniaSpain
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich8093 ZurichSwitzerland+41 44 633 93 94
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xi Y, Hai Y, Yao D, Li A, Yang W, Lv J, Wang Y, Ma X. Zn-modified copper silicate nanotube-assembled hollow sphere as a high-performance nanoreactor for the hydrogenation of methyl acetate to ethanol. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
26
|
Dalebout R, Barberis L, Visser NL, van der Hoeven JES, van der Eerden AMJ, Stewart JA, Meirer F, de Jong KP, de Jongh PE. Manganese Oxide as a Promoter for Copper Catalysts in CO 2 and CO Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200451. [PMID: 36605570 PMCID: PMC9804442 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we discuss the role of manganese oxide as a promoter in Cu catalysts supported on graphitic carbon during hydrogenation of CO2 and CO. MnOx is a selectivity modifier in an H2/CO2 feed and is a highly effective activity promoter in an H2/CO feed. Interestingly, the presence of MnOx suppresses the methanol formation from CO2 (TOF of 0.7 ⋅ 10-3 s-1 at 533 K and 40 bar) and enhances the low-temperature reverse water-gas shift reaction (TOF of 5.7 ⋅ 10-3 s-1) with a selectivity to CO of 87 %C. Using time-resolved XAS at high temperatures and pressures, we find significant absorption of CO2 to the MnO, which is reversed if CO2 is removed from the feed. This work reveals fundamental differences in the promoting effect of MnOx and ZnOx and contributes to a better understanding of the role of reducible oxide promoters in Cu-based hydrogenation catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remco Dalebout
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Barberis
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Nienke L. Visser
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jessi E. S. van der Hoeven
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joseph A. Stewart
- TotalEnergies OneTech BelgiumZone industrielle CB-7181SeneffeBelgium
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Krijn P. de Jong
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiménez JD, Betancourt LE, Danielis M, Zhang H, Zhang F, Orozco I, Xu W, Llorca J, Liu P, Trovarelli A, Rodríguez JA, Colussi S, Senanayake SD. Identification of Highly Selective Surface Pathways for Methane Dry Reforming Using Mechanochemical Synthesis of Pd–CeO 2. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12809-12822. [PMID: 36313524 PMCID: PMC9595205 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The methane dry reforming (DRM) reaction mechanism was
explored
via mechanochemically prepared Pd/CeO2 catalysts (PdAcCeO2M), which yield unique Pd–Ce interfaces, where PdAcCeO2M has a distinct reaction mechanism and higher reactivity
for DRM relative to traditionally synthesized impregnated Pd/CeO2 (PdCeO2IW). In situ characterization and density
functional theory calculations revealed that the enhanced chemistry
of PdAcCeO2M can be attributed to the presence of a carbon-modified
Pd0 and Ce4+/3+ surface arrangement, where distinct
Pd–CO intermediate species and strong Pd–CeO2 interactions are activated and sustained exclusively under reaction
conditions. This unique arrangement leads to highly selective and
distinct surface reaction pathways that prefer the direct oxidation
of CHx to CO, identified on PdAcCeO2M using isotope labeled diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier
transform spectroscopy and highlighting linear Pd–CO species
bound on metallic and C-modified Pd, leading to adsorbed HCOO [1595
cm–1] species as key DRM intermediates, stemming
from associative CO2 reduction. The milled materials contrast
strikingly with surface processes observed on IW samples (PdCeO2IW) where the competing reverse water gas shift reaction predominates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan D. Jiménez
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11793, United States
| | - Luis E. Betancourt
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11793, United States
| | - Maila Danielis
- Polytechnic Department and INSTM, University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100Udine, Italy
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - Ivan Orozco
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Energy Technologies, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08018Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ping Liu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11793, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - Alessandro Trovarelli
- Polytechnic Department and INSTM, University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100Udine, Italy
| | - José A. Rodríguez
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11793, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - Sara Colussi
- Polytechnic Department and INSTM, University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100Udine, Italy
| | - Sanjaya D. Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11793, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu Y, Gao Z, Peng L, Liu K, Yang Y, Qiu R, Yang S, Wu C, Jiang J, Wang Y, Tan W, Wang H, Li J. A highly efficient Cu/ZnOx/ZrO2 catalyst for selective CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
29
|
