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Sun M, Xie Y, Baryshnikov G, Li C, Sha F, Wu X, Ågren H, Li S, Li Q. Mono- and bis-Pd(ii) complexes of N-confused dithiahexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.0) with the absorption and aromaticity modulated by Pd(ii) coordination, macrocycle contraction and ancillary ligands. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2047-2054. [PMID: 38332829 PMCID: PMC10848665 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05473j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
To further enrich the coordination chemistry of hexaphyrins and probe the underlying property-structural correlations, N-confused dithiahexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.0) (1) with 26 π-electron Hückel aromaticity was synthesized. Based on its unprecedented two unsymmetrical cavities, five palladium complexes 2, 3, 4-Ph, 4-Cl and 5 have been successfully synthesized under various coordinations. Thus, two mono-Pd(ii) complexes 2 and 3 with the Pd(ii) atom coordinated in the two different cavities were obtained by treating 1 with palladium reagents PdCl2, and (PPh3)2PdCl2 respectively. On this basis, bis-Pd(ii) complexes 4-Ph and 4-Cl were synthesized by treating 2 and 3 with (PPh3)2PdCl2 and PdCl2, respectively. As a result, both 4-Ph and 4-Cl contain two Pd(ii) atoms coordinated within the two cavities, with one of the Pd(ii) atoms further coordinated to a triphenylphosphine ligand in addition to an anionic ancillary ligand of Ph- and Cl-, respectively. Notably, a further contracted mono-Pd(ii) complex 5 was synthesized by treating 1 with Pd(PPh3)4 by eliminating one of the meso-carbon atoms together with the corresponding C6F5 moiety. These complexes present tunable 26 π aromaticity and NIR absorption up to 1060 nm. This work provides an effective approach for developing distinctive porphyrinoid Pd(ii) complexes from a single porphyrinoid, without resorting to tedious syntheses of a series of porphyrinoid ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Feng Sha
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University SE-751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Shijun Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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2
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Das M, Srinivasan A. Advent and features of pyriporphyrinoids: an overview of a pyridine-based porphyrin analogue. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11780-11790. [PMID: 37705415 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyriporphyrinoids have recently attracted a significant proliferation of attention due to their versatile characters, which stem from structural motifs in which the pyridine moiety is involved. The evolution of pyriporphyrin chemistry revealed the subtle modifications of the macrocyclic core that tweak the electronic structure as compared to the parental macrocycle. The amendment of π-electronic organization inside the core manifests exceptional photophysical and coordination properties that cover a vast range of seemingly contradictory fields. In fundamental chemistry, the pyridine unit acts as a modulator of π-conjugated porphyrinoid systems, resulting in aromaticity swapping. From the applied chemistry perspective, these macrocycles are primarily utilized as (i) sensors, (ii) NIR absorbing photoacoustic dyes, (iii) electrochemical catalysts, (iv) singlet biradicaloid generation and (v) contributors to generate metal complexes with intriguing binding modes. Surprisingly, despite their prominence, pyriporphyrinoids are inadequately investigated, while pyridine unit-embedded calixphyrin, calixpyridinopyrrole and calixpyridine are barely reported. This review article illustrates the controlled formation of specific porphyrinic scaffolds with pyridine unit(s) and diverse functionalized heterocyclic and/or carbocyclic building block(s), and demonstrates a substantial influence on the macrocyclic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - A Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
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3
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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Liang K, Chen H, Wang X, Lu T, Duan Z, Sessler JL, Lei C. Di-2,7-pyrenidecaphyrin(1.1.0.0.0.1.1.0.0.0) and Its Bis-Organopalladium Complexes: Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212770. [PMID: 36401592 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-aromatic expanded carbaporphyrinoid, incorporating two built-in 2,7-pyrenylene moieties was synthesized. The intrinsically labile structure was demonstrated by proton-triggered conformational changes between the figure-of-eight and quasi-Möbius conformers. Upon treatment with Pd(OAc)2 , the reaction produces two bis-PdII complexes with distinct coordination modes. Metal coordination serves to fix the macrocyclic frameworks with the net result that both bis-PdII complexes could be resolved by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a chiral stationary phase. The isolated enantiomers showed persistent chiroptical properties as evidenced by the intense response in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra and the record high absorption dissymmetry factors (gabs of up to 0.038) seen in the near-infrared spectral region. Moreover, the mutual interconversion of these two PdII complexes was found to be stereospecific and to favor the more stable isomers under weakly acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejiang Liang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Duan
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Wu Y, Zhao T, Rong J, Rao Y, Zhou M, Yin B, Ni X, Osuka A, Xu L, Song J. Low-Valent Zirconocene-Mediated Synthesis of Porphyrin(2.1.2.1)s and Its Extension to Synthesis of a Porphyrin(2.1.2.1) Nanobarrel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201327. [PMID: 35245411 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rosenthal's-reagent-mediated intramolecular cyclometallation of α,α-dialkynyldipyrrin nickel(II) complex and subsequent acid treatment afforded a 1,3-butadiene-embedded porphyrin(2.1.2.1), 6, which served as a reactive diene towards dienophiles such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and benzyne to give corresponding Diels-Alder adducts. Diels-Alder reaction of 6 and benzdiyne gave adducts 14, 15 a, and 15 b along with a trace amount of porphyrin(2.1.2.1) barrel 13. Stepwise routes using 14 or 15 a/15 b as a substrate allowed for the synthesis of 13 as a single stereoisomer. The nanobarrel structure for 13 was revealed by X-ray diffraction, where its cavity held two chloroform molecules via C-H⋅⋅⋅π interaction. DFT calculations revealed that the electrostatic attraction was dominant with binding energy of 32.8 kcal mol-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jian Rong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yutao Rao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xinlong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
