1
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Yu C, Watanabe A, Qin Z, Logan King J, Witmer LM, Ma Q, Xu X. Avialan-like brain morphology in Sinovenator (Troodontidae, Theropoda). Commun Biol 2024; 7:168. [PMID: 38341492 PMCID: PMC10858883 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many modifications to the skull and brain anatomy occurred along the lineage encompassing non-avialan theropod dinosaurs and modern birds. Anatomical changes to the endocranium include an enlarged endocranial cavity, relatively larger optic lobes that imply elevated visual acuity, and proportionately smaller olfactory bulbs that suggest reduced olfactory capacity. Here, we use micro-computed tomographic (μCT) imaging to reconstruct the endocranium and its neuroanatomical features from an exceptionally well-preserved skull of Sinovenator changii (Troodontidae, Theropoda). While its overall morphology resembles the typical endocranium of other troodontids, Sinovenator also exhibits unique endocranial features that are similar to other paravian taxa and non-maniraptoran theropods. Landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis on endocranial shape of non-avialan and avialan dinosaurs points to the overall brain morphology of Sinovenator most closely resembling that of Archaeopteryx, thus indicating acquisition of avialan-grade brain morphology in troodontids and wide existence of such architecture in Maniraptora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation & Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep-time Geography and Environment Reconstruction and Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Akinobu Watanabe
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, 11568, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Zichuan Qin
- Palaeontology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - J Logan King
- Palaeontology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lawrence M Witmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Chongqing Laboratory of Geological Heritage Protection and Research, No. 208 Hydrogeological and Engineering Geological Team, Chongqing Bureau of Geology and Minerals Exploration, Chongqing, 401121, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Centre for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
- Paleontological Museum of Liaoning, Shenyang Normal University, Liaoning Province, 253 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, 110034, China.
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2
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Sato H, Adachi N, Kondo S, Kitayama C, Tokita M. Turtle skull development unveils a molecular basis for amniote cranial diversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi6765. [PMID: 37967181 PMCID: PMC10651123 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Amniote skulls display diverse architectural patterns including remarkable variations in the number of temporal arches surrounding the upper and lower temporal fenestrae. However, the cellular and molecular basis underlying this diversification remains elusive. Turtles are a useful model to understand skull diversity due to the presence of secondarily closed temporal fenestrae and different extents of temporal emarginations (marginal reduction of dermal bones). Here, we analyzed embryos of three turtle species with varying degrees of temporal emargination and identified shared widespread coexpression of upstream osteogenic genes Msx2 and Runx2 and species-specific expression of more downstream osteogenic genes Sp7 and Sparc in the head. Further analysis of representative amniote embryos revealed differential expression patterns of osteogenic genes in the temporal region, suggesting that the spatiotemporal regulation of Msx2, Runx2, and Sp7 distinguishes the temporal skull morphology among amniotes. Moreover, the presence of Msx2- and/or Runx2-positive temporal mesenchyme with osteogenic potential may have contributed to their extremely diverse cranial morphology in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Sato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Satomi Kondo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Byobudani, Chichi-Jima, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Chiyo Kitayama
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Byobudani, Chichi-Jima, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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3
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Wang S, Li L, Zhao C, Rummy P, Wang R, Hu D. Redescription and phylogenetic affinities of the Early Cretaceous enantiornithine Dapingfangornis sentisorhinus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 37905495 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Dapingfangornis sentisorhinus, a small to medium-sized enantiornithine from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Western Liaoning, China, stands as one of the earliest known enantiornithines with well-preserved ornamental tail feathers. However, the original holotype description was limited due to damage and matrix interference, which obscured crucial osteological details. Therefore, we provide an updated description of the holotype specimen of D. sentisorhinus with the aid of CT scanning to reveal new and revised osteological information. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis of newly acquired data situates Dapingfangornis within the Enantiornithes, closely aligned with Pterygornis and a few other taxa, which may represent a previously unrecognized clade of Early Cretaceous enantiornithines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Wang
- College of Paleontology, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning, Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Change of Environment, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Paleontology, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning, Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Change of Environment, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuilin Zhao
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Rummy
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfei Wang
- Graduate School, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Hu
