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Castro Dopico X, Guryleva M, Mandolesi M, Corcoran M, Coquet JM, Murrell B, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Maintenance of caecal homeostasis by diverse adaptive immune cells in the rhesus macaque. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1508. [PMID: 38707998 PMCID: PMC11063928 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The caecum bridges the small and large intestine and plays a front-line role in discriminating gastrointestinal antigens. Although dysregulated in acute and chronic conditions, the tissue is often overlooked immunologically. Methods To address this issue, we applied single-cell transcriptomic-V(D)J sequencing to FACS-isolated CD45+ caecal patch/lamina propria leukocytes from a healthy (5-year-old) female rhesus macaque ex vivo and coupled these data to VDJ deep sequencing reads from haematopoietic tissues. Results We found caecal NK cells and ILC3s to co-exist with a spectrum of effector T cells partially derived from SOX4 + recent thymic emigrants. Tolerogenic Vγ8Vδ1-T cells, plastic CD4+ T helper cells and GZMK + EOMES + and TMIGD2 + tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells were present and differed metabolically. An IL13 + GATA3 + Th2 subset expressing eicosanoid pathway enzymes was accompanied by IL1RL1 + GATA3 + regulatory T cells and a minor proportion of IgE+ plasma cells (PCs), illustrating tightly regulated type 2 immunity devoid of ILC2s. In terms of B lymphocyte lineages, caecal patch antigen-presenting memory B cells sat alongside germinal centre cells undergoing somatic hypermutation and differentiation into IGF1 + PCs. Prototypic gene expression signatures decreased across PC clusters, and notably, expanded IgA clonotypes could be traced in VDJ deep sequencing reads from additional compartments, including the bone marrow, supporting that these cells contribute a steady stream of systemic antibodies. Conclusions The data advance our understanding of caecal immunological function, revealing processes involved in barrier maintenance and molecular networks relevant to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Mariia Guryleva
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Marco Mandolesi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jonathan M Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDKDenmark
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Rhoades NS, Cinco IR, Hendrickson SM, Prongay K, Haertel AJ, Flores GE, Slifka MK, Messaoudi I. Infant diarrheal disease in rhesus macaques impedes microbiome maturation and is linked to uncultured Campylobacter species. Commun Biol 2024; 7:37. [PMID: 38182754 PMCID: PMC10770169 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases remain one of the leading causes of death for children under 5 globally, disproportionately impacting those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Campylobacter spp., a zoonotic pathogen, is one of the leading causes of food-borne infection in humans. Yet to be cultured Campylobacter spp. contribute to the total burden in diarrheal disease in children living in LMIC thus hampering interventions. We performed microbiome profiling and metagenomic genome assembly on samples collected from over 100 infant rhesus macaques longitudinally and during cases of clinical diarrhea within the first year of life. Acute diarrhea was associated with long-lasting taxonomic and functional shifts of the infant gut microbiome indicative of microbiome immaturity. We constructed 36 Campylobacter metagenomic assembled genomes (MAGs), many of which fell within 4 yet to be cultured species. Finally, we compared the uncultured Campylobacter MAGs assembled from infant macaques with publicly available human metagenomes to show that these uncultured species are also found in human fecal samples from LMIC. These data highlight the importance of unculturable Campylobacter spp. as an important target for reducing disease burden in LMIC children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Rhoades
- Department of Molecular biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Isaac R Cinco
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sara M Hendrickson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kamm Prongay
- Division of Animal Resources and Research Support, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University West Campus, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew J Haertel
- Division of Animal Resources and Research Support, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University West Campus, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gilberto E Flores
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Shivakumar N, Kelly P. Protein status in relation to linear growth faltering and environmental enteropathy. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024; 27:55-60. [PMID: 37922120 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Children with linear growth faltering refractory to nutritional management show evidence of environmental enteropathy, which may compromise nutrient availability. Protein could be particularly affected, due to the possibility of sub-optimal digestibility and/or increase in requirement for immune response. This increase in protein requirement along with poor intake could potentially lead to increased breakdown of body protein sources and in turn a depleted protein state. The present review focuses on protein status in children at risk of linear growth faltering and environmental enteropathy. One pig study is also presented. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence of low circulating essential and conditionally essential amino acids, in children. One study showed no difference in protein synthesis/breakdown, and fat free mass (FFM) in children at risk of linear growth faltering and environmental enteropathy. Weanling pigs exposed to nutrient deprivation showed a decrease in plasma albumin, with a slower rate of weight and length accretion, and a lower FFM. SUMMARY These findings emphasize the need for improving intake of high-quality protein in children living in regions with a high prevalence of environmental enteropathy, with careful studies of the effect on growth rate and protein status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Shivakumar