Zabilska A, Clark AH, Ferri D, Nachtegaal M, Kröcher O, Safonova OV. Beware of beam damage under reaction conditions: X-ray induced photochemical reduction of supported VO x catalysts during in situ XAS experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21916-21926. [PMID: 36069029 PMCID: PMC9641748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for the investigation of heterogeneous catalysts and electrocatalysts. The obtained XAS spectra are usually interpreted from the point of view of the investigated chemical processes, thereby sometimes omitting the fact that intense X-ray irradiation may induce additional transformations in metal speciation and, thus, in the corresponding XAS spectra. In this work, we report on X-ray induced photochemical reduction of vanadium in supported vanadia (VOx) catalysts under reaction conditions, detected at a synchrotron beamline. While this process was not observed in an inert atmosphere and in the presence of water vapor, it occurred at room temperature in the presence of a reducing agent (ethanol or hydrogen) alone or mixed with oxygen. Temperature programmed experiments have shown that X-ray induced reduction of VOx species appeared very clear at 30-100 °C but was not detected at higher temperatures, where the thermocatalytic ethanol oxidative hydrogenation (ODH) takes place. Similar to other studies on X-ray induced effects, we suggest approaches, which can help to mitigate vanadium photoreduction, including defocusing of the X-ray beam and attenuation of the X-ray beam intensity by filters. To recognize beam damage under in situ/operando conditions, we suggest performing X-ray beam switching (on and off) tests at different beam intensities under in situ conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zabilska
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam H Clark
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Oliver Kröcher
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shi YF, Kang PL, Shang C, Liu ZP. Methanol Synthesis from CO 2/CO Mixture on Cu-Zn Catalysts from Microkinetics-Guided Machine Learning Pathway Search. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13401-13414. [PMID: 35848119 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methanol synthesis on industrial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts via the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 mixture, despite several decades of research, is still puzzling due to the nature of the active site and the role of CO2 in the feed gas. Herein, with the large-scale machine learning atomic simulation, we develop a microkinetics-guided machine learning pathway search to explore thousands of reaction pathways for CO2 and CO hydrogenations on thermodynamically favorable Cu-Zn surface structures, including Cu(111), Cu(211), and Zn-alloyed Cu(211) surfaces, from which the lowest energy pathways are identified. We find that Zn decorates at the step-edge at Cu(211) up to 0.22 ML under reaction conditions with the Zn-Zn dimeric sites being avoided. CO2 and CO hydrogenations occur exclusively at the step-edge of the (211) surface with up to 0.11 ML Zn coverage, where the low coverage of Zn (0.11 ML) does not much affect the reaction kinetics, but the higher coverages of Zn (0.22 ML) poison the catalyst. It is CO2 hydrogenation instead of CO hydrogenation that dominates methanol synthesis, agreeing with previous isotope experiments. While metallic steps are identified as the major active site, we show that the [-Zn-OH-Zn-] chains (cationic Zn) can grow on Cu(111) surfaces under reaction conditions, which suggests the critical role of CO in the mixed gas for reducing the cationic Zn and exposing metal sites for methanol synthesis. Our results provide a comprehensive picture on the dynamic coupling of the feed gas composition, the catalyst active site, and the reaction activity in this complex heterogeneous catalytic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pei-Lin Kang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Shang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Qi Zhi Institution, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhi-Pan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Qi Zhi Institution, Shanghai 200030, China.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Halim H, Morikawa Y. Elucidation of Cu-Zn Surface Alloying on Cu(997) by Machine-Learning Molecular Dynamics. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:430-447. [PMID: 36855689 PMCID: PMC9955186 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Cu-Zn surface alloy has been extensively involved in the investigation of the true active site of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3, the industrial catalyst for methanol synthesis which remains under controversy. The challenge lies in capturing the interplay between the surface and reaction under operating conditions, which can be overcome given that the explicit dynamics of the system is known. To provide a better understanding of the dynamic of Cu-Zn surface at the atomic level, the structure and the formation process of the Cu-Zn surface alloy on Cu(997) were investigated by machine-learning molecular dynamics (MD). Gaussian process regression aided with on-the-fly learning was employed to build the force field used in the MD. The simulation reveals atomistic details of the alloying process, that is, the incorporation of deposited Zn adatoms to the Cu substrate. The surface alloying is found to start at upper and lower terraces near the step edge, which emphasize the role of steps and kinks in the alloying. The incorporation of Zn at the middle terrace was found at the later stage of the simulation. The rationalization of alloying behavior was performed based on statistics and barriers of various elementary events that occur during the simulation. It was observed that the alloying scheme at the upper terrace is dominated by the confinement of Zn step adatoms by other adatoms, highlighting the importance of step fluctuations in the alloying process. On the other hand, the alloying scheme at the lower terrace is dominated by direct exchange between the Zn step adatom and the Cu atom underneath. The alloying at the middle terrace is dominated by the wave deposition mechanism and deep confinement of Zn adatoms. The short propagation of alloyed Zn in the middle terrace was observed to proceed by means of indirect exchange instead of local exchange as proposed in the previous scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observation. The comparison of migration rate and activation energies to the result of STM observation is also made. We have found that at a certain distance from the surface, the STM tip significantly affects the elementary events such as vacancy formation and direct exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry
