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Cao X, Yang H, Wu ZL, Li BB. Ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:159. [PMID: 38982066 PMCID: PMC11233744 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound sensors play an important role in biomedical imaging, industrial nondestructive inspection, etc. Traditional ultrasound sensors that use piezoelectric transducers face limitations in sensitivity and spatial resolution when miniaturized, with typical sizes at the millimeter to centimeter scale. To overcome these challenges, optical ultrasound sensors have emerged as a promising alternative, offering both high sensitivity and spatial resolution. In particular, ultrasound sensors utilizing high-quality factor (Q) optical microcavities have achieved unprecedented performance in terms of sensitivity and bandwidth, while also enabling mass production on silicon chips. In this review, we focus on recent advances in ultrasound sensing applications using three types of optical microcavities: Fabry-Perot cavities, π-phase-shifted Bragg gratings, and whispering gallery mode microcavities. We provide an overview of the ultrasound sensing mechanisms employed by these microcavities and discuss the key parameters for optimizing ultrasound sensors. Furthermore, we survey recent advances in ultrasound sensing using these microcavity-based approaches, highlighting their applications in diverse detection scenarios, such as photoacoustic imaging, ranging, and particle detection. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities and their potential for future development in high-performance ultrasound imaging and sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zu-Lei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Qiu G, Zhang X, deMello AJ, Yao M, Cao J, Wang J. On-site airborne pathogen detection for infection risk mitigation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8531-8579. [PMID: 37882143 PMCID: PMC10712221 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Human-infecting pathogens that transmit through the air pose a significant threat to public health. As a prominent instance, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world in an unprecedented manner over the past few years. Despite the dissipating pandemic gloom, the lessons we have learned in dealing with pathogen-laden aerosols should be thoroughly reviewed because the airborne transmission risk may have been grossly underestimated. From a bioanalytical chemistry perspective, on-site airborne pathogen detection can be an effective non-pharmaceutic intervention (NPI) strategy, with on-site airborne pathogen detection and early-stage infection risk evaluation reducing the spread of disease and enabling life-saving decisions to be made. In light of this, we summarize the recent advances in highly efficient pathogen-laden aerosol sampling approaches, bioanalytical sensing technologies, and the prospects for airborne pathogen exposure measurement and evidence-based transmission interventions. We also discuss open challenges facing general bioaerosols detection, such as handling complex aerosol samples, improving sensitivity for airborne pathogen quantification, and establishing a risk assessment system with high spatiotemporal resolution for mitigating airborne transmission risks. This review provides a multidisciplinary outlook for future opportunities to improve the on-site airborne pathogen detection techniques, thereby enhancing the preparedness for more on-site bioaerosols measurement scenarios, such as monitoring high-risk pathogens on airplanes, weaponized pathogen aerosols, influenza variants at the workplace, and pollutant correlated with sick building syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg1, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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3
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Wu Y, Duan B, Li C, Yang D. Multimode sensing based on optical microcavities. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 37889446 PMCID: PMC10611689 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities have the ability to confine photons in small mode volumes for long periods of time, greatly enhancing light-matter interactions, and have become one of the research hotspots in international academia. In recent years, sensing applications in complex environments have inspired the development of multimode optical microcavity sensors. These multimode sensors can be used not only for multi-parameter detection but also to improve measurement precision. In this review, we introduce multimode sensing methods based on optical microcavities and present an overview of the multimode single/multi-parameter optical microcavities sensors. Expected further research activities are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Bing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Changhong Li
- School of Electronic Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Daquan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
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4
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Baker M, Gollier F, Melzer JE, McLeod E. Lensfree Air-Quality Monitoring of Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter Using Vapor-Condensed Nanolenses. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:11166-11174. [PMID: 37744874 PMCID: PMC10516119 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Current commercial air-quality monitoring devices lack a large dynamic range, especially at the small, ultrafine size scale. Furthermore, there is a low density of air-quality monitoring stations, reducing the precision with which local particulate matter hazards can be tracked. Here, we show a low-cost, lensfree, and portable air-quality monitoring device (LPAQD) that can detect and measure micron-sized particles down to 100 nm-sized particles, with the capability to track and measure particles in real time throughout a day and the ability to accurately measure particulate matter densities as low as 3 μg m-3. A vapor-condensed film is deposited onto the coverslip used to collect particles before the LPAQD is deployed at outdoor monitoring sites. The vapor-condensed film increases the scattering cross section of particles smaller than the pixel size, enabling the sub-pixel and sub-diffraction-limit-sized particles to be detected. The high dynamic range, low cost, and portability of this device can enable citizens to monitor their own air quality to hopefully impact user decisions that reduce the risk for particulate matter-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Baker
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Florian Gollier
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Melzer
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Euan McLeod
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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5
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Near single-photon imaging in the shortwave infrared using homodyne detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216678120. [PMID: 36857346 PMCID: PMC10013842 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216678120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-light imaging is challenging in regimes where low-noise detectors are not yet available. One such regime is the shortwave infrared where even the best multipixel detector arrays typically have a noise floor in excess of 100 photons per pixel per frame. We present a homodyne imaging system capable of recovering both intensity and phase images of an object from a single frame despite an illumination intensity of ≈1 photon per pixel. We interfere this weak signal which is below the noise floor of the detector with a reference beam that is ∼300, 000 times brighter, record the resulting interference pattern in the spatial domain on a detector array, and use Fourier techniques to extract the intensity and phase images. We believe our approach could vastly extend the range of applications for low-light imaging by accessing domains where low-noise cameras are not currently available and for which low-intensity illumination is required.
