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Li X, Zhu H, Gu B, Yao C, Gu Y, Xu W, Zhang J, He J, Liu X, Li D. Advancing Intelligent Organ-on-a-Chip Systems with Comprehensive In Situ Bioanalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305268. [PMID: 37688520 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models are essential to a broad range of biomedical research, such as pathological studies, drug development, and personalized medicine. As a potentially transformative paradigm for 3D in vitro models, organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology has been extensively developed to recapitulate sophisticated architectures and dynamic microenvironments of human organs by applying the principles of life sciences and leveraging micro- and nanoscale engineering capabilities. A pivotal function of OOC devices is to support multifaceted and timely characterization of cultured cells and their microenvironments. However, in-depth analysis of OOC models typically requires biomedical assay procedures that are labor-intensive and interruptive. Herein, the latest advances toward intelligent OOC (iOOC) systems, where sensors integrated with OOC devices continuously report cellular and microenvironmental information for comprehensive in situ bioanalysis, are examined. It is proposed that the multimodal data in iOOC systems can support closed-loop control of the in vitro models and offer holistic biomedical insights for diverse applications. Essential techniques for establishing iOOC systems are surveyed, encompassing in situ sensing, data processing, and dynamic modulation. Eventually, the future development of iOOC systems featuring cross-disciplinary strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bingsong Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Cong Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuyang Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Wangkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Wang C, Mi J, Lu H, Shi S, Zhao J, Li D, Zhang J, Zheng J, Zhao J. Guided wave resonance-based digital holographic microscopy for high-sensitivity monitoring of the refractive index. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1453-1456. [PMID: 38489423 DOI: 10.1364/ol.510562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance holographic microscopy (SPRHM) has been employed to measure the refractive index but whose performance is generally limited by the metallic intrinsic loss. Herein we first, to our knowledge, utilize guided wave resonance (GWR) with low loss to realize the monitoring of the refractive index by integrating with digital holographic microscopy (DHM). By depositing a dielectric layer on a silver film, we observe a typical GWR in the dielectric layer with stronger field enhancement and higher sensitivity to the surrounding refractive index compared to the silver film-supported SPR, which agrees well with calculations. The innovative combination of the GWR and DHM contributes to the highly sensitive dynamic monitoring of the surrounding refractive index variation. Through the measurement with DHM, we found that the GWR presents an excellent sensitivity, which is 2.6 times higher than that of the SPR on the silver film. The results will pave a new pathway for digital holographic interferometry and its applications in environmental and biological detections.
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Zhou X, Chieng A, Wang S. Label-Free Optical Imaging of Nanoscale Single Entities. ACS Sens 2024; 9:543-554. [PMID: 38346398 PMCID: PMC10990724 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of optical microscopy technologies has achieved imaging of nanoscale objects, including nanomaterials, virions, organelles, and biological molecules, at the single entity level. Recently developed plasmonic and scattering based optical microscopy technologies have enabled label-free imaging of single entities with high spatial and temporal resolutions. These label-free methods eliminate the complexity of sample labeling and minimize the perturbation of the analyte native state. Additionally, these imaging-based methods can noninvasively probe the dynamics and functions of single entities with sufficient throughput for heterogeneity analysis. This perspective will review label-free single entity imaging technologies and discuss their principles, applications, and key challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhou
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Andy Chieng
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Chieng A, Wan Z, Wang S. Recent Advances in Real-Time Label-Free Detection of Small Molecules. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:80. [PMID: 38391999 PMCID: PMC10886562 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The detection and analysis of small molecules, typically defined as molecules under 1000 Da, is of growing interest ranging from the development of small-molecule drugs and inhibitors to the sensing of toxins and biomarkers. However, due to challenges such as their small size and low mass, many biosensing technologies struggle to have the sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of small molecules. Notably, their small size limits the usage of labeled techniques that can change the properties of small-molecule analytes. Furthermore, the capability of real-time detection is highly desired for small-molecule biosensors' application in diagnostics or screening. This review highlights recent advances in label-free real-time biosensing technologies utilizing different types of transducers to meet the growing demand for small-molecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Chieng
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (A.C.); (Z.W.)
- School of Molecular Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Zijian Wan
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (A.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (A.C.); (Z.W.)
