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Citterio CE, Kim K, Rajesh B, Pena K, Clarke OB, Arvan P. Structural features of thyroglobulin linked to protein trafficking. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4784. [PMID: 37717261 PMCID: PMC10578121 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin must pass endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control to become secreted for thyroid hormone synthesis. Defective thyroglobulin, blocked in trafficking, can cause hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin is a large protein (~2750 residues) spanning regions I-II-III plus a C-terminal cholinesterase-like domain. The cholinesterase-like domain functions as an intramolecular chaperone for regions I-II-III, but the folding pathway leading to successful thyroglobulin trafficking remains largely unknown. Here, informed by the recent three-dimensional structure of thyroglobulin as determined by cryo-electron microscopy, we have bioengineered three novel classes of mutants yielding three entirely distinct quality control phenotypes. Specifically, upon expressing recombinant thyroglobulin, we find that first, mutations eliminating a disulfide bond enclosing a 200-amino acid loop in region I have surprisingly little impact on the ability of thyroglobulin to fold to a secretion-competent state. Next, we have identified a mutation on the surface of the cholinesterase-like domain that has no discernible effect on regional folding yet affects contact between distinct regions and thereby triggers impairment in the trafficking of full-length thyroglobulin. Finally, we have probed a conserved disulfide in the cholinesterase-like domain that interferes dramatically with local folding, and this defect then impacts on global folding, blocking the entire thyroglobulin in the ER. These data highlight variants with distinct effects on ER quality control, inhibiting domain-specific folding; folding via regional contact; neither; or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E. Citterio
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kookjoo Kim
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsIrving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Bhavana Rajesh
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Kevin Pena
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Oliver Biggs Clarke
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsIrving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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2
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Zhang X, Young C, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Torres M, Tomer Y, Stefan-Lifshitz M, Zhang H, Larkin D, Fang D, Qi L, Arvan P. Perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis triggers tissue injury in the thyroid gland. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169937. [PMID: 37345654 PMCID: PMC10371246 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis have been linked to diseases in multiple organ systems. Here we examined the impact of perturbation of ER proteostasis in mice bearing thyrocyte-specific knockout of either HRD1 (to disable ER-associated protein degradation [ERAD]) or ATG7 (to disable autophagy) in the absence or presence of heterozygous expression of misfolded mutant thyroglobulin (the most highly expressed thyroid gene product, synthesized in the ER). Misfolding-inducing thyroglobulin mutations are common in humans but are said to yield only autosomal-recessive disease - perhaps because misfolded thyroglobulin protein might undergo disposal by ERAD or ER macroautophagy. We find that as single defects, neither ERAD, nor autophagy, nor heterozygous thyroglobulin misfolding altered circulating thyroxine levels, and neither defective ERAD nor defective autophagy caused any gross morphological change in an otherwise WT thyroid gland. However, heterozygous expression of misfolded thyroglobulin itself triggered significant ER stress and individual thyrocyte death while maintaining integrity of the surrounding thyroid epithelium. In this context, deficiency of ERAD (but not autophagy) resulted in patchy whole-follicle death with follicular collapse and degeneration, accompanied by infiltration of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Perturbation of thyrocyte ER proteostasis is thus a risk factor for both cell death and follicular demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and
| | - Crystal Young
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, and Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mauricio Torres
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yaron Tomer
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mihaela Stefan-Lifshitz
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and
| | - Dennis Larkin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Gomes Pio M, Adrover E, Miras MB, Sobrero G, Molina MF, Scheps KG, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. The p.Cys1281Tyr variant in the hinge module/flap region of thyroglobulin causes intracellular transport disorder and congenital hypothyroidism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 572:111948. [PMID: 37164149 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) due to thyroglobulin (TG) variants causes very low serum TG levels with normal or enlarged thyroid glands, depending on the severity of the defect, and with autosomal recessive inheritance. The purpose of this study was to functionally characterize p.Cys1281Tyr variant in the TG gene in order to increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms associated with CH. In order to find evidence that support the hypothesis that the p.Cys1281Tyr variant would affect the TG folding were performed amino acid prediction, 3D modeling and transient expression analysis in HEK293T cells. 18 of the 21″in silico" algorithms predict a deleterious effect of the p.Cys1281Tyr variant. The full-length 3D model p.Cys1281Tyr TG showed disulfide bond cleavage between the cysteines at positions 1249 and 1281 and rearrangement of the TG structure, while transient expression analysis indicated that p.Cys1281Tyr causes retention of the protein inside the cell. Consequently, these results show that this pathogenic variant makes it impossible for TG to fulfill its function in the biosynthesis process of thyroid hormones, causing CH. In conclusion, our results confirm the pathophysiological importance of misfolding of TG as a consequence of p.Cys1281Tyr variant located in the hinge module/flap region of TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Gomes Pio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiela Adrover
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta B Miras
