1
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Narayan KB, Baeyens L, James HP, Swain A, Baumgart T. Fluorescence imaging of lamellipodin-mediated biomolecular condensates on solid supported lipid bilayer membranes. Methods Enzymol 2024; 700:33-48. [PMID: 38971606 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates play a major role in numerous cellular processes, including several that occur on the surface of lipid bilayer membranes. There is increasing evidence that cellular membrane trafficking phenomena, including the internalization of the plasma membrane through endocytosis, are mediated by multivalent protein-protein interactions that can lead to phase separation. We have recently found that proteins involved in the clathrin-independent endocytic pathway named Fast Endophilin Mediated Endocytosis can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in solution and on lipid bilayer membranes. Here, the protein solution concentrations required for phase separation to be observed are significantly smaller compared to those required for phase separation in solution. LLPS is challenging to systematically characterize in cellular systems in general, and on biological membranes in particular. Model membrane approaches are more suitable for this purpose as they allow for precise control over the nature and amount of the components present in a mixture. Here we describe a method that enables the imaging of LLPS domain formation on solid supported lipid bilayers. These allow for facile imaging, provide long-term stability, and avoid clustering of vesicles and vesicle-attached features (such as buds and tethers) in the presence of multi-valent membrane interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik B Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura Baeyens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Honey Priya James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aparna Swain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
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2
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Gnyliukh N, Johnson A, Nagel MK, Monzer A, Babić D, Hlavata A, Alotaibi SS, Isono E, Loose M, Friml J. Role of the dynamin-related protein 2 family and SH3P2 in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261720. [PMID: 38506228 PMCID: PMC11112126 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is vital for the regulation of plant growth and development through controlling plasma membrane protein composition and cargo uptake. CME relies on the precise recruitment of regulators for vesicle maturation and release. Homologues of components of mammalian vesicle scission are strong candidates to be part of the scission machinery in plants, but the precise roles of these proteins in this process are not fully understood. Here, we characterised the roles of the plant dynamin-related protein 2 (DRP2) family (hereafter DRP2s) and SH3-domain containing protein 2 (SH3P2), the plant homologue to recruiters of dynamins, such as endophilin and amphiphysin, in CME by combining high-resolution imaging of endocytic events in vivo and characterisation of the purified proteins in vitro. Although DRP2s and SH3P2 arrive similarly late during CME and physically interact, genetic analysis of the sh3p123 triple mutant and complementation assays with non-SH3P2-interacting DRP2 variants suggest that SH3P2 does not directly recruit DRP2s to the site of endocytosis. These observations imply that, despite the presence of many well-conserved endocytic components, plants have acquired a distinct mechanism for CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Gnyliukh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Division of Anatomy, Centre for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Aline Monzer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - David Babić
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Annamaria Hlavata
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Loose
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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3
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Woodard TK, Rioux DJ, Prosser DC. Actin- and microtubule-based motors contribute to clathrin-independent endocytosis in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar117. [PMID: 37647159 PMCID: PMC10846617 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells utilize clathrin-mediated endocytosis as well as multiple clathrin-independent pathways to internalize proteins and membranes. Although clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been studied extensively and many machinery proteins have been identified, clathrin-independent pathways remain poorly characterized by comparison. We previously identified the first known yeast clathrin-independent endocytic pathway, which relies on the actin-modulating GTPase Rho1, the formin Bni1 and unbranched actin filaments, but does not require the clathrin coat or core clathrin machinery proteins. In this study, we sought to better understand clathrin-independent endocytosis in yeast by exploring the role of myosins as actin-based motors, because actin is required for endocytosis in yeast. We find that Myo2, which transports secretory vesicles, organelles and microtubules along actin cables to sites of polarized growth, participates in clathrin-independent endocytosis. Unexpectedly, the ability of Myo2 to transport microtubule plus ends to the cell cortex appears to be required for its role in clathrin-independent endocytosis. In addition, dynein, dynactin, and proteins involved in cortical microtubule capture are also required. Thus, our results suggest that interplay between actin and microtubules contributes to clathrin-independent internalization in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Rioux
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Derek C. Prosser
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
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4
