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Aronne M, Bertana V, Schimmenti F, Roppolo I, Chiappone A, Cocuzza M, Marasso SL, Scaltrito L, Ferrero S. 3D-Printed MEMS in Italy. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:678. [PMID: 38930648 PMCID: PMC11205654 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
MEMS devices are more and more commonly used as sensors, actuators, and microfluidic devices in different fields like electronics, opto-electronics, and biomedical engineering. Traditional fabrication technologies cannot meet the growing demand for device miniaturisation and fabrication time reduction, especially when customised devices are required. That is why additive manufacturing technologies are increasingly applied to MEMS. In this review, attention is focused on the Italian scenario in regard to 3D-printed MEMS, studying the techniques and materials used for their fabrication. To this aim, research has been conducted as follows: first, the commonly applied 3D-printing technologies for MEMS manufacturing have been illustrated, then some examples of 3D-printed MEMS have been reported. After that, the typical materials for these technologies have been presented, and finally, some examples of their application in MEMS fabrication have been described. In conclusion, the application of 3D-printing techniques, instead of traditional processes, is a growing trend in Italy, where some exciting and promising results have already been obtained, due to these new selected technologies and the new materials involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Aronne
- ChiLab Laboratory, Politecnico di Torino (PoliTo), Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Chivasso, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.); (S.L.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Valentina Bertana
- ChiLab Laboratory, Politecnico di Torino (PoliTo), Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Chivasso, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.); (S.L.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesco Schimmenti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino (PoliTo), Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy;
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino (PoliTo), Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Blocco D, S.S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- ChiLab Laboratory, Politecnico di Torino (PoliTo), Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Chivasso, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.); (S.L.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- ChiLab Laboratory, Politecnico di Torino (PoliTo), Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Chivasso, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.); (S.L.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luciano Scaltrito
- ChiLab Laboratory, Politecnico di Torino (PoliTo), Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Chivasso, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.); (S.L.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Sergio Ferrero
- ChiLab Laboratory, Politecnico di Torino (PoliTo), Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Chivasso, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.); (S.L.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
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Young OM, Xu X, Sarker S, Sochol RD. Direct laser writing-enabled 3D printing strategies for microfluidic applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2371-2396. [PMID: 38576361 PMCID: PMC11060139 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00743j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, additive manufacturing-or "three-dimensional (3D) printing"-has attracted increasing attention in the Lab on a Chip community as a pathway to achieve sophisticated system architectures that are difficult or infeasible to fabricate via conventional means. One particularly promising 3D manufacturing technology is "direct laser writing (DLW)", which leverages two-photon (or multi-photon) polymerization (2PP) phenomena to enable high geometric versatility, print speeds, and precision at length scales down to the 100 nm range. Although researchers have demonstrated the potential of using DLW for microfluidic applications ranging from organ on a chip and drug delivery to micro/nanoparticle processing and soft microrobotics, such scenarios present unique challenges for DLW. Specifically, microfluidic systems typically require macro-to-micro fluidic interfaces (e.g., inlet and outlet ports) to facilitate fluidic loading, control, and retrieval operations; however, DLW-based 3D printing relies on a micron-to-submicron-sized 2PP volume element (i.e., "voxel") that is poorly suited for manufacturing these larger-scale fluidic interfaces. In this Tutorial Review, we highlight and discuss the four most prominent strategies that researchers have developed to circumvent this trade-off and realize macro-to-micro interfaces for DLW-enabled microfluidic components and systems. In addition, we consider the possibility that-with the advent of next-generation commercial DLW printers equipped with new dynamic voxel tuning, print field, and laser power capabilities-the overall utility of DLW strategies for Lab on a Chip fields may soon expand dramatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Young