H. Halim
- Department
of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Department
of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan,Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8245, Japan,Research
Center for Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu X, Luo J, Wang H, Huang L, Wang S, Li S, Sun Z, Sun F, Jiang Z, Wei S, Li WX, Lu J. In Situ Spectroscopic Characterization and Theoretical Calculations Identify Partially Reduced ZnO 1-x /Cu Interfaces for Methanol Synthesis from CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202330. [PMID: 35322514 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The active site of the industrial Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3 catalyst used in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol has been debated for decades. Grand challenges remain in the characterization of structure, composition, and chemical state, both microscopically and spectroscopically, and complete theoretical calculations are limited when it comes to describing the intrinsic activity of the catalyst over the diverse range of structures that emerge under realistic conditions. Here a series of inverse model catalysts of ZnO on copper hydroxide were prepared where the size of ZnO was precisely tuned from atomically dispersed species to nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition. ZnO decoration boosted methanol formation to a rate of 877 gMeOH kgcat -1 h-1 with ≈80 % selectivity at 493 K. High pressure in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that the atomically dispersed ZnO species are prone to aggregate at oxygen-deficient ZnO ensembles instead of forming CuZn metal alloys. By modeling various potential active structures, density functional theory calculations and microkinetic simulations revealed that ZnO/Cu interfaces with oxygen vacancies, rather than stoichiometric interfaces, Cu and CuZn alloys were essential to catalytic activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hengwei Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Li Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhihu Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Fanfei Sun
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, China Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang National Laboratory, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, China Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang National Laboratory, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Wei-Xue Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Junling Lu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dalebout R, Barberis L, Totarella G, Turner SJ, La Fontaine C, de Groot FMF, Carrier X, van der Eerden AMJ, Meirer F, de Jongh PE. Insight into the Nature of the ZnO x Promoter during Methanol Synthesis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:6628-6639. [PMID: 35692251 PMCID: PMC9171830 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great commercial relevance of zinc-promoted copper catalysts for methanol synthesis, the nature of the Cu-ZnO x synergy and the nature of the active Zn-based promoter species under industrially relevant conditions are still a topic of vivid debate. Detailed characterization of the chemical speciation of any promoter under high-pressure working conditions is challenging but specifically hampered by the large fraction of Zn spectator species bound to the oxidic catalyst support. We present the use of weakly interacting graphitic carbon supports as a tool to study the active speciation of the Zn promoter phase that is in close contact with the Cu nanoparticles using time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy under working conditions. Without an oxidic support, much fewer Zn species need to be added for maximum catalyst activity. A 5-15 min exposure to 1 bar H2 at 543 K only slightly reduces the Zn(II), but exposure for several hours to 20 bar H2/CO and/or H2/CO/CO2 leads to an average Zn oxidation number of +(0.5-0.6), only slightly increasing to +0.8 in a 20 bar H2/CO2 feed. This means that most of the added Zn is in a zerovalent oxidation state during methanol synthesis conditions. The Zn average coordination number is 8, showing that this phase is not at the surface but surrounded by other metal atoms (whether Zn or Cu), and indicating that the Zn diffuses into the Cu nanoparticles under reaction conditions. The time scale of this process corresponds to that of the generally observed activation period for these catalysts. These results reveal the speciation of the relevant Zn promoter species under methanol synthesis conditions and, more generally, present the use of weakly interacting graphitic supports as an important strategy to avoid excessive spectator species, thereby allowing us to study the nature of relevant promoter species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remco Dalebout
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Barberis