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6
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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7
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Song J, Wu Y, Zhao T, Zhou M, Rong J, Yin B, Ni X, Osuka A, Xu L, Rao Y. Low‐Valent Zirconocene‐mediated Synthesis of Porphyrin(2.1.2.1)s and Its Extension to Synthesis of a Porphyrin(2.1.2.1) Nanobarrel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Song
- Hunan Normal University Chemistry Yue Lu Qu Lushan Road 36 410081 Changsha CHINA
| | - Yidan Wu
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jian Rong
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
| | - xinlong Ni
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ling Xu
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yutao Rao
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University Chemistry CHINA
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8
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Zhou W, Sarma T, Su Y, Lei C, Sessler JL. Kinetic trapping of a cobalt(ii) metallocage using a carbazole-containing expanded carbaporphyrinoid ligand. Chem Sci 2022; 13:692-697. [PMID: 35173933 PMCID: PMC8768885 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The meso-unsubstituted expanded porphyrinoid 3, incorporating two carbazole moieties, acts as an effective ligand for Co(ii) and permits the isolation and X-ray diffraction-based characterization of a 6 : 3 metal-to-ligand metallocage complex that converts spontaneously to the constituent 2 : 1 metal-to-ligand metalloring species in chloroform solution. The discrete metalloring is formed directly when the Co(ii) complex is crystallized from supersaturated solutions, whereas crystallization from more dilute solutions favors the metallocage. Studies with two other test cations, Pd(ii) and Zn(ii), revealed exclusive formation of the monomeric metalloring complexes with no evidence of higher order species being formed. Structural, electrochemical and UV-vis-NIR absorption spectral studies provide support for the conclusion that the Pd(ii) complex is less distorted and more effectively conjugated than its Co(ii) and Zn(ii) congeners, an inference further supported by TD-DFT calculations. The findings reported here underscore how expanded porphyrins can support coordination modes, including bimetallic complexes and self-assembled cage structures, that are not necessarily easy to access using more traditional ligand systems. Carbazole containing expanded carbaporphyrinoid ligand supports the formation of 2 : 1 metal-to-ligand complexes with Pd, Co, and Zn. Solid-state studies also revealed formation of a 6 : 3 metal-to-ligand metallocage in the case of Co complexation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tridib Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
| | - Yonghuan Su
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
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Das M, Adinarayana B, Srinivasan A. Recent Advances in the Design and Syntheses of Porphyrinoids by Embedding Higher Analogues of Arene and Pyridine Units. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35204-35212. [PMID: 34984253 PMCID: PMC8717398 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to enthralling applications in various fields and augmenting fundamental wisdom, π-conjugated macrocycles in general and porphyrin systems in particular are constantly explored. Subtle modifications of porphyrin structure can amend the rudimentary properties. Pursuing innovative properties provides impetus to underpin arene or pyridine moiety embedded porphyrin derivatives. There have been several reviews related to arene incorporated carbaporphyrinoids; however, recent developments of porphyrin analogues by introducing higher analogues of arenes and pyridine units are not adequately inspected. This mini-review mainly focuses on biphenyl, bipyridine, terphenyl, and mixed arene pyridine embedded porphyrin analogues and their coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - B. Adinarayana
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 7TA, United
Kingdom
| | - A. Srinivasan
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Rawat N, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Structural Properties of NIR-Absorbing Pyridine-Containing Heptaphyrins. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101141. [PMID: 34783449 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four examples of stable nonaromatic pyridine containing heteroheptaphyrins (pyrithiaheptaphyrins) 2-5 were synthesized in 8-13% yields by [5+2] condensation of newly synthesized pyridine-based pentapyrrane 8 and bithiophene diol 9 a-d. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of macrocycle 2 proved that the macrocycle assumes a highly planar structure with two inverted thiophene rings. The heteroheptaphyrins 2-5 are asymmetric and showed a greater number of resonances in 1 H NMR spectra compared to our previously reported symmetric heterohexaphyrin (pyrithiahexaphyrin) 1 c. Most of the macrocyclic core protons in pyrithiahepaphyrins 2-5 experienced upfield/downfield shifts compared to pyrithiahexaphyrin 1 c indicating the alteration of π-conjugation in the macrocycles. The absorption bands were significantly red-shifted and located in the NIR region in macrocycles 2-5 compared to 1 c supporting the increase of π-delocalization. The theoretical studies support the experimental findings and NICS(0) value supports the non-aromaticity of the macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Rawat
- Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Abstract
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A macrocyclic motif
composed of carbazole and pyridine subunits
linked by a carbonyl bridge (C=O) forms a skeleton with a peripheral
reactivity that leads to a pinacol-like coupling activated by BBr3, eventually entrapping a substantially elongated C–C
bond. Slightly modified conditions lead to the efficient transformation
of the C=O unit to a CH2 linker that, after exposure
to air, gives a dimeric molecule with multiple bonds between two macrocyclic
units, as documented in spectroscopy and X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kijewska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Siczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387 Kraków, Poland
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