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 2147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 2147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Sunandita Sarker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 2147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ryan D Sochol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 2147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Hou B, Zhu Y, He C, Wang W, Ding Z, He W, He Y, Che L. A 3D-printed microhemispherical shell resonator with electrostatic tuning for a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:32. [PMID: 38455382 PMCID: PMC10918184 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of microhemispherical resonant gyroscopes, which integrate the advantages of exceptional stability and long lifetime with miniaturization, has afforded new possibilities for the development of whole-angle gyroscopes. However, existing methods used for manufacturing microhemispherical resonant gyroscopes based on MEMS technology face the primary drawback of intricate and costly processing. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and characterization of the first 3D-printable microhemispherical shell resonator for a Coriolis vibrating gyroscope. We remarkably achieve fabrication in just two steps bypassing the dozen or so steps required in traditional micromachining. By utilizing the intricate shaping capability and ultrahigh precision offered by projection microstereolithography, we fabricate 3D high-aspect-ratio resonant structures and controllable capacitive air gaps, both of which are extremely difficult to obtain via MEMS technology. In addition, the resonance frequency of the fabricated resonators can be tuned by electrostatic forces, and the fabricated resonators exhibit a higher quality factor in air than do typical MEMS microhemispherical resonators. This work demonstrates the feasibility of rapidly batch-manufacturing microhemispherical shell resonators, paving the way for the development of microhemispherical resonator gyroscopes for portable inertial navigation. Moreover, this particular design concept could be further applied to increase uptake of resonator tools in the MEMS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyin Hou
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- Center for Microelectronics, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312035 China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Ye Zhu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Chaofan He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Weidong Wang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Zhi Ding
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lufeng Che
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- Center for Microelectronics, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312035 China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Abstract
Efforts to design devices emulating complex cognitive abilities and response processes of biological systems have long been a coveted goal. Recent advancements in flexible electronics, mirroring human tissue's mechanical properties, hold significant promise. Artificial neuron devices, hinging on flexible artificial synapses, bioinspired sensors, and actuators, are meticulously engineered to mimic the biological systems. However, this field is in its infancy, requiring substantial groundwork to achieve autonomous systems with intelligent feedback, adaptability, and tangible problem-solving capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in artificial neuron devices. It starts with fundamental principles of artificial synaptic devices and explores artificial sensory systems, integrating artificial synapses and bioinspired sensors to replicate all five human senses. A systematic presentation of artificial nervous systems follows, designed to emulate fundamental human nervous system functions. The review also discusses potential applications and outlines existing challenges, offering insights into future prospects. We aim for this review to illuminate the burgeoning field of artificial neuron devices, inspiring further innovation in this captivating area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cong Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yongli He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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5
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Zhang M, Lee Y, Zheng Z, Khan MTA, Lyu X, Byun J, Giessen H, Sitti M. Micro- and nanofabrication of dynamic hydrogels with multichannel information. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8208. [PMID: 38081820 PMCID: PMC10713606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Creating micro/nanostructures containing multi-channel information within responsive hydrogels presents exciting opportunities for dynamically changing functionalities. However, fabricating these structures is immensely challenging due to the soft and dynamic nature of hydrogels, often resulting in unintended structural deformations or destruction. Here, we demonstrate that dehydrated hydrogels, treated by a programmable femtosecond laser, can allow for a robust fabrication of micro/nanostructures. The dehydration enhances the rigidity of the hydrogels and temporarily locks the dynamic behaviours, significantly promoting their structural integrity during the fabrication process. By utilizing versatile dosage domains of the femtosecond laser, we create micro-grooves on the hydrogel surface through the use of a high-dosage mode, while also altering the fluorescent intensity within the rest of the non-ablated areas via a low-dosage laser. In this way, we rationally design a pixel unit containing three-channel information: structural color, polarization state, and fluorescent intensity, and encode three complex image information sets into these channels. Distinct images at the same location were simultaneously printed onto the hydrogel, which can be observed individually under different imaging modes without cross-talk. Notably, the recovered dynamic responsiveness of the hydrogel enables a multi-information-encoded surface that can sequentially display different information as the temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yohan Lee
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Muhammad Turab Ali Khan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xianglong Lyu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Junghwan Byun
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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6