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Richards CJ, Burgers TCQ, Vlijm R, Roos WH, Åberg C. Rapid Internalization of Nanoparticles by Human Cells at the Single Particle Level. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16517-16529. [PMID: 37642490 PMCID: PMC10510712 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle uptake by cells has been studied for applications both in nanomedicine and in nanosafety. While the majority of studies have focused on the biological mechanisms underlying particle internalization, less attention has been given to questions of a more quantitative nature, such as how many nanoparticles enter cells and how rapidly they do so. To address this, we exposed human embryonic kidney cells to 40-200 nm carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles and the particles were observed by live-cell confocal and super-resolution stimulated emission depletion fluorescence microscopy. How long a particle remained at the cell membrane after adsorbing onto it was monitored, distinguishing whether the particle ultimately desorbed again or was internalized by the cell. We found that the majority of particles desorb, but interestingly, most of the particles that are internalized do so within seconds, independently of particle size. As this is faster than typical endocytic mechanisms, we interpret this observation as the particles entering via an endocytic event that is already taking place (as opposed to directly triggering their own uptake) or possibly via an as yet uncharacterized endocytic route. Aside from the rapidly internalizing particles, a minority of particles remain at the membrane for tens of seconds to minutes before desorbing or being internalized. We also followed particles after cell internalization, observing particles that appeared to exit the cell, sometimes as rapidly as within tens of seconds. Overall, our results provide quantitative information about nanoparticle cell internalization times and early trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri J. Richards
- Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C. Q. Burgers
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Roos
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoffer Åberg
- Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Samim Khan S, Janrao S, Srivastava S, Bala Singh S, Vora L, Kumar Khatri D. GSK-3β: An exuberating neuroinflammatory mediator in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115496. [PMID: 36907495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical degradative condition affecting neurons in the brain. Progressive neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD) have been strongly linked to neuroinflammation. The trigger point for inflammatory conditions in the cells and body is the physiological immune system. The immune response mediated by glial cells and astrocytes can rectify the physiological alterations occurring in the cell for the time being but prolonged activation leads to pathological progression. The proteins mediating such an inflammatory response, as per the available literature, are undoubtedly GSK-3β, NLRP3, TNF, PPARγ, and NF-κB, along with a few other mediatory proteins. NLRP3 inflammasome is undeniably a principal instigator of the neuroinflammatory response, but the regulatory pathways controlling its activation are still unclear, besides less clarity for the interplay between different inflammatory proteins. Recent reports have suggested the involvement of GSK-3β in regulating NLRP3 activation, but the exact mechanistic pathway remains vague. In the current review, we attempt to provide an elaborate description of crosstalk between inflammatory markers and GSK-3β mediated neuroinflammation progression, linking it to regulatory transcription factors and posttranslational modification of proteins. The recent clinical therapeutic advances targeting these proteins are also discussed in parallel to provide a comprehensive view of the progress made in PD management and lacunas still existing in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiya Samim Khan
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Sushmita Janrao
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Lalitkumar Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
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6
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Kontaxi C, Ivanova D, Davenport EC, Kind PC, Cousin MA. Epilepsy-Related CDKL5 Deficiency Slows Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Central Nerve Terminals. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2002-2020. [PMID: 36759195 PMCID: PMC10027047 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1537-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency disorder (CDD) is a severe early-onset epileptic encephalopathy resulting mainly from de novo mutations in the X-linked CDKL5 gene. To determine whether loss of presynaptic CDKL5 function contributes to CDD, we examined synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling in primary hippocampal neurons generated from Cdkl5 knockout rat males. Using a genetically encoded reporter, we revealed that CDKL5 is selectively required for efficient SV endocytosis. We showed that CDKL5 kinase activity is both necessary and sufficient for optimal SV endocytosis, since kinase-inactive mutations failed to correct endocytosis in Cdkl5 knockout neurons, whereas the isolated CDKL5 kinase domain fully restored SV endocytosis kinetics. Finally, we demonstrated that CDKL5-mediated phosphorylation of amphiphysin 1, a putative presynaptic target, is not required for CDKL5-dependent control of SV endocytosis. Overall, our findings reveal a key presynaptic role for CDKL5 kinase activity and enhance our insight into how its dysfunction may culminate in CDD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Loss of cyclin-dependent kinase like 5 (CDKL5) function is a leading cause of monogenic childhood epileptic encephalopathy. However, information regarding its biological role is scarce. In this study, we reveal a selective presynaptic role for CDKL5 in synaptic vesicle endocytosis and that its protein kinase activity is both necessary and sufficient for this role. The isolated protein kinase domain is sufficient to correct this loss of function, which may facilitate future gene therapy strategies if presynaptic dysfunction is proven to be central to the disorder. It also reveals that a CDKL5-specific substrate is located at the presynapse, the phosphorylation of which is required for optimal SV endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Kontaxi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Ivanova
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C Davenport
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
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7
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A review on cyclin-dependent kinase 5: An emerging drug target for neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123259. [PMID: 36641018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is the serine/threonine-directed kinase mainly found in the brain and plays a significant role in developing the central nervous system. Recent evidence suggests that CDK5 is activated by specific cyclins regulating its expression and activity. P35 and p39 activate CDK5, and their proteolytic degradation produces p25 and p29, which are stable products involved in the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, a significant hallmark of various neurological diseases. Numerous high-affinity inhibitors of CDK5 have been designed, and some are marketed drugs. Roscovitine, like other drugs, is being used to minimize neurological symptoms. Here, we performed an extensive literature analysis to highlight the role of CDK5 in neurons, synaptic plasticity, DNA damage repair, cell cycle, etc. We have investigated the structural features of CDK5, and their binding mode with the designed inhibitors is discussed in detail to develop attractive strategies in the therapeutic targeting of CDK5 for neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides deeper mechanistic insights into the therapeutic potential of CDK5 inhibitors and their implications in the clinical management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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8