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Santísima Trinidad, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Sobrero
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Santísima Trinidad, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maricel F Molina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karen G Scheps
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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4
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Siffo S, Gomes Pio M, Martínez EB, Lachlan K, Walker J, Weill J, González-Sarmiento R, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. The p.Pro2232Leu variant in the ChEL domain of thyroglobulin gene causes intracellular transport disorder and congenital hypothyroidism. Endocrine 2023; 80:47-53. [PMID: 36547798 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG), the predominant glycoprotein of the thyroid gland, functions as matrix protein in thyroid hormonegenesis. TG deficiency results in thyroid dyshormonogenesis. These variants produce a heterogeneous spectrum of congenital goitre, with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The purpose of this study was to identify and functionally characterize new variants in the TG gene in order to increase the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for thyroid dyshormonogenesis. A total of four patients from two non-consanguineous families with marked alteration of TG synthesis were studied. The two families were previously analysed in our laboratory, only one deleterious allele, in each one, was detected after sequencing the TG gene (c.2359 C > T [p.Arg787*], c.5560 G > T [p.Glu1854*]). These findings were confirmed in the present studies by Next-Generation Sequencing. The single nucleotide coding variants of the TG gene were then analyzed to predict the possible variant causing the disease. The p.Pro2232Leu (c.6695 C > T), identified in both families, showing a low frequency population in gnomAD v2.1.1 database and protein homology, amino acid prediction, and 3D modeling analysis predict a potential pathogenic effect of this variant. We also transiently express p.Pro2232Leu in a full-length rat TG cDNA clone and confirmed that this point variant was sufficient to cause intracellular retention of mutant TG in HEK293T cells. Consequently, each family carried a compound heterozygous for p.Arg787*/p.Pro2232Leu or p.Glu1854*/p.Pro2232Leu variants. In conclusion, our results confirm the pathophysiological importance of altered TG folding as a consequence of missense variants located in the ChEL domain of TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Siffo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Gomes Pio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena Bueno Martínez
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular-Departamento de Medicina, IBMCC and IBSAL. Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, España
| | - Katherine Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, SO16 5YA, Southampton, UK
| | - Joanna Walker
- Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, PO6 3LY, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jacques Weill
- Clinique de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular-Departamento de Medicina, IBMCC and IBSAL. Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, España
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Spencer CA. Laboratory Thyroid Tests: A Historical Perspective. Thyroid 2023; 33:407-419. [PMID: 37037032 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: This review presents a timeline showing how technical advances made over the last seven decades have impacted the development of laboratory thyroid tests. Summary: Thyroid tests have evolved from time-consuming manual procedures using isotopically labeled iodine as signals (131I and later 125I) performed in nuclear medicine laboratories, to automated nonisotopic tests performed on multianalyte instruments in routine clinical chemistry laboratories. The development of isotopic radioimmunoassay techniques around 1960, followed by the advent of monoclonal antibody technology in the mid-1970s, led to the development of a nonisotopic immunometric assay methodology that forms the backbone of present-day thyroid testing. This review discusses the development of methods for measuring total thyroxine and triiodothyronine, direct and indirect free thyroid hormone measurements and estimates (free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid autoantibodies (thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin [Tg] and TSH receptor autoantibodies), and Tg protein. Despite progressive improvements made in sensitivity and specificity, current thyroid tests remain limited by between-method differences in the numeric values they report, as well as nonspecific interferences with test reagents and interferences from analyte autoantibodies. Conclusions: Thyroid disease affects ∼10% of the U.S. population and is mostly managed on an outpatient basis, generating 60% of endocrine laboratory tests. In future, it is hoped that interferences will be eliminated, and the standardization/harmonization of tests will facilitate the establishment of universal test reference ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Ann Spencer
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Zhang X, Young C, Morishita Y, Kim K, Kabil OO, Clarke OB, Di Jeso B, Arvan P. Defective Thyroglobulin: Cell Biology of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13605. [PMID: 36362390 PMCID: PMC9657758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary functional units of the thyroid gland are follicles of various sizes comprised of a monolayer of epithelial cells (thyrocytes) surrounding an apical extracellular cavity known as the follicle lumen. In the normal thyroid gland, the follicle lumen is filled with secreted protein (referred to as colloid), comprised nearly exclusively of thyroglobulin with a half-life ranging from days to weeks. At the cellular boundary of the follicle lumen, secreted thyroglobulin becomes iodinated, resulting from the coordinated activities of enzymes localized to the thyrocyte apical plasma membrane. Thyroglobulin appearance in evolution is essentially synchronous with the appearance of the follicular architecture of the vertebrate thyroid gland. Thyroglobulin is the most highly expressed thyroid gene and represents the most abundantly expressed thyroid protein. Wildtype thyroglobulin protein is a large and complex glycoprotein that folds in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to homodimerization and export via the classical secretory pathway to the follicle lumen. However, of the hundreds of human thyroglobulin genetic variants, most exhibit increased susceptibility to misfolding with defective export from the endoplasmic reticulum, triggering hypothyroidism as well as thyroidal endoplasmic reticulum stress. The human disease of hypothyroidism with defective thyroglobulin (either homozygous, or compound heterozygous) can be experimentally modeled in thyrocyte cell culture, or in whole animals, such as mice that are readily amenable to genetic manipulation. From a combination of approaches, it can be demonstrated that in the setting of thyroglobulin misfolding, thyrocytes under chronic continuous ER stress exhibit increased susceptibility to cell death, with interesting cell biological and pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Crystal Young