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Kolay J, Zhang P, Zhou X, Wan Z, Chieng A, Wang S. Ligand Binding-Induced Cellular Membrane Deformation is Correlated with the Changes in Membrane Stiffness. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9943-9953. [PMID: 37963180 PMCID: PMC10763494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Study interaction between ligands and protein receptors is a key step for biomarker research and drug discovery. In situ measurement of cell surface membrane protein binding on whole cells eliminates the cost and pitfalls associated with membrane protein purification. Ligand binding to membrane protein was recently found to induce nanometer-scale cell membrane deformations, which can be monitored with real-time optical imaging to quantify ligand/protein binding kinetics. However, the insight into this phenomenon has still not been fully understood. We hypothesize that ligand binding can change membrane stiffness, which induces membrane deformation. To investigate this, cell height and membrane stiffness changes upon ligand binding are measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is used as a model ligand that binds to the cell surface glycoprotein. The changes in cell membrane stiffness and cell height upon ligand bindings are determined for three different cell lines (human A431, HeLa, and rat RBL-2H3) on two different substrates. AFM results show that cells become stiffer with increased height after WGA modification for all cases studied. The increase in cell membrane stiffness is further confirmed by plasmonic scattering microscopy, which shows an increased cell spring constant upon WGA binding. Therefore, this study provides direct experimental evidence that the membrane stiffness changes are directly correlated with ligand binding-induced cell membrane deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Kolay
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Zijian Wan
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Electrical, Energy and Computer Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Andy Chieng
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Xu J, Huang C, Li L, Zhao Y, Guo Z, Chen Y, Zhang P. Label-free analysis of membrane protein binding kinetics and cell adhesions using evanescent scattering microscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:5084-5093. [PMID: 37671903 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00977g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Measuring ligand interactions with membrane proteins in single live cells is critical for understanding many cellular processes and screening drugs. However, developing such a capability has been a difficult challenge. Here, we employ evanescent scattering microscopy (ESM) to show that ligand binding to membrane proteins can change the cell adhesion properties, which are intrinsic cell properties and independent of random cell micromotions and ligand mass, thus allowing the kinetics analyses of both proteins and small molecules binding to membrane proteins in both single fixed and live cells. In addition, utilizing the high spatiotemporal resolution of ESM, the positions of cell adhesion sites can be tracked in real-time to analyze the cell deformations and migrations, thus providing a potential approach for understanding the cell activity during the ligand binding process in detail. The presented method may pave the road for developing a versatile and easy-to-use label-free detection strategy for in situ analysis of molecular interaction dynamics in living biosystems with single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caixin Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Liangju Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Clinical psychopharmacology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhenpeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Liu S, Gao Y, Wang W, Wang X. Optical mapping of the evolution of water content during the swelling of hydrophilic polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:599-602. [PMID: 36537229 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The water content of hydrophilic polymers is a fundamental property that regulates their performance. Herein, we report a new technique for optically imaging the water content of hydrophilic polymers both in static and dynamic evolution during swelling, based on mapping the interfacial refractive index of hydrophilic polymers with label-free total internal reflection microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Zhou X, Ma G, Wan Z, Wang S. Label-Free Multimetric Measurement of Molecular Binding Kinetics by Electrical Modulation of a Flexible Nanobiolayer. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3461-3469. [PMID: 36273329 PMCID: PMC10358282 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Most label-free techniques rely on measuring refractive index or mass change on the sensor surface. Thus, it is challenging for them to measure small molecules or enzymatic processes that only induce a minor mass change on the analyte molecules. Here, we have developed a technique by combining Surface Plasmon Resonance sensing with an Oscillating Biomolecule Layer approach (SPR-OBL) to enhance the sensitivity of traditional SPR. In addition to the inherent mass sensitivity, SPR-OBL is also sensitive to the charge and conformational change of the analyte; hence it overcomes the mass limit and is able to detect small molecules. We show that the multimetric SPR-OBL measurement allows for sensing any changes regarding mass, charge, and conformation, which expands the detection capability of SPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Guangzhong Ma
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Zijian Wan
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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He S, Wang R, Xu W, Luo Z, Luo H. Visualization of transparent particles based on optical spatial differentiation. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5754-5757. [PMID: 37219095 DOI: 10.1364/ol.468452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical analog computing operates on the amplitude, phase, polarization, and frequency distributions of the electromagnetic field through the interaction of light and matter. The differentiation operation is widely used in all-optical image processing technology, such as edge detection. Here, we propose a concise way to observe transparent particles, incorporating the optical differential operation that occurs on a single particle. The particle's scattering and cross-polarization components combine into our differentiator. We achieve high-contrast optical images of transparent liquid crystal molecules. The visualization of aleurone grains (the structures that store protein particles in plant cells) in maize seed was experimentally demonstrated with a broadband incoherent light source. Avoiding the interference of stains, our designed method provides the possibility to observe protein particles directly in complex biological tissues.
