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Du Q, Li B, Ma M, Yao B, Fang X. Estimate Gaps of Montreal Protocol-Regulated Potent Greenhouse Gas HFC-152a Emissions in China Have Been Explained. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5750-5759. [PMID: 38506744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
1,1-Difluoroethane (HFC-152a) is a hydrofluorocarbon regulated by the Montreal Protocol, and its emissions in China are of concern as China will regulate HFC-152a in 2024. However, no observation-inferred top-down estimates were undertaken after 2017, and substantial gaps existed among previous estimates of China's HFC-152a emissions. Using the atmospheric observations and inverse modeling, this study reveals China's HFC-152a emissions of 9.4 ± 1.7 Gg/yr (gigagrams per year), 10.6 ± 1.8 Gg/yr, and 9.7 ± 1.5 Gg/yr in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. In addition, we display an overall increasing trend during 2011-2020, which is in contrast to the decreasing and steady trend reported by the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) and the Chinese government, respectively. Subsequently, we establish a comprehensive bottom-up emission inventory matching with top-down estimates and thus succeed in explaining the gaps among previous estimates. Furthermore, the contribution of China's emissions to global HFC-152a emission growth increased from 15% during 2001-2010 to >100% during 2011-2020. An emission projection based on our improved inventory shows that the Kigali Amendment (KA) would assist in avoiding 1535.6-4710.6 Gg (251.8-772.5 Tg CO2-eq) HFC-152a emissions during 2024-2100. Our findings indicate relatively accurate China's HFC-152a emissions and provide scientific support for addressing climate change and implementing the KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianna Du
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Ma
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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Sun Y, Yao B, Hu X, Yang Y, Li B, Ma M, Chi W, Du Q, Hu J, Fang X. Inverse Modeling Revealed Reversed Trends in HCFC-141b Emissions for China during 2018-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19557-19564. [PMID: 37978918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Having the highest ozone-depleting potential among hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), the production and consumption of HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, CH3CCl2F) are controlled by the Montreal Protocol. A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions was found during 2017-2020; however, the latest changes in emissions across China are unclear for this period. This study used the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model and the Bayesian framework to quantify HCFC-141b emissions based on atmospheric measurements from more sites across China than those used in previous studies. Results show that the estimated HCFC-141b emissions during 2018-2020 were on average 19.4 (17.3-21.6) Gg year-1, which was 3.9 (0.9-7.0) Gg year-1 higher than those in 2017 (15.5 [13.4-17.6] Gg year-1), showing a renewed rise. The proportion of global emissions that could not be exactly traced in 2020 was reduced from about 70% reported in previous studies to 46% herein. This study reconciled the global emission rise of 3.0 ± 1.2 Gg year-1 (emissions in 2020 - emissions in 2017): China's HCFC-141b emissions changed by 4.3 ± 4.5 Gg year-1, and the combined emissions from North Korea, South Korea, western Japan, Australia, northwestern Europe, and the United States changed by -2.2 ± 2.6 Gg year-1, while those from other countries/regions changed by 0.9 ± 5.3 Gg year-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Sun
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Ma
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Chi
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qianna Du
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Simmer RA, Jansen EJ, Patterson KJ, Schnoor JL. Climate Change and the Sea: A Major Disruption in Steady State and the Master Variables. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2023; 3:195-208. [PMID: 37483305 PMCID: PMC10360203 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have burned enormous quantities of coal, oil, and natural gas, rivaling nature's elemental cycles of C, N, and S. The result has been a disruption in a steady state of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a warming of the planet, and changes in master variables (temperature, pH, and pε) of the sea affecting critical physical, chemical, and biological reactions. Humans have also produced copious quantities of N and P fertilizers producing widespread coastal hypoxia and low dissolved oxygen conditions, which now threaten even the open ocean. Consequently, our massive alteration of state variables diminishes coral reefs, fisheries, and marine ecosystems, which are the foundation of life on Earth. We point to a myriad of actions and alternatives which will help to stem the tide of climate change and its effects on the sea while, at the same time, creating a more sustainable future for humans and ecosystems alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid A. Simmer
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Emily J. Jansen
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kyle J. Patterson
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Shah K, Solomon S, Kinnison D, Fu Q, Thompson DWJ. Phase Unlocking and the Modulation of Tropopause-Level Trace Gas Advection by the Quasibiennial Oscillation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036142. [PMID: 36590058 PMCID: PMC9788321 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Open questions about the modulation of near-surface trace gas variability by stratosphere-troposphere tracer transport complicate efforts to identify anthropogenic sources of gases such as CFC-11 and N2O and disentangle them from dynamical influences. In this study, we explore one model's modulation of lower stratospheric tracer advection by the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of stratospheric equatorial zonal-mean zonal winds at 50 hPa. We assess instances of coherent modulation versus disruption through phase unlocking with the seasonal cycle in the model and in observations. We quantify modeled advective contributions to the temporal rate of change of stratospheric CFC-11 and N2O at extratropical and high-latitudes by calculating a transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) budget across isentropic surfaces from a 10-member WACCM4 ensemble simulation. We find that positive interannual variability in seasonal tracer advection generally occurs in the easterly QBO phase, as in previous work, and briefly discuss physical mechanisms. Individual simulations of the 10-member ensemble display phase-unlocking disruptions from this general pattern due to seasonally varying synchronizations between the model's repeating 28-month QBO cycle and the 12-month seasonal cycle. We find that phase locking and unlocking patterns of tracer advection calculations inferred from observations fall within the envelope of the ensemble member results. Our study bolsters evidence for variability in the interannual stratospheric dynamical influence of CFC-11 near-surface concentrations by assessing the QBO modulation of lower stratospheric advection via synchronization with the annual cycle. It identifies a likely cause of variations in the QBO influence on tropospheric abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Shah
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Susan Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Douglas Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and ModelingNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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Li B, Lu F, Gu X, Shao K, Wu E, Qian G. Immobilization of Lewis Basic Nitrogen Sites into a Chemically Stable Metal-Organic Framework for Benchmark Water-Sorption-Driven Heat Allocations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105556. [PMID: 35146963 PMCID: PMC9009103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and stable water adsorbents for adsorption-driven heat transfer technology still remains a challenge due to the lack of efficient strategies to enhance low-pressure water uptakes. The authors herein demonstrate that the immobilization of Lewis basic nitrogen sites into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can improve water uptake and target benchmark coefficient of performances (COPs) for cooling and heating. They present the water sorption properties of a chemically stable MOF (termed as Zr-adip), designed by incorporating hydrophilic nitrogen sites into the adsorbent MIP-200. Zr-adip exhibits S-shaped sorption isotherms with an extremely high water uptake of 0.43 g g-1 at 303 K and P/P0 = 0.25, higher than MIP-200 (0.39 g g-1 ), KMF-1 (0.39 g g-1 ) and MOF-303 (0.38 g g-1 ). Theoretical calculations reveal that the incorporated N sites can serve as secondary adsorption sites to moderately interact with water, providing more binding sites to strengthen the water binding affinity. Zr-adip achieves exceptionally high COPs of 0.79 (cooling) and 1.75 (heating) with a low driving temperature of 70 °C, outperforming MIP-200 (0.78 and 1.53) and KMF-1 (0.75 and 1.74). Combined with its ultrahigh stability, excellent cycling performance, and easy regeneration, Zr-adip represents one of the best water adsorbents for adsorption-driven cooling and heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Feng‐Fan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xiao‐Wen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Kai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Enyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Guodong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
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