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Totarella
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Savannah J. Turner
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Camille La Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette 91192 CEDEX, France
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Carrier
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR CNRS 7197, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75252 CEDEX 05, France
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Amann P, Klötzer B, Degerman D, Köpfle N, Götsch T, Lömker P, Rameshan C, Ploner K, Bikaljevic D, Wang HY, Soldemo M, Shipilin M, Goodwin CM, Gladh J, Halldin Stenlid J, Börner M, Schlueter C, Nilsson A. The state of zinc in methanol synthesis over a Zn/ZnO/Cu(211) model catalyst. Science 2022; 376:603-608. [PMID: 35511988 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj7747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The active chemical state of zinc (Zn) in a zinc-copper (Zn-Cu) catalyst during carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide (CO2/CO) hydrogenation has been debated to be Zn oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, metallic Zn, or a Zn-Cu surface alloy. We used x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at 180 to 500 millibar to probe the nature of Zn and reaction intermediates during CO2/CO hydrogenation over Zn/ZnO/Cu(211), where the temperature is sufficiently high for the reaction to rapidly turn over, thus creating an almost adsorbate-free surface. Tuning of the grazing incidence angle makes it possible to achieve either surface or bulk sensitivity. Hydrogenation of CO2 gives preference to ZnO in the form of clusters or nanoparticles, whereas in pure CO a surface Zn-Cu alloy becomes more prominent. The results reveal a specific role of CO in the formation of the Zn-Cu surface alloy as an active phase that facilitates efficient CO2 methanol synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amann
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Degerman
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Köpfle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Götsch
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Lömker
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin Ploner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Djuro Bikaljevic
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Soldemo
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher M Goodwin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Gladh
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mia Börner
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Schlueter
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lorber K, Djinović P. Accelerating photo-thermal CO 2 reduction to CO, CH 4 or methanol over metal/oxide semiconductor catalysts. iScience 2022; 25:104107. [PMID: 35378856 PMCID: PMC8976152 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-thermal reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide into methane, methanol, and carbon monoxide under mild conditions over suitable (photo)catalysts is a feasible pathway for the production of fuels and platform chemicals with minimal involvement of fossil fuels. In this perspective, we showcase transition metal nanoparticles (Ni, Cu, and Ru) dispersed over oxide semiconductors and their ability to act as photo catalysts in reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS), methane dry reforming, methanol synthesis, and Sabatier reactions. By using a combination of light and thermal energy for activation, reactions can be sustained at much lower temperatures compared to thermally driven reactions and light can be used to leverage reaction selectivity between methanol, methane, and CO. In addition to influencing the reaction mechanism and decreasing the apparent activation energies, accelerating reaction rates and boosting selectivity beyond thermodynamic limitations is possible. We also provide future directions for research to advance the current state of the art in photo-thermal CO2 conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Lorber
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory for Catalysts, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Petar Djinović
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory for Catalysts, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu X, Luo J, Wang H, Huang L, Wang S, Li S, Sun Z, Sun F, Jiang Z, Wei S, Li W, Lu J. In Situ Spectroscopic Characterization and Theoretical Calculations Identify Partially Reduced ZnO
1−
x
/Cu Interfaces for Methanol Synthesis from CO
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Hengwei Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Li Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230029 China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Zhihu Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230029 China
| | - Fanfei Sun
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Science China Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Zhangjiang National Laboratory Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Science China Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Zhangjiang National Laboratory Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230029 China
| | - Wei‐Xue Li
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Junling Lu