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kookjoo Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Omer O. Kabil
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Oliver B. Clarke
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bruno Di Jeso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Bernal Barquero CE, Geysels RC, Jacques V, Carro GH, Martín M, Peyret V, Abregú MC, Papendieck P, Masini-Repiso AM, Savagner F, Chiesa AE, Citterio CE, Nicola JP. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing of Congenital Hypothyroidism-Causative Genes Reveals Unexpected Thyroglobulin Gene Variants in Patients with Iodide Transport Defect. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169251. [PMID: 36012511 PMCID: PMC9409291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital iodide transport defect is an uncommon autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function variants in the sodium iodide symporter (NIS)-coding SLC5A5 gene and leading to dyshormonogenic congenital hypothyroidism. Here, we conducted a targeted next-generation sequencing assessment of congenital hypothyroidism-causative genes in a cohort of nine unrelated pediatric patients suspected of having a congenital iodide transport defect based on the absence of 99mTc-pertechnetate accumulation in a eutopic thyroid gland. Although, unexpectedly, we could not detect pathogenic SLC5A5 gene variants, we identified two novel compound heterozygous TG gene variants (p.Q29* and c.177-2A>C), three novel heterozygous TG gene variants (p.F1542Vfs*20, p.Y2563C, and p.S523P), and a novel heterozygous DUOX2 gene variant (p.E1496Dfs*51). Splicing minigene reporter-based in vitro assays revealed that the variant c.177-2A>C affected normal TG pre-mRNA splicing, leading to the frameshift variant p.T59Sfs*17. The frameshift TG variants p.T59Sfs*17 and p.F1542Vfs*20, but not the DUOX2 variant p.E1496Dfs*51, were predicted to undergo nonsense-mediated decay. Moreover, functional in vitro expression assays revealed that the variant p.Y2563C reduced the secretion of the TG protein. Our investigation revealed unexpected findings regarding the genetics of congenital iodide transport defects, supporting the existence of yet to be discovered mechanisms involved in thyroid hormonogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Bernal Barquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Romina Celeste Geysels
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Virginie Jacques
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1297, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Gerardo Hernán Carro
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Mariano Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Victoria Peyret
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - María Celeste Abregú
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Patricia Papendieck
- División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires 1006, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas Dr. César Bergadá, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CEDIE-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1120, Argentina
| | - Ana María Masini-Repiso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Cordoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Frédérique Savagner
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1297, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Elena Chiesa
- División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires 1006, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas Dr. César Bergadá, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CEDIE-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1120, Argentina
| | - Cintia E. Citterio
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIGEM-CONIET), Buenos Aires 1120, Argentina
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Nicola
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Cordoba 5000, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-0351-535-3850 (ext. 55423)
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8
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Tosatto L, Coscia F. A glance at post-translational modifications of human thyroglobulin: potential impact on function and pathogenesis. Eur Thyroid J 2022; 11:e220046. [PMID: 35544053 PMCID: PMC9254275 DOI: 10.1530/etj-22-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for the metabolism of vertebrates and their synthesis, storage and release in the thyroid gland are orchestrated by their large protein precursor thyroglobulin (Tg). Alterations of Tg structure and localisation often correlate with major thyroid disorders. Namely, Tg is the main antigen in autoimmune thyroid diseases, and mutations in its gene are one of the causes of congenital hypothyroidism. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for Tg surface properties and may be affected by the disease microenvironment; yet, their role in thyroid homeostasis and pathogenesis remains elusive. The advance of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has recently enabled the structure of Tg to be revealed in the un-iodinated and iodinated states. Moreover, ad hoc proteomic analyses have lately identified new PTMs in Tg. Here, we provide an overview of the Tg cryo-EM models obtained so far, and we build a three-dimensional map of known PTMs in Tg. Based on their location, we suggest the potential implication of each PTM in hormonogenesis, interactions with cellular partners, colloid cross-linking and hormone release. In addition, several PTMs overlap with immunogenic regions and pathogenic gene mutations. Hence, our analysis reveals a possible cross-talk between PTMs and alteration of Tg function in these disorders. In perspective, multi-omics analyses from patients, interpreted with structural and functional data, may generate more robust models to correlate phenotypes with classes of Tg functional alterations. This integrative approach will likely provide more targeted strategies to restore specific Tg functions in different thyroid pathologies.
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