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Zheng Y, Song X, Fredj Z, Bian S, Sawan M. Challenges and perspectives of multi-virus biosensing techniques: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1244:340860. [PMID: 36737150 PMCID: PMC9868144 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the context of globalization, individuals have an increased chance of being infected by multiple viruses simultaneously, thereby highlighting the importance of developing multiplexed devices. In addition to sufficient sensitivity and rapid response, multi-virus sensing techniques are expected to offer additional advantages including high throughput, one-time sampling for parallel analysis, and full automation with data visualization. In this paper, we review the optical, electrochemical, and mechanical platforms that enable multi-virus biosensing. The working mechanisms of each platform, including the detection principle, transducer configuration, bio-interface design, and detected signals, are reviewed. The advantages and limitations, as well as the challenges in implementing various detection strategies in real-life scenarios, were evaluated. Future perspectives on multiplexed biosensing techniques are critically discussed. Earlier access to multi-virus biosensors will efficiently serve for immediate pandemic control, such as in emerging SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Zheng
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Xixi Song
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Zina Fredj
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Sumin Bian
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China.
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China.
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7
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Wang B, Yang D, Chang Z, Zhang R, Dai J, Fang Y. Wearable bioelectronic masks for wireless detection of respiratory infectious diseases by gaseous media. MATTER 2022; 5:4347-4362. [PMID: 36157685 PMCID: PMC9484046 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infectious diseases (H1N1, H5N1, COVID-19, etc.) are pandemics that can continually spread in the air through micro-droplets or aerosols. However, the detection of samples in gaseous media is hampered by the requirement for trace amounts and low concentrations. Here, we develop a wearable bioelectronic mask device integrated with ion-gated transistors. Based on the sensitive gating effect of ion gels, our aptamer-functionalized transistors can measure trace-level liquid samples (0.3 μL) and even gaseous media samples at an ultra-low concentration (0.1 fg/mL). The ion-gated transistor with multi-channel analysis can respond to multiple targets simultaneously within as fast as 10 min, especially without sample pretreatment. Integrating a wireless internet of things system enables the wearable mask to achieve real-time and on-site detection of the surrounding air, providing an alert before infection. The wearable bioelectronic masks hold promise to serve as an early warning system to prevent outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfang Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Deqi Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yin Fang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
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8
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Rong J, Chi H, Jia T, Li J, Xing T, Yue J, Xing E, Sun F, Tang J, Liu J. Large-scale flexible-resonators with temperature insensitivity employing superoleophobic substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40897-40905. [PMID: 36299014 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery mode polymer resonators are becoming competitive with devices made of other materials, however, the inherent thermal sensitivity of the materials and the small size limit their applications, such as high-precision optical gyroscope. Here, a method is proposed for fabricating large-scale NOA65 resonators with quality factors greater than 105 on a chip employing superoleophobic. The sandwich structure as the core layer of resonator is used to present the flexible remodeling characteristics, the surface roughness remains below 1 nm when the diameter changes by more than 25%. Importantly, theoretical and experimental results show that under the tuning action of external pressure, the equivalent thermal expansion coefficient of the resonator gradually approaches the glass sheet on both sides with the variation of 2 × 10-4 /°C∼0.9 × 10-4 /°C, and the corresponding temperature response range of 0.12 nm/°C∼-0.056 nm/°C shows the promise of temperature insensitivity resonators on a chip.