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Beck A, Newton MA, Zabilskiy M, Rzepka P, Willinger MG, van Bokhoven JA. Drastic Events and Gradual Change Define the Structure of an Active Copper-Zinc-Alumina Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200301. [PMID: 35107196 PMCID: PMC9314061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The copper-zinc-alumina (CZA) catalyst is one of the most important catalysts. Nevertheless, understanding of the complex CZA structure is still limited and hampers further optimization. Critical to the production of a highly active and stable catalyst are optimal start-up procedures in hydrogen. Here, by employing operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, we follow how the industrial CZA precursor evolves into the working catalyst. Two major events in the activation drastically alter the copper- and zinc-containing components in the CZA catalyst and define the final working catalyst structure: the reduction of the starting copper(II) oxide, and the ripening and re-oxidation of zinc oxide upon the switch to catalytic conditions. These drastic events are also accompanied by other gradual, structural changes. Understanding what happens during these events is key to develop tailored start-up protocols that are aimed at maximal longevity and activity of the catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Zabilskiy
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Przemyslaw Rzepka
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marc G Willinger
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zabilska A, Clark AH, Moskowitz BM, Wachs IE, Kakiuchi Y, Copéret C, Nachtegaal M, Kröcher O, Safonova OV. Redox Dynamics of Active VO x Sites Promoted by TiO x during Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethanol Detected by Operando Quick XAS. JACS AU 2022; 2:762-776. [PMID: 35388376 PMCID: PMC8977985 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Titania-supported vanadia (VO x /TiO2) catalysts exhibit outstanding catalytic in a number of selective oxidation and reduction processes. In spite of numerous investigations, the nature of redox transformations of vanadium and titanium involved in various catalytic processes remains difficult to detect and correlate to the rate of products formation. In this work, we studied the redox dynamics of active sites in a bilayered 5% V2O5/15% TiO2/SiO2 catalyst (consisting of submonolayer VO x species anchored onto a TiO x monolayer, which in turn is supported on SiO2) during the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol. The VO x species in 5% V2O5/15% TiO2/SiO2 show high selectivity to acetaldehyde and an ca. 40 times higher acetaldehyde formation rate in comparison to VO x species supported on SiO2 with a similar density. Operando time-resolved V and Ti K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, coupled with a transient experimental strategy, quantitatively showed that the formation of acetaldehyde over 5% V2O5/15% TiO2/SiO2 is kinetically coupled to the formation of a V4+ intermediate, while the formation of V3+ is delayed and 10-70 times slower. The low-coordinated nature of various redox states of VO x species (V5+, V4+, and V3+) in the 5% V2O5/15% TiO2/SiO2 catalyst is confirmed using the extensive database of V K-edge XANES spectra of standards and specially synthesized molecular crystals. Much weaker redox activity of the Ti4+/Ti3+ couple was also detected; however, it was found to not be kinetically coupled to the rate-determining step of ethanol oxidation. Thus, the promoter effect of TiO x is rather complex. TiO x species might be involved in a fast electron transport between VO x species and might affect the electronic structure of VO x , thereby promoting their reducibility. This study demonstrates the high potential of element-specific operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy for uncovering complex catalytic mechanisms involving the redox kinetics of various metal oxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zabilska
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin M. Moskowitz
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy &
Catalysis Laboratory,
Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Israel E. Wachs
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy &
Catalysis Laboratory,
Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yuya Kakiuchi
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Oliver Kröcher
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Beck A, Newton MA, Zabilskiy M, Rzepka P, Willinger MG, Bokhoven JA. Drastische Ereignisse und langsame Transformation definieren die Struktur eines aktiven Kupfer‐Zink‐Aluminiumoxid‐Katalysators für die Methanol Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Mark A. Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Maxim Zabilskiy
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen Schweiz
| | - Przemyslaw Rzepka
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen Schweiz
| | - Marc G. Willinger
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM) ETH Zurich Otto-Stern-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Jeroen A. Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen Schweiz
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
A highly efficient Cu-ZnO/SBA-15 catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to CO under atmospheric pressure. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
41
|
Gómez D, Candia C, Jiménez R, Karelovic A. Isotopic transient kinetic analysis of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol on Cu/SiO2 promoted by Ga and Zn. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
42
|
Cui Z, Meng S, Yi Y, Jafarzadeh A, Li S, Neyts EC, Hao Y, Li L, Zhang X, Wang X, Bogaerts A. Plasma-Catalytic Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation over a Supported Cu Cluster Catalyst: Insights into the Reaction Mechanism. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolun Cui
