1
|
Hu X, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang G, Fang S, Zhang F, Xiao Y, Cheng G, Baughman RH, Ding J. Fast, variable stiffness-induced braided coiled artificial muscles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2412288121. [PMID: 39348536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2412288121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic actuation technologies with high muscle strokes, cycle rates, and work capacities are necessary for robotic systems. We present a muscle type that operates based on changes in muscle stiffness caused by volume expansion. This muscle is created by coiling a mechanically strong braid, in which an elastomer hollow tube is adhesively attached inside. We show that the muscle reversibly contracts by 47.3% when driven by an oscillating input air pressure of 120 kilopascals at 10 Hz. It generates a maximum power density of 3.0 W/g and demonstrates a mechanical contractile efficiency of 74%. The muscle's low-pressure operation allowed for portable, thermal pneumatical actuation. Moreover, the muscle demonstrated bipolar actuation, wherein internal pressure leads to muscle length expansion if the initial muscle length is compressed and contraction if the muscle is not compressed. Modeling indicates that muscle expansion significantly alters its stiffness, which causes muscle actuation. We demonstrate the utility of BCMs for fast running and climbing robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Guorong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Shaoli Fang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Ye Xiao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Guanggui Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Jianning Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song Y, Zhou Y, Zhang K, Fan Z, Zhang F, Wei M. Microfluidic programmable strategies for channels and flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:4483-4513. [PMID: 39120605 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes programmable microfluidics, an advanced method for precise fluid control in microfluidic technology through microchannel design or liquid properties, referring to microvalves, micropumps, digital microfluidics, multiplexers, micromixers, slip-, and block-based configurations. Different microvalve types, including electrokinetic, hydraulic/pneumatic, pinch, phase-change and check valves, cater to diverse experimental needs. Programmable micropumps, such as passive and active micropumps, play a crucial role in achieving precise fluid control and automation. Due to their small size and high integration, microvalves and micropumps are widely used in medical devices and biological analysis. In addition, this review provides an in-depth exploration of the applications of digital microfluidics, multiplexed microfluidics, and mixer-based microfluidics in the manipulation of liquid movement, mixing, and splitting. These methodologies leverage the physical properties of liquids, such as capillary forces and dielectric forces, to achieve precise control over fluid dynamics. SlipChip technology, which branches into rotational SlipChip and translational SlipChip, controls fluid through sliding motion of the microchannel. On the other hand, innovative designs in microfluidic systems pursue better modularity, reconfigurability and ease of assembly. Different assembly strategies, from one-dimensional assembly blocks and two-dimensional Lego®-style blocks to three-dimensional reconfigurable modules, aim to enhance flexibility and accessibility. These technologies enhance user-friendliness and accessibility by offering integrated control systems, making them potentially usable outside of specialized technical labs. Microfluidic programmable strategies for channels and flow hold promising applications in biomedical research, chemical analysis and drug screening, providing theoretical and practical guidance for broader utilization in scientific research and practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Song
- School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211171, China.
| | - Yijiang Zhou
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Automation, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Zhaoxuan Fan
- Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Mingji Wei
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim S, Kang J, Yoo S, Cha Y. Spring toy-inspired soft robots with electrohydraulic actuators. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20011. [PMID: 39198636 PMCID: PMC11358452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Toys are useful resources for structural inspiration in science and engineering. Their fascinating structures provide new strategies for robotics, particularly in overcoming challenging obstacles and increasing adaptability to unstructured environments. Recent advances in actuators made of soft materials have enabled robots to exhibit safer and more adaptive behaviors during locomotion. However, it is still difficult to descend quickly without falling off at the drop point. In the same context, we recall playing with spring toys descending on stairs. In this paper, we introduce an electrohydraulic-based soft robot inspired by the structure of spring toys. The robot demonstrated a novel and previously unreported ability to descend a series of stairs. Specifically, the soft robot consisted of a helical structure and multiple electrohydraulic actuators. A helical structure was used to accommodate the expansion of the electrohydraulic actuators and to operate a wider range of bending motions. This design prevents unpredictable falls and achieves operation while maintaining a sufficient level of flexibility. We also experimentally investigated the actuation characteristics of the soft robot in terms of motion and force. Additionally, we demonstrated a soft gripper using the spring toy-inspired robot as another potential application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyeon Kang
- Department of Smart Convergence, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Cha