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Redpath GMI, Ananthanarayanan V. Endosomal sorting sorted - motors, adaptors and lessons from in vitro and cellular studies. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:292583. [PMID: 36861885 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins are key players in exerting spatiotemporal control over the intracellular location of membrane-bound compartments, including endosomes containing cargo. In this Review, we focus on how motors and their cargo adaptors regulate positioning of cargoes from the earliest stages of endocytosis and through the two main intracellular itineraries: (1) degradation at the lysosome or (2) recycling back to the plasma membrane. In vitro and cellular (in vivo) studies on cargo transport thus far have typically focussed independently on either the motor proteins and adaptors, or membrane trafficking. Here, we will discuss recent studies to highlight what is known about the regulation of endosomal vesicle positioning and transport by motors and cargo adaptors. We also emphasise that in vitro and cellular studies are often performed at different scales, from single molecules to whole organelles, with the aim to provide a perspective on the unified principles of motor-driven cargo trafficking in living cells that can be learned from these differing scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M I Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Vaishnavi Ananthanarayanan
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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9
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c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Is Required for BDNF-Induced Dendritic Branching and Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031944. [PMID: 36768268 PMCID: PMC9916151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces activation of the TrkB receptor and several downstream pathways (MAPK, PI3K, PLC-γ), leading to neuronal survival, growth, and plasticity. It has been well established that TrkB signaling regulation is required for neurite formation and dendritic arborization, but the specific mechanism is not fully understood. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is a possible candidate regulator of this process, as it has been implicated in tyrosine kinase receptors' signaling and trafficking, as well as regulation of neuronal morphogenesis. To assess the role of c-Abl in BDNF-induced dendritic arborization, wild-type and c-Abl-KO neurons were stimulated with BDNF, and diverse strategies were employed to probe the function of c-Abl, including the use of pharmacological inhibitors, an allosteric c-Abl activator, and shRNA to downregulates c-Abl expression. Surprisingly, BDNF promoted c-Abl activation and interaction with TrkB receptors. Furthermore, pharmacological c-Abl inhibition and genetic ablation abolished BDNF-induced dendritic arborization and increased the availability of TrkB in the cell membrane. Interestingly, inhibition or genetic ablation of c-Abl had no effect on the classic TrkB downstream pathways. Together, our results suggest that BDNF/TrkB-dependent c-Abl activation is a novel and essential mechanism in TrkB signaling.
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10
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Hughes KA, Misra B, Maghareh M, Bobbala S. Use of stimulatory responsive soft nanoparticles for intracellular drug delivery. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:6974-6990. [PMID: 36685637 PMCID: PMC9840428 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-5267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery has made tremendous advances in the last decade. Targeted therapies are increasingly common, with intracellular delivery highly impactful and sought after. Intracellular drug delivery systems have limitations due to imprecise and non-targeted release profiles. One way this can be addressed is through using stimuli-responsive soft nanoparticles, which contain materials with an organic backbone such as lipids and polymers. The choice of biomaterial is essential for soft nanoparticles to be responsive to internal or external stimuli. The nanoparticle must retain its integrity and payload in non-targeted physiological conditions while responding to particular intracellular environments where payload release is desired. Multiple internal and external factors could stimulate the intracellular release of drugs from nanoparticles. Internal stimuli include pH, oxidation, and enzymes, while external stimuli include ultrasound, light, electricity, and magnetic fields. Stimulatory responsive soft nanoparticulate systems specifically utilized to modulate intracellular delivery of drugs are explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A. Hughes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Bishal Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Maryam Maghareh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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11
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Ohnishi Y, Tsuji D, Itoh K. Oxidative Stress Impairs Autophagy <i>via</i> Inhibition of Lysosomal Transport of VAMP8. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1609-1615. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiya Ohnishi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
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12
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Cong VT, Houng JL, Kavallaris M, Chen X, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. How can we use the endocytosis pathways to design nanoparticle drug-delivery vehicles to target cancer cells over healthy cells? Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7531-7559. [PMID: 35938511 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery in cancer typically focuses on maximising the endocytosis of drugs into the diseased cells. However, there has been less focus on exploiting the differences in the endocytosis pathways of cancer cells versus non-cancer cells. An understanding of the endocytosis pathways in both cancer and non-cancer cells allows for the design of nanoparticles to deliver drugs to cancer cells whilst restricting healthy cells from taking up anticancer drugs, thus efficiently killing the cancer cells. Herein we compare the differences in the endocytosis pathways of cancer and healthy cells. Second, we highlight the importance of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (size, shape, stiffness, and surface chemistry) on cellular uptake and how they can be adjusted to selectively target the dominated endocytosis pathway of cancer cells over healthy cells and to deliver anticancer drug to the target cells. The review generates new thought in the design of cancer-selective nanoparticles based on the endocytosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thanh Cong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jacinta L Houng