- School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk-Antwerp BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Shengyan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Amin Jafarzadeh
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk-Antwerp BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Shangkun Li
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk-Antwerp BE-2610, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Erik Cornelis Neyts
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk-Antwerp BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Yanpeng Hao
- School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Licheng Li
- School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinkui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk-Antwerp BE-2610, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Saedy S, Newton MA, Zabilskiy M, Lee JH, Krumeich F, Ranocchiari M, van Bokhoven JA. Copper–zinc oxide interface as a methanol-selective structure in Cu–ZnO catalyst during catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00224h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The proper contact of zinc oxide and copper phases is essential achieving high activity/selectivity toward methanol in the Cu–ZnO system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Saedy
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mark A. Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Zabilskiy
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Solsona V, Morales-de la Rosa S, De Luca O, Jansma H, van der Linden B, Rudolf P, Campos-Martín JM, Borges ME, Melián-Cabrera I. Solvent Additive-Induced Deactivation of the Cu-ZnO(Al 2O 3)-Catalyzed γ-Butyrolactone Hydrogenolysis: A Rare Deactivation Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:15999-16010. [PMID: 34949902 PMCID: PMC8689444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work reports initial results on the effect of low concentrations (ppm level) of a stabilizing agent (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, BHT) present in an off-the-shelf solvent on the catalyst performance for the hydrogenolysis of γ-butyrolactone over Cu-ZnO-based catalysts. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was employed as an alternative solvent in the hydrogenolysis of γ-butyrolactone. It was found that the Cu-ZnO catalyst performance using a reference solvent (1,4-dioxane) was good, meaning that the equilibrium conversion was achieved in 240 min, while a zero conversion was found when employing tetrahydrofuran. The deactivation was studied in more detail, arriving at the preliminary conclusion that one phenomenon seems to play a role: the poisoning effect of a solvent additive present at the ppm level (BHT) that appears to inhibit the reaction completely over a Cu-ZnO catalyst. The BHT effect was also visible over a commercial Cu-ZnO-MgO-Al2O3 catalyst but less severe than that over the Cu-ZnO catalyst. Hence, the commercial catalyst is more tolerant to the solvent additive, probably due to the higher surface area. The study illustrates the importance of solvent choice and purification for applications such as three-phase-catalyzed reactions to achieve optimal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Solsona
- DelftChemTech, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Morales-de la Rosa
- Sustainable Energy and Chemistry Group, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Marie Curie, 2 Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oreste De Luca
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie Jansma
- DelftChemTech, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Linden
- DelftChemTech, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - José M Campos-Martín
- Sustainable Energy and Chemistry Group, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Marie Curie, 2 Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Emma Borges
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, University of La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n, P.O. Box 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain.,Applied Photochemistry and Materials for Energy Group, University of La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n, P.O. Box 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melián-Cabrera
- DelftChemTech, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.,Applied Photochemistry and Materials for Energy Group, University of La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n, P.O. Box 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Loh JYY, Safari M, Mao C, Viasus CJ, Eleftheriades GV, Ozin GA, Kherani NP. Near-Perfect Absorbing Copper Metamaterial for Solar Fuel Generation. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9124-9130. [PMID: 34723552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are a new class of artificial materials that can achieve electromagnetic properties that do not occur naturally, and as such they can also be a new class of photocatalytic structures. We show that metal-based catalysts can achieve electromagnetic field amplification and broadband absorption by decoupling optical properties from the material composition as exemplified with a ZnO/Cu metamaterial surface comprising periodically arranged nanocubes. Through refractive index engineering close to the index of air, the metamaterial exhibits near-perfect 98% absorption. The combination of plasmonics and broadband absorption elevates the weak electric field intensities across the nonplasmonic absorption range. This feedback between optical excitation and plasmonic excitation dramatically enhances light-to-dark catalytic rates by up to a factor of 181 times, compared to a 3 times photoenhancement of ZnO/Cu nanoparticles or films, and with angular invariance. These results show that metamaterial catalysts can act as a singular light harvesting device that substantially enhances photocatalysis of important reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Y Y Loh