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhan L, Chen S, Xin Y, Lv J, Fu H, Gao D, Jiang F, Zhou X, Wang N, Lee PS. Dual-Responsive MXene-Functionalized Wool Yarn Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402196. [PMID: 38650164 PMCID: PMC11220689 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Fiber-based artificial muscles are promising for smart textiles capable of sensing, interacting, and adapting to environmental stimuli. However, the application of current artificial muscle-based textiles in wearable and engineering fields has largely remained a constraint due to the limited deformation, restrictive stimulation, and uncomfortable. Here, dual-responsive yarn muscles with high contractile actuation force are fabricated by incorporating a very small fraction (<1 wt.%) of Ti3C2Tx MXene/cellulose nanofibers (CNF) composites into self-plied and twisted wool yarns. They can lift and lower a load exceeding 3400 times their own weight when stimulated by moisture and photothermal. Furthermore, the yarn muscles are coiled homochirally or heterochirally to produce spring-like muscles, which generated over 550% elongation or 83% contraction under the photothermal stimulation. The actuation mechanism, involving photothermal/moisture-mechanical energy conversion, is clarified by a combination of experiments and finite element simulations. Specifically, MXene/CNF composites serve as both photothermal and hygroscopic agents to accelerate water evaporation under near-infrared (NIR) light and moisture absorption from ambient air. Due to their low-cost facile fabrication, large scalable dimensions, and robust strength coupled with dual responsiveness, these soft actuators are attractive for intelligent textiles and devices such as self-adaptive textiles, soft robotics, and wearable information encryption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuxiang Zhan
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Advanced TextilesCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
- Engineering Research Center of Technical TextileMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Shaohua Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Yangyang Xin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Jian Lv
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Hongbo Fu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Dace Gao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Ni Wang
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Advanced TextilesCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
- Engineering Research Center of Technical TextileMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu D, Li X, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Long Z, Ren L, Xia X, Wang Q, Li J, Lv P, Feng Q, Wei Q. Novel Biomimetic "Spider Web" Robust, Super-Contractile Liquid Crystal Elastomer Active Yarn Soft Actuator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400557. [PMID: 38419378 PMCID: PMC11077665 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In nature, spider web is an interwoven network with high stability and elasticity from silk threads secreted by spider. Inspired by the structure of spider webs, light-driven liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) active yarn is designed with super-contractile and robust weavability. Herein, a novel biomimetic gold nanorods (AuNRs) @LCE yarn soft actuator with hierarchical structure is fabricated by a facile electrospinning and subsequent photocrosslinking strategies. Meanwhile, the inherent mechanism and actuation performances of the as-prepared yarn actuator with interleaving network are systematically analyzed. Results demonstrate that thanks to the unique "like-spider webs" structure between fibers, high molecular orientation within the LCE microfibers and good flexibility, they can generate super actuation strain (≈81%) and stable actuation performances. Importantly, benefit from the robust covalent bonding at the organic-inorganic interface, photopolymerizable AuNRs molecules are uniformly introduced into the polymer backbone of electrospun LCE yarn to achieve tailorable shape-morphing under different light intensity stimulation. As a proof-of-concept illustration, light-driven artificial muscles, micro swimmers, and hemostatic bandages are successfully constructed. The research disclosed herein can offer new insights into continuous production and development of LCE-derived yarn actuator that are of paramount significance for many applications from smart fabrics to flexible wearable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingsheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fabrics, College of Textiles and ClothingAnhui Polytechnic UniversityAnhui241000China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
| | - Zhiwen Long
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
| | - Lingyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
| | - Xin Xia
- College of Textile and ClothingXinjiang UniversityUrumchiXinjiang830046China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Textile Quality Services Inspection Testing InstituteJiangsu210007China
| | - Pengfei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
| | - Quan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fabrics, College of Textiles and ClothingAnhui Polytechnic UniversityAnhui241000China
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of EducationJiangnan UniversityJiangsu214122China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nie ZZ, Wang M, Yang H. Self-sustainable autonomous soft actuators. Commun Chem 2024; 7:58. [PMID: 38503863 PMCID: PMC10951225 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-sustainable autonomous locomotion is a non-equilibrium phenomenon and an advanced intelligence of soft-bodied organisms that exhibit the abilities of perception, feedback, decision-making, and self-sustainment. However, artificial self-sustaining architectures are often derived from algorithms and onboard modules of soft robots, resulting in complex fabrication, limited mobility, and low sensitivity. Self-sustainable autonomous soft actuators have emerged as naturally evolving systems that do not require human intervention. With shape-morphing materials integrating in their structural design, soft actuators can direct autonomous responses to complex environmental changes and achieve robust self-sustaining motions under sustained stimulation. This perspective article discusses the recent advances in self-sustainable autonomous soft actuators. Specifically, shape-morphing materials, motion characteristics, built-in negative feedback loops, and constant stimulus response patterns used in autonomous systems are summarized. Artificial self-sustaining autonomous concepts, modes, and deformation-induced functional applications of soft actuators are described. The current challenges and future opportunities for self-sustainable actuation systems are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhou Nie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kanno R, Shimizu K, Murakami K, Shibahara Y, Ogawa N, Akai H, Shintake J. Silicone-based highly stretchable multifunctional fiber pumps. