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McCarthy DR, Xu K, Schenkelberg ME, Balegamire NAN, Liang H, Bellino SA, Li J, Schneebeli ST. Kinetically controlled synthesis of rotaxane geometric isomers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4860-4870. [PMID: 38550687 PMCID: PMC10967009 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Geometric isomerism in mechanically interlocked systems-which arises when the axle of a mechanically interlocked molecule is oriented, and the macrocyclic component is facially dissymmetric-can provide enhanced functionality for directional transport and polymerization catalysis. We now introduce a kinetically controlled strategy to control geometric isomerism in [2]rotaxanes. Our synthesis provides the major geometric isomer with high selectivity, broadening synthetic access to such interlocked structures. Starting from a readily accessible [2]rotaxane with a symmetrical axle, one of the two stoppers is activated selectively for stopper exchange by the substituents on the ring component. High selectivities are achieved in these reactions, based on coupling the selective formation reactions leading to the major products with inversely selective depletion reactions for the minor products. Specifically, in our reaction system, the desired (major) product forms faster in the first step, while the undesired (minor) product subsequently reacts away faster in the second step. Quantitative 1H NMR data, fit to a detailed kinetic model, demonstrates that this effect (which is conceptually closely related to minor enantiomer recycling and related processes) can significantly improve the intrinsic selectivity of the reactions. Our results serve as proof of principle for how multiple selective reaction steps can work together to enhance the stereoselectivity of synthetic processes forming complex mechanically interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon R McCarthy
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Mica E Schenkelberg
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nils A N Balegamire
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Huiming Liang
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Shea A Bellino
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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2
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Stünkel T, Siebold K, Okumatsu D, Murata K, Ruyet L, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. para-Selective dearomatization of phenols by I(i)/I(iii) catalysis-based fluorination. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13574-13580. [PMID: 38033893 PMCID: PMC10685341 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The regio- and enantio-selective dearomatization of phenols has been achieved by I(i)/I(iii) catalysis enabled fluorination. The process is highly para-selective, guiding the fluoride nucleophile to the distal C4 position of the substrate to generate fluorinated cyclohexadienones in an operationally simple manner. Extensive optimization has revealed key parameters that orchestrate enantioselectivity in this historically challenging transformation. A range of diversely substituted substrates are disclosed (20 examples, up to 92 : 8 e.r.) and the reaction displays efficiency that is competitive with the current state of the art in hydroxylation chemistry: this provides a preparative platform to enable OH to F bioisosterism to be explored. Finally, the utility of the products in accessing densely functionalized cyclic scaffolds with five contiguous stereocenters is disclosed together with crystallographic analyses to unveil fluorine-carbonyl non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stünkel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Kathrin Siebold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Daichi Okumatsu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Kazuki Murata
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Louise Ruyet
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
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3
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Fernandes AJ, Michelet B, Panossian A, Martin-Mingot A, Leroux FR, Thibaudeau S. Exploring F/CF 3 substituted oxocarbenium ions for the diastereoselective assembly of highly substituted tetrahydrofurans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4083-4086. [PMID: 36938713 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of emerging fluorinated motifs is of a crucial importance in the context of the exponentially growing exploitation of fluorine in many fields. Herein, we report on the dramatic effect of a local partial charge inversion by replacing a CHCH3 group by a CFCF3. This strategy allows the diastereoselective reduction of 5-membered ring oxocarbenium ions to access highly substituted tetrahydrofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Bastien Michelet
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, IC2MP, UMR 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", 4 Rue Michel Brunet, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France.
| | - Armen Panossian
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Agnès Martin-Mingot
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, IC2MP, UMR 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", 4 Rue Michel Brunet, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France.
| | - Frédéric R Leroux
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, IC2MP, UMR 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", 4 Rue Michel Brunet, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France.
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4
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Harry SA, Vemulapalli S, Dudding T, Lectka T. Rational Computational Design of Systems Exhibiting Strong Halogen Bonding Involving Fluorine in Bicyclic Diamine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8413-8419. [PMID: 35658438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most controversial and rare aspect of the halogen bonding interaction is the potential of fluorine in compounds to serve as a halogen bond donor. In this note, we provide clear and convincing examples of hypothetical molecules in which fluorine is strongly halogen bonding in a metastable state. Of particular note is a polycyclic system inspired by Selectfluor, which has been controversially proposed to engage in halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Andrew Harry
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Srini Vemulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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5
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Karandikar SS, Bhattacharjee A, Metze BE, Javaly N, Valente EJ, McCormick TM, Stuart DR. Orbital analysis of bonding in diarylhalonium salts and relevance to periodic trends in structure and reactivity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6532-6540. [PMID: 35756513 PMCID: PMC9172531 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarylhalonium compounds provide new opportunities as reagents and catalysts in the field of organic synthesis. The three center, four electron (3c–4e) bond is a center piece of their reactivity, but structural variation among the diarylhaloniums, and in comparison with other λ3-iodanes, indicates that the model needs refinement for broader applicability. We use a combination of Density Functional Theory (DFT), Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) Theory, and X-ray structure data to correlate bonding and structure for a λ3-iodane and a series of diarylchloronium, bromonium, and iodonium salts, and their isoelectronic diarylchalcogen counterparts. This analysis reveals that the s-orbital on the central halogen atom plays a greater role in the 3c–4e bond than previously considered. Finally, we show that our revised bonding model and associated structures account for both kinetic and thermodynamic reactivity for both acyclic phenyl(mesityl)halonium and cyclic dibenzohalolium salts. A revised bonding model for diarylhalonium salts, that involves partial s-orbital contribution, provides new insight into periodic trends in structure and reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avik Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Bryan E. Metze
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Nicole Javaly
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Edward J. Valente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Portland, Portland, OR 97203, USA
| | | | - David R. Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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Artault M, Vitse K, Martin-Mingot A, Thibaudeau S. Direct Superacid-Promoted Difluoroethylation of Aromatics. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103926. [PMID: 34845770 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Under superacid conditions, aromatic amines are directly and regioselectively 1,1-difluoroethylated. Low temperature in situ NMR studies confirmed the presence of benzylic α-fluoronium and α-chloronium ions as key intermediates in the reaction. This method has a wide substrate scope and can be applied to the late-stage functionalization of natural alkaloids and active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Artault
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Poitiers cedex 9, Brunet, 86073, France
| | - Kassandra Vitse
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Poitiers cedex 9, Brunet, 86073, France
| | - Agnès Martin-Mingot
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Poitiers cedex 9, Brunet, 86073, France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Poitiers cedex 9, Brunet, 86073, France
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