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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13
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Multivalent interactions between molecular components involved in fast endophilin mediated endocytosis drive protein phase separation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5017. [PMID: 36028485 PMCID: PMC9418313 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific group of transmembrane receptors, including the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR), is internalized through a non-clathrin pathway known as Fast Endophilin Mediated Endocytosis (FEME). A key question is: how does the endocytic machinery assemble and how is it modulated by activated receptors during FEME. Here we show that endophilin, a major regulator of FEME, undergoes a phase transition into liquid-like condensates, which facilitates the formation of multi-protein assemblies by enabling the phase partitioning of endophilin binding proteins. The phase transition can be triggered by specific multivalent binding partners of endophilin in the FEME pathway such as the third intracellular loop (TIL) of the β1-AR, and the C-terminal domain of lamellipodin (LPD). Other endocytic accessory proteins can either partition into, or target interfacial regions of, these condensate droplets, and LPD also phase separates with the actin polymerase VASP. On the membrane, TIL promotes protein clustering in the presence of endophilin and LPD C-terminal domain. Our results demonstrate how the multivalent interactions between endophilin, LPD, and TIL regulate protein assembly formation on the membrane, providing mechanistic insights into the priming and initiation steps of FEME. Here the authors show that protein phase separation is a key mechanism in cellular receptor internalization via fast endophilin mediated endocytosis (FEME). Phase separation facilitates multivalent FEME-protein assembly in this clathrin-independent pathway.
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14
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Tyckaert F, Zanin N, Morsomme P, Renard HF. Rac1, actin cytoskeleton and microtubules are key players in clathrin-independent endophilin-A3-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276016. [PMID: 35703091 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic mechanisms actively regulate plasma membrane composition and sustain fundamental cellular functions. Recently, we identified a clathrin-independent endocytic (CIE) modality mediated by the BAR domain protein endophilin-A3 (endoA3), which controls the cell surface homeostasis of the tumor marker CD166/ALCAM. Deciphering the molecular machinery of endoA3-dependent CIE should therefore contribute to a better understanding of its pathophysiological role, which remains so far unknown. Here, we investigate the role in this mechanism of actin, Rho GTPases and microtubules, which are major actors of CIE processes. We show that the actin cytoskeleton is dynamically associated with endoA3- and CD166-positive endocytic carriers and that its perturbation strongly inhibits the uptake process of CD166. We also reveal that the Rho GTPase Rac1, but not Cdc42, is a master regulator of this endocytic route. Finally, we provide evidence that microtubules and kinesin molecular motors are required to potentiate endoA3-dependent endocytosis. Of note, our study also highlights potential compensation phenomena between endoA3-dependent CIE and macropinocytosis. Altogether, our data deepen our understanding of this CIE modality and further differentiate it from other unconventional endocytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Tyckaert
- UCLouvain, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Group of Molecular Physiology, Croix du Sud 4-5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,UNamur, NARILIS, Unité de recherche en biologie cellulaire animale (URBC), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Natacha Zanin
- UNamur, NARILIS, Unité de recherche en biologie cellulaire animale (URBC), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Pierre Morsomme
- UCLouvain, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Group of Molecular Physiology, Croix du Sud 4-5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Henri-François Renard
- UNamur, NARILIS, Unité de recherche en biologie cellulaire animale (URBC), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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15
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Tagliatti E, Cortese K. Imaging Endocytosis Dynamics in Health and Disease. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040393. [PMID: 35448364 PMCID: PMC9028293 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a critical process for cell growth and viability. It mediates nutrient uptake, guarantees plasma membrane homeostasis, and generates intracellular signaling cascades. Moreover, it plays an important role in dead cell clearance and defense against external microbes. Finally, endocytosis is an important cellular route for the delivery of nanomedicines for therapeutic treatments. Thus, it is not surprising that both environmental and genetic perturbation of endocytosis have been associated with several human conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders, and virus infections, among others. Over the last decades, a lot of research has been focused on developing advanced imaging methods to monitor endocytosis events with high resolution in living cells and tissues. These include fluorescence imaging, electron microscopy, and correlative and super-resolution microscopy. In this review, we outline the major endocytic pathways and briefly discuss how defects in the molecular machinery of these pathways lead to disease. We then discuss the current imaging methodologies used to study endocytosis in different contexts, highlighting strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tagliatti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milano, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Katia Cortese
- Cellular Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Human Anatomy, Università di Genova, Via Antonio de Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (K.C.)