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4618. [PMID: 38409217 PMCID: PMC10897224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements on electrohydrodynamic (EHD) soft pumps demonstrate their applicability to various fluid-driven systems such as soft robots, wearable devices, and stretchable electronics. In particular, fiber type EHD pumps reported more recently is a promising pumping element thanks to their versatile fibrous structure. Yet existing EHD fiber pumps are less stretchable and require sophisticated, complex fabrication equipment, implying opportunity for technology advancement. This paper presents a simplified method to create highly stretchable multifunctional fiber EHD pumps. The method employs highly compliant silicone elastomers for the fiber structure that is formed by simple dipping fabrication process. The fabricated pumps (length of 100 mm, inner diameter 4 mm, and mass 5.3 g) exhibit a high stretchability (up to 40% strain) and flow rate and pressure of 167.4 ± 7.6 mL/min (31.6 mL/min/g) and 4.1 ± 0.6 kPa (0.8 kPa/g), respectively. These performances are comparable or even higher than those of previously reported EHD pumps including fiber types. The output performance of the fabricated pumps remain constant for repeated strain cycles (0-25%, up to 2000 cycles) and bending angle up to 180° (corresponding to curvature of 0-30/m). Moreover, the pumps demonstrate unprecedented functionality as a sensor to distinguish the type of fluid inside the tube and to detect strains by reading the capacitance between the electrodes. The characterization result reveals the sensing ability of the pumps as high repeatability up to 30% strain with negligible hysteresis, which is consistent for 5000 cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kanno
- Shintake Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Keita Shimizu
- Shintake Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuya Murakami
- Shintake Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yuya Shibahara
- Shintake Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Naoki Ogawa
- Functional Design Laboratory, Science and Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8502, Japan
| | - Hideko Akai
- Functional Design Laboratory, Science and Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8502, Japan
| | - Jun Shintake
- Shintake Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma J, Yang Y, Zhang X, Xue P, Valenzuela C, Liu Y, Wang L, Feng W. Mechanochromic and ionic conductive cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers for biomechanical monitoring and human-machine interaction. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:217-226. [PMID: 37901959 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) that combine rubbery elasticity with structural colour from self-assembled helical nanostructures are of paramount importance for diverse applications such as biomimetic skins, adaptive optics and soft robotics. Despite great advances, it is challenging to integrate electrical sensing and colour-changing characteristics in a single CLCE system. Here, we report the design and synthesis of an ionic conductive cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer (iCLCE) through in situ Michael addition and free-radical photopolymerization of CLCE precursors on silane-functionalized polymer ionic liquid networks, in which robust covalent chemical bonding was formed at the interface. Thanks to superior mechanochromism and ionic conductivity, the resulting iCLCEs exhibit dynamic colour-changing and electrical sensing functions in a wide range upon mechanical stretching, and can be used for biomechanical monitoring during joint bending. Importantly, a capacitive elastomeric sensor can be constructed through facilely stacking iCLCEs, where the optical and electrical dual-signal reporting performance allows intuitive visual localization of pressure intensity and distribution. Moreover, proof-of-concept application of the iCLCEs has been demonstrated with human-interactive systems. The research disclosed herein can provide new insights into the development of bioinspired somatosensory materials for emerging applications in diverse fields such as human-machine interaction, prostheses and intelligent robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhe Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Yanzhao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Pan Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
- Binhai Industrial Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300452, China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu J, Jiang W, Gu M, Sun F, Han C, Gong H. Flexible Actuators with Hygroscopic Adaptability for Smart Wearables and Soft Grippers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59989-60001. [PMID: 38085924 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible actuators have garnered significant interest in the domains of biomedical devices, human-machine interfaces, and smart wearables. However, the mechanical properties of existing materials are not sufficiently robust, and the expensive and time-consuming pretreatment process and the ambiguous high-degree-of-freedom deformation mechanism make it difficult to meet the demands of industrialized production. Hence, drawing inspiration from the adaptable movement of living organisms in the natural world, this research created and engineered a fully textile-based humidity-sensitive flexible actuator (TbHs-FA) using high-cost-effective viscose/PET fibers as raw materials. The breakthrough development in actuation performance is covered, including substantial contraction force (92.53 cN), high actuation curvature (16.78 cm-1), and fast response (264 cN s-1 and 46.61 cm-1 s-1). Additionally, the programmable stiffness system and weave structure give TbHs-FAs low hysteresis and fatigue resistance, narrowing the gap between the conceptual laboratory-scale design of existing fully textile-based humidity-sensitive flexible actuators and actual textiles. The high-degree-of-freedom and large bending deformation mechanisms are elucidated for the first time by combining microscopic mechanical structure simulation and macroscopic energy conversion analysis. The novel humidity-sensitive flexible actuator possesses strong mechanical qualities, making it suitable for applications such as flexible robots, medicinal devices, and smart wearables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Textile Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengshang Gu