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Li J, Dyer A, Smith D, Mulvaney P. Gold Nanodrum Resonators. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20551-20559. [PMID: 37823374 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanodrum resonators have been fabricated using nanometer-thick gold films as the drumheads. The fabrication method is favorable for large-area array manufacture of arbitrary shapes. The drum resonators exhibit fundamental mode vibration frequencies in the MHz regime. We use the stretched-plate model to describe the natural vibrations of the drum. The Q factor of the fundamental mode increases as the thickness of the drum increases and decreases as the drum diameter goes up. The highest Q factor of the fundamental mode reaches 290 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Based on the deduced material properties we estimate that the resonator has a mass sensitivity of 1.11 × 10-22 g/Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ash Dyer
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Dan Smith
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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7
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Courson R, Bratash O, Maziz A, Desmet C, Meza RA, Leroy L, Engel E, Buhot A, Malaquin L, Leïchlé T. Rapid prototyping of a polymer MEMS droplet dispenser by laser-assisted 3D printing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:85. [PMID: 37408536 PMCID: PMC10318032 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a polymer version of a previously developed silicon MEMS drop deposition tool for surface functionalization that consists of a microcantilever integrating an open fluidic channel and a reservoir. The device is fabricated by laser stereolithography, which offers the advantages of low-cost and fast prototyping. Additionally, thanks to the ability to process multiple materials, a magnetic base is incorporated into the cantilever for convenient handling and attachment to the holder of a robotized stage used for spotting. Droplets with diameters ranging from ∼50 µm to ∼300 µm are printed upon direct contact of the cantilever tip with the surface to pattern. Liquid loading is achieved by fully immersing the cantilever into a reservoir drop, where a single load results in the deposition of more than 200 droplets. The influences of the size and shape of the cantilever tip and the reservoir on the printing outcome are studied. As a proof-of-concept of the biofunctionalization capability of this 3D printed droplet dispenser, microarrays of oligonucleotides and antibodies displaying high specificity and no cross-contamination are fabricated, and droplets are deposited at the tip of an optical fiber bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Courson
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Oleksii Bratash
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ali Maziz
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Cloé Desmet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Loïc Leroy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elodie Engel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Buhot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Thierry Leïchlé
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Georgia Tech−CNRS International Research Laboratory, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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8
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Pang J, Peng S, Hou C, Zhao H, Fan Y, Ye C, Zhang N, Wang T, Cao Y, Zhou W, Sun D, Wang K, Rümmeli MH, Liu H, Cuniberti G. Applications of Graphene in Five Senses, Nervous System, and Artificial Muscles. ACS Sens 2023; 8:482-514. [PMID: 36656873 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene remains of great interest in biomedical applications because of biocompatibility. Diseases relating to human senses interfere with life satisfaction and happiness. Therefore, the restoration by artificial organs or sensory devices may bring a bright future by the recovery of senses in patients. In this review, we update the most recent progress in graphene based sensors for mimicking human senses such as artificial retina for image sensors, artificial eardrums, gas sensors, chemical sensors, and tactile sensors. The brain-like processors are discussed based on conventional transistors as well as memristor related neuromorphic computing. The brain-machine interface is introduced for providing a single pathway. Besides, the artificial muscles based on graphene are summarized in the means of actuators in order to react to the physical world. Future opportunities remain for elevating the performances of human-like sensors and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Songang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center and Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chongyang Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co. Ltd., Xinwai Street 2, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingju Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Chen Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking and People's Republic of China School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, No. 3501 Daxue Road, Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control & Renewable Energy Technology (Ministry of Education) and School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
| | - Weijia Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ding Sun
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Dresden, D-01171, Germany.,College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.,Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, 20 Helmholtz Strasse, Dresden 01069, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
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9
