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Dutta S, Noh S, Gual RS, Chen X, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Choi H. Recent Developments in Metallic Degradable Micromotors for Biomedical and Environmental Remediation Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:41. [PMID: 38032424 PMCID: PMC10689718 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic micromotor has gained substantial attention in biomedicine and environmental remediation. Metal-based degradable micromotor composed of magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) have promise due to their nontoxic fuel-free propulsion, favorable biocompatibility, and safe excretion of degradation products Recent advances in degradable metallic micromotor have shown their fast movement in complex biological media, efficient cargo delivery and favorable biocompatibility. A noteworthy number of degradable metal-based micromotors employ bubble propulsion, utilizing water as fuel to generate hydrogen bubbles. This novel feature has projected degradable metallic micromotors for active in vivo drug delivery applications. In addition, understanding the degradation mechanism of these micromotors is also a key parameter for their design and performance. Its propulsion efficiency and life span govern the overall performance of a degradable metallic micromotor. Here we review the design and recent advancements of metallic degradable micromotors. Furthermore, we describe the controlled degradation, efficient in vivo drug delivery, and built-in acid neutralization capabilities of degradable micromotors with versatile biomedical applications. Moreover, we discuss micromotors' efficacy in detecting and destroying environmental pollutants. Finally, we address the limitations and future research directions of degradable metallic micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Dutta
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Noh
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Roger Sanchis Gual
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiangzhong Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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Ko J, Khan F, Nam Y, Lee BJ, Lee J. Nanomechanical Sensing Using Heater-Integrated Fluidic Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7768-7775. [PMID: 35980246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanochannel resonators have been used to measure cells, suspended nanoparticles, or liquids, primarily at or near room temperature while their high temperature operation can offer promising applications such as calorimetric measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. To date, global electrothermal or local photothermal heating mechanisms have been attempted for channel resonators, but both approaches are intrinsically limited by a narrow temperature modulation range, slow heating/cooling, less quantitative heating, or time-consuming optical alignment. Here, we introduce heater-integrated fluidic resonators (HFRs) that enable fast, quantitative, alignment-free, and wide-range temperature modulation and simultaneously offer resistive thermometry and resonant densitometry. HFRs with or without a dispensing nozzle are fabricated, thoroughly characterized, and used for high throughput thermophysical properties measurements, microchannel boiling studies, and atomized spray dispensing. The HFR, without a doubt, opens a new avenue for nanoscale thermal analysis and processing and further encourages the integration of additional functions into channel resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Center for Extreme Thermal Physics and Manufacturing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Faheem Khan
- Life Analytical Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6B 2N2, Canada
| | - Youngsuk Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Center for Extreme Thermal Physics and Manufacturing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Bong Jae Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Center for Extreme Thermal Physics and Manufacturing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jungchul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Center for Extreme Thermal Physics and Manufacturing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
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Katsikis G, Hwang IE, Wang W, Bhat VS, McIntosh NL, Karim OA, Blus BJ, Sha S, Agache V, Wolfrum JM, Springs SL, Sinskey AJ, Barone PW, Braatz RD, Manalis SR. Weighing the DNA Content of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors with Zeptogram Precision Using Nanomechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1511-1517. [PMID: 35148107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the composition of viral vectors used in vaccine development and gene therapy is critical for assessing their functionality. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which are the most widely used viral vectors for in vivo gene therapy, are typically characterized using PCR, ELISA, and analytical ultracentrifugation which require laborious protocols or hours of turnaround time. Emerging methods such as charge-detection mass spectroscopy, static light scattering, and mass photometry offer turnaround times of minutes for measuring AAV mass using optical or charge properties of AAV. Here, we demonstrate an orthogonal method where suspended nanomechanical resonators (SNR) are used to directly measure both AAV mass and aggregation from a few microliters of sample within minutes. We achieve a precision near 10 zeptograms which corresponds to 1% of the genome holding capacity of the AAV capsid. Our results show the potential of our method for providing real-time quality control of viral vectors during biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Katsikis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Iris E Hwang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wade Wang
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., Novato, California 94949, United States
| | - Vikas S Bhat
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., Novato, California 94949, United States
| | - Nicole L McIntosh
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., Novato, California 94949, United States
| | - Omair A Karim
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., Novato, California 94949, United States
| | - Bartlomiej J Blus
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Sha Sha
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vincent Agache
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacqueline M Wolfrum
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stacy L Springs
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul W Barone
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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