- College of Paleontology, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning, Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Change of Environment, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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4
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Li Z, Wang M, Stidham TA, Zhou Z. Decoupling the skull and skeleton in a Cretaceous bird with unique appendicular morphologies. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:20-31. [PMID: 36593291 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Cretaceous is a critical time interval that encompasses explosive diversifications of terrestrial vertebrates, particularly the period when the earliest-branching birds, after divergence from their theropod ancestors, evolved the characteristic avian Bauplan that led eventually to their global radiation. This early phylogenetic diversity is overwhelmed by the Ornithothoraces, consisting of the Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha, whose members evolved key derived features of crown birds. This disparity consequently circumscribes a large morphological gap between these derived clades and the oldest bird Archaeopteryx. The non-ornithothoracine pygostylians, with an intermediate phylogenetic position, are key to deciphering those evolutionary transformations, but progress in their study has been hampered by the limited diversity of known fossils. Here we report an Early Cetaceous non-ornithothoracine pygostylian, Cratonavis zhui gen. et sp. nov., that exhibits a unique combination of a non-avialan dinosaurian akinetic skull with an avialan post-cranial skeleton, revealing the key role of evolutionary mosaicism in early bird diversification. The unusually elongated scapular and metatarsal one preserved in Cratonavis highlights a breadth of skeletal plasticity, stemming from their distinct developmental modules and selection for possibly raptorial behaviour. Mapped changes in these two elements across theropod phylogeny demonstrate clade-specific evolutionary lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Thomas A Stidham
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Wang M, Stidham TA, O'Connor JK, Zhou Z. Insight into the evolutionary assemblage of cranial kinesis from a Cretaceous bird. eLife 2022; 11:e81337. [PMID: 36469022 PMCID: PMC9721616 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The independent movements and flexibility of various parts of the skull, called cranial kinesis, are an evolutionary innovation that is found in living vertebrates only in some squamates and crown birds and is considered to be a major factor underpinning much of the enormous phenotypic and ecological diversity of living birds, the most diverse group of extant amniotes. Compared to the postcranium, our understanding of the evolutionary assemblage of the characteristic modern bird skull has been hampered by sparse fossil records of early cranial materials, with competing hypotheses regarding the evolutionary development of cranial kinesis among early members of the avialans. Here, a detailed three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the Early Cretaceous enantiornithine Yuanchuavis kompsosoura allows for its in-depth description, including elements that are poorly known among early-diverging avialans but are central to deciphering the mosaic assembly of features required for modern avian cranial kinesis. Our reconstruction of the skull shows evolutionary and functional conservation of the temporal and palatal regions by retaining the ancestral theropod dinosaurian configuration within the skull of this otherwise derived and volant bird. Geometric morphometric analysis of the palatine suggests that loss of the jugal process represents the first step in the structural modifications of this element leading to the kinetic crown bird condition. The mixture of plesiomorphic temporal and palatal structures together with a derived avialan rostrum and postcranial skeleton encapsulated in Yuanchuavis manifests the key role of evolutionary mosaicism and experimentation in early bird diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Thomas A Stidham
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Zhonghe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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6
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Cretaceous ornithurine supports a neognathous crown bird ancestor. Nature 2022; 612:100-105. [PMID: 36450906 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The bony palate diagnoses the two deepest clades of extant birds: Neognathae and Palaeognathae1-5. Neognaths exhibit unfused palate bones and generally kinetic skulls, whereas palaeognaths possess comparatively rigid skulls with the pterygoid and palatine fused into a single element, a condition long considered ancestral for crown birds (Neornithes)3,5-8. However, fossil evidence of palatal remains from taxa close to the origin of Neornithes is scarce, hindering strong inferences regarding the ancestral condition of the neornithine palate. Here we report a new taxon of toothed Late Cretaceous ornithurine bearing a pterygoid that is remarkably similar to those of the extant neognath clade Galloanserae (waterfowl + landfowl). Janavis finalidens, gen. et sp. nov., is generally similar to the well-known Mesozoic ornithurine Ichthyornis in its overall morphology, although Janavis is much larger and exhibits a substantially greater degree of postcranial pneumaticity. We recovered Janavis as the first-known well-represented member of Ichthyornithes other than Ichthyornis, clearly substantiating the persistence of the clade into the latest Cretaceous9. Janavis confirms the presence of an anatomically neognathous palate in at least some Mesozoic non-crown ornithurines10-12, suggesting that pterygoids similar to those of extant Galloanserae may be plesiomorphic for crown birds. Our results, combined with recent evidence on the ichthyornithine palatine12, overturn longstanding assumptions about the ancestral crown bird palate, and should prompt reevaluation of the purported galloanseran affinities of several bizarre early Cenozoic groups such as the 'pseudotoothed birds' (Pelagornithidae)13-15.