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9
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Meng JW, Tang SJ, Sun J, Shen K, Li C, Gong Q, Xiao YF. Dissipative Acousto-optic Interactions in Optical Microcavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:073901. [PMID: 36018697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.073901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate experimentally the strong dissipative acousto-optic interaction between a suspended vibrating microfiber and a whispering-gallery microcavity. On the one hand, the dissipative response driven by an external stimulus of acoustic waves is found to be stronger than the dispersive response by 2 orders of magnitude. On the other hand, dead points emerge with the zero dissipative response at certain parameters, promising the potentials in physical sensing such as precise measurements of magnetic field and temperature. The strong dissipative acousto-optic interaction is then explored for ultrasensitive detection of broadband acoustic waves. A noise equivalent pressure as low as 0.81 Pa at 140 kHz in air is demonstrated experimentally, insensitive to cavity Q factors and does not rely on mechanical resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Meng
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shui-Jing Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jialve Sun
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
| | - Ke Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changhui Li
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Jayakumar N, Dullo FT, Dubey V, Ahmad A, Ströhl F, Cauzzo J, Guerreiro EM, Snir O, Skalko-Basnet N, Agarwal K, Ahluwalia BS. Multi-moded high-index contrast optical waveguide for super-contrast high-resolution label-free microscopy. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:3421-3436. [PMID: 38144043 PMCID: PMC10741054 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The article elucidates the physical mechanism behind the generation of superior-contrast and high-resolution label-free images using an optical waveguide. Imaging is realized by employing a high index contrast multi-moded waveguide as a partially coherent light source. The modes provide near-field illumination of unlabeled samples, thereby repositioning the higher spatial frequencies of the sample into the far-field. These modes coherently scatter off the sample with different phases and are engineered to have random spatial distributions within the integration time of the camera. This mitigates the coherent speckle noise and enhances the contrast (2-10) × as opposed to other imaging techniques. Besides, the coherent scattering of the different modes gives rise to fluctuations in intensity. The technique demonstrated here is named chip-based Evanescent Light Scattering (cELS). The concepts introduced through this work are described mathematically and the high-contrast image generation process using a multi-moded waveguide as the light source is explained. The article then explores the feasibility of utilizing fluctuations in the captured images along with fluorescence-based techniques, like intensity-fluctuation algorithms, to mitigate poor-contrast and diffraction-limited resolution in the coherent imaging regime. Furthermore, a straight waveguide is demonstrated to have limited angular diversity between its multiple modes and therefore, for isotropic sample illumination, a multiple-arms waveguide geometry is used. The concepts introduced are validated experimentally via high-contrast label-free imaging of weakly scattering nanosized specimens such as extra-cellular vesicles (EVs), liposomes, nanobeads and biological cells such as fixed and live HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Jayakumar
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Firehun T. Dullo
- Department of Microsystems and Nanotechnology, SINTEF Digital, Gaustadalleen 23C, 0373Oslo, Norway
| | - Vishesh Dubey
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Azeem Ahmad
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Florian Ströhl
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Jennifer Cauzzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | | | - Omri Snir
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Natasa Skalko-Basnet
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Krishna Agarwal
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Insitute, 17177Stockholm, Sweden
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Xie RR, Wen P, Zhang H, Jia Y, Cui XQ, Wang M, Li GQ, Qin GQ, Chen F, Long GL. Heterodyne detection of backscattering for whispering-gallery-mode sensors. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3944-3947. [PMID: 35913354 DOI: 10.1364/ol.468937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavities have shown significant applications in nanoparticle sensing for environmental monitoring and biological analysis. However, the enhancement of detection resolution often calls for active cavities or elaborate structural designs, leading to an increase of fabrication complexity and cost. Herein, heterodyne amplification is implemented in WGM microsensors based on backscattering detection mechanism. By interfering with an exotic reference laser, the reflecting light backscattered by perturbation targets can be strongly enlarged, yielding an easy-to-resolve and consequently sensitive microsensor. The dependence of detection laser frequency has also been characterized with the assistance of optothermal dynamics. We show that exploiting heterodyne interferometry boosts the detection of weak signals in microresonator systems and provides a fertile ground for optical microsensor development.