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Sturgeon JP, Njunge JM, Bourke CD, Gonzales GB, Robertson RC, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Berkley JA, Kelly P, Prendergast AJ. Inflammation: the driver of poor outcomes among children with severe acute malnutrition? Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1636-1652. [PMID: 36977352 PMCID: PMC10639108 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the most life-threatening form of undernutrition and underlies at least 10% of all deaths among children younger than 5 years in low-income countries. SAM is a complex, multisystem disease, with physiological perturbations observed in conjunction with the loss of lean mass, including structural and functional changes in many organ systems. Despite the high mortality burden, predominantly due to infections, the underlying pathogenic pathways remain poorly understood. Intestinal and systemic inflammation is heightened in children with SAM. Chronic inflammation and its consequent immunomodulation may explain the increased morbidity and mortality from infections in children with SAM, both during hospitalization and in the longer term after discharge. Recognition of the role of inflammation in SAM is critical in considering new therapeutic targets in this disease, which has not seen a transformational approach to treatment for several decades. This review highlights the central role of inflammation in the wide-ranging pathophysiology of SAM, as well as identifying potential interventions that have biological plausibility based on evidence from other inflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Sturgeon
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James M Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Claire D Bourke
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruairi C Robertson
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - James A Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Paul Kelly
- is with the Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Zang X, Pascoe B, Mourkas E, Kong K, Jiao X, Sheppard SK, Huang J. Evidence of potential Campylobacter jejuni zooanthroponosis in captive macaque populations. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001121. [PMID: 37877958 PMCID: PMC10634442 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates share recent common ancestry with humans and exhibit comparable disease symptoms. Here, we explored the transmission potential of enteric bacterial pathogens in monkeys exhibiting symptoms of recurrent diarrhoea in a biomedical research facility in China. The common zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) and compared to isolates from humans and agricultural animals in Asia. Among the monkeys sampled, 5 % (44/973) tested positive for C. jejuni, 11 % (5/44) of which displayed diarrhoeal symptoms. Genomic analysis of monkey isolates, and 1254 genomes from various sources in Asia, were used to identify the most likely source of human infection. Monkey and human isolates shared high average nucleotide identity, common MLST clonal complexes and clustered together on a phylogeny. Furthermore, the profiles of putative antimicrobial resistance genes were similar between monkeys and humans. Taken together these findings suggest that housed macaques became infected with C. jejuni either directly from humans or via a common contamination source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evangelos Mourkas
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ke Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Samuel K. Sheppard
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
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Hendrickson SM, Thomas A, Raué HP, Prongay K, Haertel AJ, Rhoades NS, Slifka JF, Gao L, Quintel BK, Amanna IJ, Messaoudi I, Slifka MK. Campylobacter vaccination reduces diarrheal disease and infant growth stunting among rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3806. [PMID: 37365162 PMCID: PMC10293212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter-associated enteric disease is estimated to be responsible for more than 160 million cases of gastroenteritis each year and is linked to growth stunting of infants living under conditions of poor sanitation and hygiene. Here, we examine naturally occurring Campylobacter-associated diarrhea among rhesus macaques as a model to determine if vaccination could reduce severe diarrheal disease and infant growth stunting. Compared to unvaccinated controls, there are no Campylobacter diarrhea-associated deaths observed among vaccinated infant macaques and all-cause diarrhea-associated infant mortality is decreased by 76% (P = 0.03). By 9 months of age, there is a 1.3 cm increase in dorsal length that equaled a significant 1.28 LAZ (Length-for-Age Z score) improvement in linear growth among vaccinated infants compared to their unvaccinated counterparts (P = 0.001). In this work, we show that Campylobacter vaccination not only reduces diarrheal disease but also potentially serves as an effective intervention that improves infant growth trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Hendrickson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Archana Thomas
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Raué
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Kamm Prongay
- Division of Animal Resources and Research Support, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Andrew J Haertel
- Division of Animal Resources and Research Support, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Nicholas S Rhoades
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jacob F Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Lina Gao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Biostatistics Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Ian J Amanna
- Najít Technologies, Inc., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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