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7
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Hu H, Wang Y, Fabbri M, O’Connor JK, Mcdonald PG, Wroe S, Yin X, Zheng X, Zhou Z, Benson RBJ. Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes). Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Jeholornis is a representative of the earliest-diverging bird lineages, providing important evidence of anatomical transitions involved in bird origins. Although ~100 specimens have been reported, its cranial morphology remains poorly documented owing to poor two-dimensional preservation, limiting our understanding of the morphology and ecology of the key avian lineage Jeholornithiformes, in addition to cranial evolution during the origin and early evolution of birds. Here, we provide a detailed description of the cranial osteology of Jeholornis prima, based primarily on high-quality, three-dimensional data of a recently reported specimen. New anatomical information confirms the overall plesiomorphic morphology of the skull, with the exception of the more specialized rostrum. Data from a large sample size of specimens reveal the dental formula of J. prima to be 0–2–3 (premaxillary–maxillary–dentary tooth counts), contrary to previous suggestions that the presence of maxillary teeth is diagnostic of a separate species, Jeholornis palmapenis. We also present evidence of sensory adaptation, including relatively large olfactory bulbs in comparison to other known stem birds, suggesting that olfaction was an important aspect of Jeholornis ecology. The digitally reconstructed scleral ring suggests a strongly diurnal habit, supporting the hypothesis that early-diverging birds were predominantly active during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3AN , UK
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University , Linyi, Shandong 276000 , China
| | - Matteo Fabbri
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago, IL 60605 , USA
| | - Jingmai K O’Connor
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago, IL 60605 , USA
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100044 Beijing , China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Paul G Mcdonald
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England , Armidale, NSW 2351 , Australia
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England , Armidale, NSW 2351 , Australia
| | - Xuwei Yin
- Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature , Pingyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University , Linyi, Shandong 276000 , China
- Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature , Pingyi, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100044 Beijing , China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Roger B J Benson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3AN , UK
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8
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Navalón G, Chiappe LM, Martinelli AG, Nava W, Field DJ. Fossil basicranium clarifies the origin of the avian central nervous system and inner ear. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221398. [PMID: 36168759 PMCID: PMC9515635 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among terrestrial vertebrates, only crown birds (Neornithes) rival mammals in terms of relative brain size and behavioural complexity. Relatedly, the anatomy of the avian central nervous system and associated sensory structures, such as the vestibular system of the inner ear, are highly modified with respect to those of other extant reptile lineages. However, a dearth of three-dimensional Mesozoic fossils has limited our knowledge of the origins of the distinctive endocranial structures of crown birds. Traits such as an expanded, flexed brain, a ventral connection between the brain and spinal column, and a modified vestibular system have been regarded as exclusive to Neornithes. Here, we demonstrate all of these ‘advanced’ traits in an undistorted braincase from an Upper Cretaceous enantiornithine bonebed in southeastern Brazil. Our discovery suggests that these crown bird-like endocranial traits may have originated prior to the split between Enantiornithes and the more crownward portion of avian phylogeny over 140 Ma, while coexisting with a remarkably plesiomorphic cranial base and posterior palate region. Altogether, our results support the interpretation that the distinctive endocranial morphologies of crown birds and their Mesozoic relatives are affected by complex trade-offs between spatial constraints during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Navalón
- Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luis M Chiappe
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Agustín G Martinelli
- Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, CONICET-Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - William Nava
- Museu de Paleontologia de Marília, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Field
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Mayr G. A survey of the uncinate bone and other poorly known ossicles associated with the lacrimal/ectethmoid complex of the avian skull. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:2312-2330. [PMID: 35068074 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In several taxa of Neornithes (crown group birds), the lacrimal/ectethmoid complex exhibits small bones, the comparative osteology of which is poorly studied. Some of these ossicles - which are commonly known as uncinate bones (ossa uncinata or ossa lacrimopalatina) - were already described two centuries ago, but knowledge of their distribution and morphological variability in higher-level clades is incomplete. In the present study, a detailed survey of the occurrence of uncinate bones is given, and these ossicles are for the first time reported in the gruiform Psophiidae, some Rallidae, and in the Otidiformes. Their presence in the latter taxon is of particular interest, because in current molecular analyses the Otidiformes result as close relatives of the Musophagiformes, in which the uncinate bone is particularly large. The uncinate bones of most other neornithine clades, however, appear to have evolved multiple times independently through parallel evolution from the same ligamentous structures. A few earlier authors assumed that the uncinate bone is homologous to the ectopterygoid of non-avian theropods. Although this remains a viable hypothesis, more data on the occurrence of the ectopterygoid in Mesozoic birds are needed for well-supported conclusions. Here it is noted that the ontogenetic development of the uncinate bone appears to be correlated with that of the ectethmoid, which is another bone in the skull of neornithine birds that is of unknown origin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Mayr
- Ornithological Section, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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