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Dang C, Wang Z, Hughes-Riley T, Dias T, Qian S, Wang Z, Wang X, Liu M, Yu S, Liu R, Xu D, Wei L, Yan W, Zhu M. Fibres-threads of intelligence-enable a new generation of wearable systems. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39087714 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Fabrics represent a unique platform for seamlessly integrating electronics into everyday experiences. The advancements in functionalizing fabrics at both the single fibre level and within constructed fabrics have fundamentally altered their utility. The revolution in materials, structures, and functionality at the fibre level enables intimate and imperceptible integration, rapidly transforming fibres and fabrics into next-generation wearable devices and systems. In this review, we explore recent scientific and technological breakthroughs in smart fibre-enabled fabrics. We examine common challenges and bottlenecks in fibre materials, physics, chemistry, fabrication strategies, and applications that shape the future of wearable electronics. We propose a closed-loop smart fibre-enabled fabric ecosystem encompassing proactive sensing, interactive communication, data storage and processing, real-time feedback, and energy storage and harvesting, intended to tackle significant challenges in wearable technology. Finally, we envision computing fabrics as sophisticated wearable platforms with system-level attributes for data management, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and closed-loop intelligent networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Zhixun Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Theodore Hughes-Riley
- Nottingham School of Art and Design, Nottingham Trent University, Dryden Street, Nottingham, NG1 4GG, UK.
| | - Tilak Dias
- Nottingham School of Art and Design, Nottingham Trent University, Dryden Street, Nottingham, NG1 4GG, UK.
| | - Shengtai Qian
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Xingbei Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Mingyang Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Senlong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Rongkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Dewen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Fu Y, Kang S, Gu H, Tan L, Gao C, Fang Z, Dai S, Lin C. Superflexible Inorganic Ag 2 Te 0.6 S 0.4 Fiber with High Thermoelectric Performance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207642. [PMID: 36890652 PMCID: PMC10161083 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based inorganic thermoelectric (TE) devices, owing to the small size, light-weight, flexibility, and high TE performance, are promising for applications in flexible thermoelectrics. Unfortunately, current inorganic TE fibers are strictly constrained by limited mechanical freedom because of the undesirable tensile strain, typically limited to a value of 1.5%, posing a strong obstacle for further application in large-scale wearable systems. Here, a superflexible Ag2 Te0.6 S0.4 inorganic TE fiber is demonstrated that provides a record tensile strain of 21.2%, such that it enables various complex deformations. Importantly, the TE performance of the fiber shows high stability after ≈1000 cycles of bending and releasing processes with a small bending radius of 5 mm. This allows for the integration of the inorganic TE fiber into 3D wearable fabric, yielding a normalized power density of 0.4 µW m-1 K-2 under the temperature difference of 20 K, which is approaching the high-performance Bi2 Te3 -based inorganic TE fabric and is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than the organic TE fabrics. These results highlight that the inorganic TE fiber with both superior shape-conformable ability and high TE performance may find potential applications in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Fu
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shiliang Kang
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Hao Gu
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Linling Tan
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Chengwei Gao
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zaijin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Shixun Dai
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Changgui Lin
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
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Shen L, Teng C, Wang Z, Bai H, Kumar S, Min R. Semiconductor Multimaterial Optical Fibers for Biomedical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:882. [PMID: 36291019 PMCID: PMC9599191 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sensors and transmitters of a wide variety of human physiological indicators have recently emerged in the form of multimaterial optical fibers. The methods utilized in the manufacture of optical fibers facilitate the use of a wide range of functional elements in microscale optical fibers with an extensive variety of structures. This article presents an overview and review of semiconductor multimaterial optical fibers, their fabrication and postprocessing techniques, different geometries, and integration in devices that can be further utilized in biomedical applications. Semiconductor optical fiber sensors and fiber lasers for body temperature regulation, in vivo detection, volatile organic compound detection, and medical surgery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Shen
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Chuanxin Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Hongyi Bai
- College of Electronics and Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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All-fibre heterogeneously-integrated frequency comb generation using silicon core fibre. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3992. [PMID: 35810164 PMCID: PMC9271068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally developed for metrology, optical frequency combs are becoming increasingly pervasive in a wider range of research topics including optical communications, spectroscopy, and radio or microwave signal processing. However, application demands in these fields can be more challenging as they require compact sources with a high tolerance to temperature variations that are capable of delivering flat comb spectra, high power per tone, narrow linewidth and high optical signal-to-noise ratio. This work reports the generation of a flat, high power frequency comb in the telecom band using a 17 mm fully-integrated silicon core fibre as a parametric mixer. Our all-fibre, cavity-free source combines the material benefits of planar waveguide structures with the advantageous properties of fibre platforms to achieve a 30 nm bandwidth comb source containing 143 tones with <3 kHz linewidth, 12 dB flatness, and >30 dB OSNR over the entire spectral region.
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Localised structuring of metal-semiconductor cores in silica clad fibres using laser-driven thermal gradients. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2680. [PMID: 35562355 PMCID: PMC9106754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molten core drawing method allows scalable fabrication of novel core fibres with kilometre lengths. With metal and semiconducting components combined in a glass-clad fibre, CO2 laser irradiation was used to write localised structures in the core materials. Thermal gradients in axial and transverse directions allowed the controlled introduction, segregation and chemical reaction of metal components within an initially pure silicon core, and restructuring of heterogeneous material. Gold and tin longitudinal electrode fabrication, segregation of GaSb and Si into parallel layers, and Al doping of a GaSb core were demonstrated. Gold was introduced into Si fibres to purify the core or weld an exposed fibre core to a Si wafer. Ga and Sb introduced from opposite ends of a silicon fibre reacted to form III-V GaSb within the Group IV Si host, as confirmed by structural and chemical analysis and room temperature photoluminescence. The authors show that micron size fibers comprised of semiconductor and metallic materials can be purified or doped, recrystallized or have the constituents rearranged into a variety of structures with device prospects.
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Malekabadi FK, Yousefi F, Karimi R, Ghaedi M, Dashtian K. Electrocatalytic Membrane Containing CuFeO2/Nanoporous Carbon for Organic Dye Removal Application. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Hair-thin strands of glass, intrinsically transparent and strong, of which many millions of kilometers are made annually, connect the world in ways unimaginable 50 years ago. What could another 50 years bring? That question is the theme of this Perspective. The first optical fibers were passive low-loss conduits for light, empowered by sophisticated sources and signal processing; a second advance was the addition of dopants utilizing atomic energy levels to promote amplification, and a third major initiative was physical structuring of the core-clad combinations, using the baseline silica material. Recent results suggest that the next major expansions in fiber performance and devices are likely to utilize different materials in the core, inhomogeneous structures on different length scales, or some combination of these. In particular, fibers with crystalline cores offer an extended transparency range with strong optical nonlinearities and open the door to hybrid opto-electronic devices. Opportunities for future optical fiber that derive from micro- and macro-structuring of the core phase offer some unique possibilities in ‘scattering by design’.
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