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Liu Z, Wu J, Cai C, Yang B, Qi ZM. Flexible hyperspectral surface plasmon resonance microscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6475. [PMID: 36309515 PMCID: PMC9617892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical techniques for visualization and quantification of chemical and biological analytes are always highly desirable. Here we show a hyperspectral surface plasmon resonance microscopy (HSPRM) system that uses a hyperspectral microscope to analyze the selected area of SPR image produced by a prism-based spectral SPR sensor. The HSPRM system enables monochromatic and polychromatic SPR imaging and single-pixel spectral SPR sensing, as well as two-dimensional quantification of thin films with the measured resonance-wavelength images. We performed pixel-by-pixel calibration of the incident angle to remove pixel-to-pixel differences in SPR sensitivity, and demonstrated the HSPRM's capabilities by using it to quantify monolayer graphene thickness distribution, inhomogeneous protein adsorption and single-cell adhesion. The HSPRM system has a wide spectral range from 400 nm to 1000 nm, an optional field of view from 0.884 mm2 to 0.003 mm2 and a high lateral resolution of 1.2 μm, demonstrating an innovative breakthrough in SPR sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jingning Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chen Cai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Bo Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhi-mei Qi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Popov A, Lisyte V, Kausaite-Minkstimiene A, Bernotiene E, Ramanaviciene A. Experimental Evaluation of Quantum Dots and Antibodies Conjugation by Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012626. [PMID: 36293491 PMCID: PMC9603974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of antibody-functionalized quantum dots (QDs) in different areas has been widely described in the literature. However, a standard routine method for obtaining information on the conjugation efficiency of QDs with antibodies in terms of the interaction of the functionalized QDs with a specific antigen is still lacking. Herein, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is proposed for this purpose. Gold-coated SPR sensor disks were modified with a self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, and carbodiimide cross-linker chemistry was used to covalently immobilize the CD44 biomarker on the premodified surface (Au/CD44). Meanwhile, QDs functionalized with amine-derivatized polyethylene glycol (PEG) (QDs-NH2) were chosen for conjugation with antibodies because of their low non-specific adsorption on the Au/CD44 surface. Prior to conjugation, the surface binding capacity (Bmax) and equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of the specific antibodies against CD44 (anti-CD44) were found to be 263.32 ± 2.44 m° and 1.00 × 10−7 ± 2.29 × 10−9 M, respectively. QDs-NH2 and anti-CD44 were conjugated at their initial molar ratios of 1:3, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:12. SPR measurements showed that the conjugates (QDs-anti-CD44) prepared using 1:10 and 1:12 molar ratios interacted comparably with immobilized CD44 biomarkers. The equilibrium angles in the case of 10- and 12-fold concentrations of anti-CD44 were calculated to be 60.43 ± 4.51 and 61.36 ± 4.40 m°, respectively. This could be explained by the QDs-NH2 and anti-CD44 having a similar surface loading (about four molecules per QDs-NH2) and similar hydrodynamic diameters, which were 46.63 ± 3.86 and 42.42 ± 0.80 nm for the 1:10 and 1:12 ratios, respectively. An initial QDs-NH2: anti-CD44 molar ratio of 1:10 was chosen as being optimal. SPR spectroscopy proved to be the right choice for QDs-anti-CD44 conjugation optimization, and can be used for the evaluation of conjugation efficiency for other nanostructures with various bio-recognition molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Popov
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu Str. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Viktorija Lisyte
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Asta Kausaite-Minkstimiene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu Str. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu Str. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, The Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius-Tech, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu Str. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.R.)
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12
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Vázquez-Estrada O, Acevedo-Barrera A, Nahmad-Rohen A, García-Valenzuela A. Analysis of wavelength-scale 1D depth-dependent refractive-index gradients at an interface by their effects on the internal reflectance near the critical angle. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4801-4804. [PMID: 34598203 DOI: 10.1364/ol.434090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light's internal reflectivity near a critical angle is very sensitive to the angle of incidence and the optical properties of the external medium near the interface. Novel applications in biology and medicine of subcritical internal reflection are being pursued. In many practical situations, the refractive index of the external medium may vary with respect to its bulk value due to different physical phenomena at surfaces. Thus, there is a pressing need to understand the effects of a refractive-index gradient at a surface for near-critical-angle reflection. In this work, we investigate theoretically the reflectivity near the critical angle at an interface with glass assuming the external medium has a continuous depth-dependent refractive index. We present graphs of the internal reflectivity as a function of the angle of incidence, which exhibit the effects of a refractive-index gradient at the interface. We analyze the behavior of the reflectivity curves before total internal reflection is achieved. Our results provide insight into how one can recognize the existence of a refractive-index gradient at the interface and shed light on the viability of characterizing it.
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