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16
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Schiano Lomoriello I, Sigismund S, Day KJ. Biophysics of endocytic vesicle formation: A focus on liquid–liquid phase separation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 75:102068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Kenworthy AK, Schmieder SS, Raghunathan K, Tiwari A, Wang T, Kelly CV, Lencer WI. Cholera Toxin as a Probe for Membrane Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:543. [PMID: 34437414 PMCID: PMC8402489 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) has emerged as one of the most widely utilized tools in membrane biology and biophysics. CTxB is a homopentameric stable protein that binds tightly to up to five GM1 glycosphingolipids. This provides a robust and tractable model for exploring membrane structure and its dynamics including vesicular trafficking and nanodomain assembly. Here, we review important advances in these fields enabled by use of CTxB and its lipid receptor GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Kenworthy
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Stefanie S. Schmieder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Christopher V. Kelly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Landin Malt A, Clancy S, Hwang D, Liu A, Smith C, Smith M, Hatley M, Clemens C, Lu X. Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Regulates Cochlear Outgrowth and Planar Cell Polarity via Gsk3β Inhibition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649830. [PMID: 33937247 PMCID: PMC8086559 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, sensory hair cells (HCs) in the cochlea assemble a stereociliary hair bundle on their apical surface with planar polarized structure and orientation. We have recently identified a non-canonical, Wnt/G-protein/PI3K signaling pathway that promotes cochlear outgrowth and coordinates planar polarization of the HC apical cytoskeleton and alignment of HC orientation across the cochlear epithelium. Here, we determined the involvement of the kinase Gsk3β and the small GTPase Rac1 in non-canonical Wnt signaling and its regulation of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway in the cochlea. We provided the first in vivo evidence for Wnt regulation of Gsk3β activity via inhibitory Ser9 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we carried out genetic rescue experiments of cochlear defects caused by blocking Wnt secretion. We showed that cochlear outgrowth was partially rescued by genetic ablation of Gsk3β but not by expression of stabilized β-catenin; while PCP defects, including hair bundle polarity and junctional localization of the core PCP proteins Fzd6 and Dvl2, were partially rescued by either Gsk3β ablation or constitutive activation of Rac1. Our results identify Gsk3β and likely Rac1 as downstream components of non-canonical Wnt signaling and mediators of cochlear outgrowth, HC planar polarity, and localization of a subset of core PCP proteins in the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Landin Malt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Shaylyn Clancy
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Diane Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alice Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Connor Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Margaret Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Maya Hatley
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Christopher Clemens
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Xiaowei Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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19
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Renard HF, Boucrot E. Unconventional endocytic mechanisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:120-129. [PMID: 33862329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis mediates the uptake of extracellular proteins, micronutrients and transmembrane cell surface proteins. Importantly, many viruses, toxins and bacteria hijack endocytosis to infect cells. The canonical pathway is clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and is active in all eukaryotic cells to support critical house-keeping functions. Unconventional mechanisms of endocytosis exit in parallel of CME, to internalize specific cargoes and support various cellular functions. These clathrin-independent endocytic (CIE) routes use three distinct mechanisms: acute signaling-induced membrane remodeling drives macropinocytosis, activity-dependent bulk endocytosis (ADBE), massive endocytosis (MEND) and EGFR non-clathrin endocytosis (EGFR-NCE). Cargo capture and local membrane deformation by cytosolic proteins is used by fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis (FEME), IL-2Rβ endocytosis and ultrafast endocytosis at synapses. Finally, the formation of endocytic pits by clustering of extracellular lipids or cargoes according to the Glycolipid-Lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis mediates the uptake of SV40 virus, Shiga and cholera toxins, and galectin-clustered receptors by the CLIC/GEEC and the endophilin-A3-mediated CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri-François Renard
- Biochemistry and Cellular Biology Research Unit (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-50000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Emmanuel Boucrot
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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