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Ertugrul I, Ulkir O, Ersoy S, Ragulskis M. Additive Manufactured Strain Sensor Using Stereolithography Method with Photopolymer Material. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040991. [PMID: 36850274 PMCID: PMC9965623 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of the developments in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, 3D printing is transforming from a method used only in rapid prototyping to a technique used to produce large-scale equipment. This study presents the fabrication and experimental studies of a 3D-printed strain sensor that can be used directly in soft applications. Photopolymer-based conductive and flexible ultraviolet (UV) resin materials are used in the fabrication of the sensor. A Stereolithography (SLA)-based printer is preferred for 3D fabrication. The bottom base of the sensor, which consists of two parts, is produced from flexible UV resin, while the channels that should be conductive are produced from conductive UV resin. In total, a strain sensor with a thickness of 2 mm was produced. Experimental studies were carried out under loading and unloading conditions to observe the hysteresis effect of the sensor. The results showed a close linear relationship between the strain sensor and the measured resistance value. In addition, tensile test specimens were produced to observe the behavior of conductive and non-conductive materials. The tensile strength values obtained from the test results will provide information about the sensor placement. In addition, the flexible structure of the strain sensor will ensure its usability in many soft applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishak Ertugrul
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Kaunas University of Technology, 44138 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Osman Ulkir
- Department of Electric and Energy, Mus Alparslan University, 49250 Mus, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Ersoy
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Marmara University, 34565 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Minvydas Ragulskis
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Kaunas University of Technology, 44138 Kaunas, Lithuania
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10
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Pagliano S, Marschner DE, Maillard D, Ehrmann N, Stemme G, Braun S, Villanueva LG, Niklaus F. Micro 3D printing of a functional MEMS accelerometer. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:105. [PMID: 36133693 PMCID: PMC9482918 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices, such as accelerometers, are widely used across industries, including the automotive, consumer electronics, and medical industries. MEMS are efficiently produced at very high volumes using large-scale semiconductor manufacturing techniques. However, these techniques are not viable for the cost-efficient manufacturing of specialized MEMS devices at low- and medium-scale volumes. Thus, applications that require custom-designed MEMS devices for markets with low- and medium-scale volumes of below 5000-10,000 components per year are extremely difficult to address efficiently. The 3D printing of MEMS devices could enable the efficient realization and production of MEMS devices at these low- and medium-scale volumes. However, current micro-3D printing technologies have limited capabilities for printing functional MEMS. Herein, we demonstrate a functional 3D-printed MEMS accelerometer using 3D printing by two-photon polymerization in combination with the deposition of a strain gauge transducer by metal evaporation. We characterized the responsivity, resonance frequency, and stability over time of the MEMS accelerometer. Our results demonstrate that the 3D printing of functional MEMS is a viable approach that could enable the efficient realization of a variety of custom-designed MEMS devices, addressing new application areas that are difficult or impossible to address using conventional MEMS manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pagliano
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David E. Marschner
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damien Maillard
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ehrmann
- Hochschule Kaiserslautern, University of Applied Sciences, Informatik und Mikrosystemtechnik, Campus Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Göran Stemme
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Braun
- Hochschule Kaiserslautern, University of Applied Sciences, Informatik und Mikrosystemtechnik, Campus Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Luis Guillermo Villanueva
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Niklaus
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lang N, Enns S, Hering J, von Freymann G. Towards efficient structure prediction and pre-compensation in multi-photon lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:28805-28816. [PMID: 36299069 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microscale 3D printing technologies have been of increasing interest in industry and research for several years. Unfortunately, the fabricated structures always deviate from the respective expectations, often caused by the physico-chemical properties during and after the printing process. Here, we show first steps towards a simple, fast and easy to implement algorithm to predict the final structure topography for multi-photon lithography - also known as Direct Laser Writing (DLW). The three main steps of DLW, (i) exposure of a photo resin, (ii) cross-linking of the resin, and (iii) subsequent shrinkage are approximated by mathematical operations, showing promising results in coincidence with experimental observations. For example, the root-mean-square error (rmse) between the unmodified 3D print of a radial-symmetrically chirped topography and our predicted topography is only 0.46 µm, whereas the rmse between this 3D print and its target is 1.49 µm. Thus, our robust predictions can be used prior to the printing process to minimize undesired deviations between the target structure and the final 3D printed structure. Using a Downhill-Simplex algorithm for identifying the optimal prediction parameters, we were able to reduce the rmse from 4.04 µm to 0.33 µm by only two correction loops in our best-case scenario (rmse = 0.72 µm after one loop). Consequently, this approach can eliminate the need for many structural optimization loops to produce highly conformal and high quality micro structures in the future.
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