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Mahdi Safari
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Chengliang Mao
- Department of Chemistry,University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Camilo J Viasus
- Department of Chemistry,University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - George V Eleftheriades
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Ozin
- Department of Chemistry,University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nazir P Kherani
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Melián-Cabrera I. Catalytic Materials: Concepts To Understand the Pathway to Implementation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Melián-Cabrera
- Applied Photochemistry and Materials for Energy Group, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n, PO BOX 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dong Z, Liu W, Zhang L, Wang S, Luo L. Structural Evolution of Cu/ZnO Catalysts during Water-Gas Shift Reaction: An In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41707-41714. [PMID: 34427430 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Supported metal catalysts experience significant structural evolution during the activation process and reaction conditions, which is critical to achieve a desired active surface and interface enabling efficient catalytic processes. However, such dynamic structural information and related mechanistic understandings remain largely elusive owing to the limitation of real-time capturing dynamic information under reaction conditions. Here, using in situ environment transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate the atomic-scale structural evolution of the model Cu/ZnO catalyst under relevant water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) conditions. Under a CO gas environment, Cu nanoparticles decompose into smaller Cu species and redistribute on ZnO supports with either the crystalline Cu2O or amorphous CuOx phase due to a strong CO-Cu interaction. In addition, we visualize various metal-support interactions between Cu and ZnO under reaction conditions, e.g., ZnO clusters precipitating on Cu nanoparticles, which are critical to understand active sites of Cu/ZnO as catalysts for WGSR. These in situ atomic-scale observations highlight the dynamic interplays between Cu and ZnO that can be extended to other supported metal catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zejian Dong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shuangbao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Langli Luo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pandit L, Boubnov A, Behrendt G, Mockenhaupt B, Chowdhury C, Jelic J, Hansen A, Saraçi E, Ras E, Behrens M, Studt F, Grunwaldt J. Unravelling the Zn‐Cu Interaction during Activation of a Zn‐promoted Cu/MgO Model Methanol Catalyst. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Pandit
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Alexey Boubnov
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Gereon Behrendt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Benjamin Mockenhaupt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Chandra Chowdhury
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jelena Jelic
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Anna‐Lena Hansen
- Institute of Applied Materials (IAM) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Erisa Saraçi
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Erik‐Jan Ras
- Avantium Technologies B.V. 1014 BV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Malte Behrens
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen 45141 Essen Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Christian-Albrechts University Kiel 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stangeland K, Chamssine F, Fu W, Huang Z, Duan X, Yu Z. CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over partially embedded Cu within Zn-Al oxide and the effect of indium. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
50
|
Czioska S, Boubnov A, Escalera-López D, Geppert J, Zagalskaya A, Röse P, Saraçi E, Alexandrov V, Krewer U, Cherevko S, Grunwaldt JD. Increased Ir–Ir Interaction in Iridium Oxide during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction at High Potentials Probed by Operando Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Czioska
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry and Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexey Boubnov
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry and Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Escalera-López
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janis Geppert
- Institute for Applied Materials—Electrochemical Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandra Zagalskaya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Philipp Röse
- Institute for Applied Materials—Electrochemical Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erisa Saraçi
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry and Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vitaly Alexandrov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ulrike Krewer
- Institute for Applied Materials—Electrochemical Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry and Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|