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12
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Boost the sensitivity of optical sensors with interface modes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:777-778. [PMID: 36546228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Recent Progress in Silicon-Based Slow-Light Electro-Optic Modulators. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030400. [PMID: 35334692 PMCID: PMC8950839 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As an important optoelectronic integration platform, silicon photonics has achieved significant progress in recent years, demonstrating the advantages on low power consumption, low cost, and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility. Among the different silicon photonics devices, the silicon electro-optic modulator is a key active component to implement the conversion of electric signal to optical signal. However, conventional silicon Mach–Zehnder modulators and silicon micro-ring modulators both have their own limitations, which will limit their use in future systems. For example, the conventional silicon Mach–Zehnder modulators are hindered by large footprint, while the silicon micro-ring modulators have narrow optical bandwidth and high temperature sensitivity. Therefore, developing a new structure for silicon modulators to improve the performance is a crucial research direction in silicon photonics. Meanwhile, slow-light effect is an important physical phenomenon that can reduce the group velocity of light. Applying slow-light effect on silicon modulators through photonics crystal and waveguide grating structures is an attractive research point, especially in the aspect of reducing the device footprint. In this paper, we review the recent progress of silicon-based slow-light electro-optic modulators towards future communication requirements. Beginning from the principle of slow-light effect, we summarize the research of silicon photonic crystal modulators and silicon waveguide grating modulators in detail. Simultaneously, the experimental results of representative silicon slow-light modulators are compared and analyzed. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and development directions of silicon-based slow-light electro-optic modulators for the practical applications.
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14
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Yu XC, Tang SJ, Liu W, Xu Y, Gong Q, Chen YL, Xiao YF. Single-molecule optofluidic microsensor with interface whispering gallery modes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2108678119. [PMID: 35115398 PMCID: PMC8832994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108678119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free sensors are highly desirable for biological analysis and early-stage disease diagnosis. Optical evanescent sensors have shown extraordinary ability in label-free detection, but their potentials have not been fully exploited because of the weak evanescent field tails at the sensing surfaces. Here, we report an ultrasensitive optofluidic biosensor with interface whispering gallery modes in a microbubble cavity. The interface modes feature both the peak of electromagnetic-field intensity at the sensing surface and high-Q factors even in a small-sized cavity, enabling a detection limit as low as 0.3 pg/cm2 The sample consumption can be pushed down to 10 pL due to the intrinsically integrated microfluidic channel. Furthermore, detection of single DNA with 8 kDa molecular weight is realized by the plasmonic-enhanced interface mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shui-Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yinglun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - You-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong 226010, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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15
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Booth LS, Browne EV, Mauranyapin NP, Madsen LS, Barfoot S, Mark A, Bowen WP. Modelling of the dynamic polarizability of macromolecules for single-molecule optical biosensing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1995. [PMID: 35132077 PMCID: PMC8821610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural dynamics of macromolecules is important for most microbiological processes, from protein folding to the origins of neurodegenerative disorders. Noninvasive measurements of these dynamics are highly challenging. Recently, optical sensors have been shown to allow noninvasive time-resolved measurements of the dynamic polarizability of single-molecules. Here we introduce a method to efficiently predict the dynamic polarizability from the atomic configuration of a given macromolecule. This provides a means to connect the measured dynamic polarizability to the underlying structure of the molecule, and therefore to connect temporal measurements to structural dynamics. To illustrate the methodology we calculate the change in polarizability as a function of time based on conformations extracted from molecular dynamics simulations and using different conformations of motor proteins solved crystalographically. This allows us to quantify the magnitude of the changes in polarizablity due to thermal and functional motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larnii S Booth
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS), School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eloise V Browne
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS), School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicolas P Mauranyapin
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS), School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars S Madsen
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS), School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shelley Barfoot
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alan Mark
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS), School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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16
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Surface Plasmonic Sensors: Sensing Mechanism and Recent Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165262. [PMID: 34450704 PMCID: PMC8401600 DOI: 10.3390/s21165262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmonic sensors have been widely used in biology, chemistry, and environment monitoring. These sensors exhibit extraordinary sensitivity based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, and they have found commercial applications. In this review, we present recent progress in the field of surface plasmonic sensors, mainly in the configurations of planar metastructures and optical-fiber waveguides. In the metastructure platform, the optical sensors based on LSPR, hyperbolic dispersion, Fano resonance, and two-dimensional (2D) materials integration are introduced. The optical-fiber sensors integrated with LSPR/SPR structures and 2D materials are summarized. We also introduce the recent advances in quantum plasmonic sensing beyond the classical shot noise limit. The challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed.
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