- Textile Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fengxin Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft Fibrous Materials, College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chenchen Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hugh Gong
- University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang K, Lin J, Fu C, Guo J, Zhou J, Jiao F, Guo Q, Zhou P, Weng M. Multifunctional actuators integrated with the function of self-powered temperature sensing made with Ti 3C 2T x-bamboo nanofiber composites. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18842-18857. [PMID: 37966128 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03885h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, multifunctional actuators have received increasing attention and development. In particular, researchers have conducted extensive research on intelligent actuators with integrated sensing functions. Temperature is an important parameter for the deformation of bilayer thermal actuators. By obtaining the temperature information of a bilayer thermal actuator, the deformation amplitude and its state can be judged. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a type of intelligent actuator with a self-powered temperature sensing function. Herein, Ti3C2Tx-based composites modified with bamboo nanofibers have been proposed and applied to intelligent actuators integrated with a self-powered temperature sensing function. By utilizing the coefficients of thermal expansion between Ti3C2Tx-bamboo nanofiber composites and a polyimide film, a bilayer photo/electro-driven thermal actuator is designed which shows a bending curvature as large as 1.9 cm-1. In addition, Ti3C2Tx-bamboo nanofiber composites have a Seebeck coefficient of -9.15 μV K-1, and are N-type thermoelectric materials and can be used as the component of self-powered temperature sensors. Finally, a series of practical applications were designed, including a light-driven floating actuator (with a moving speed of 5 mm s-1), biomimetic sunflowers, bionic tentacles, and a multifunctional gripper integrated with a self-powered temperature sensing function. In particular, the multifunctional grippers can output voltage signals carrying their temperature information without external complex power sources, demonstrating their potential for remote monitoring. The above results demonstrate that Ti3C2Tx-bamboo nanofiber composites have extensive practical applications in fields such as self-powered sensors, flexible thermoelectric generators, and soft actuators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaihuai Yang
- School of Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
| | - Junjie Lin
- School of Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
| | - Congchun Fu
- School of Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
| | - Fengliang Jiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
| | - Qiaohang Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
| | - Peidi Zhou
- Institute of Smart Marine and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350118, China.
| | - Mingcen Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu Z, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Lv JA. Bioinspired helical-artificial fibrous muscle structured tubular soft actuators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3350. [PMID: 37352358 PMCID: PMC10289666 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Biological tubular actuators show diverse deformations, which allow for sophisticated deformations with well-defined degrees of freedom (DOF). Nonetheless, synthetic active tubular soft actuators largely only exhibit few simple deformations with limited and undesignable DOF. Inspired by 3D fibrous architectures of tubular muscular hydrostats, we devised conceptually new helical-artificial fibrous muscle structured tubular soft actuators (HAFMS-TSAs) with locally tunable molecular orientations, materials, mechanics, and actuation via a modular fabrication platform using a programmable filament winding technique. Unprecedentedly, HAFMS-TSAs can be endowed with 11 different morphing modes through programmable regulation of their 3D helical fibrous architectures. We demonstrate a single "living" artificial plant rationally structured by HAFMS-TSAs exhibiting diverse photoresponsive behaviors that enable adaptive omnidirectional reorientation of its hierarchical 3D structures in the response to environmental irradiation, resembling morphing intelligence of living plants in reacting to changing environments. Our methodology would be significantly beneficial for developing sophisticated soft actuators with designable and tunable DOF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Hu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiu-an Lv
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xing Y, Zhou M, Si Y, Yang CY, Feng LW, Wu Q, Wang F, Wang X, Huang W, Cheng Y, Zhang R, Duan X, Liu J, Song P, Sun H, Wang H, Zhang J, Jiang S, Zhu M, Wang G. Integrated opposite charge grafting induced ionic-junction fiber. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2355. [PMID: 37095082 PMCID: PMC10126126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of ionic-junction devices has attracted growing interests due to the potential of serving as signal transmission and translation media between electronic devices and biological systems using ions. Among them, fiber-shaped iontronics possesses a great advantage in implantable applications owing to the unique one-dimensional geometry. However, fabricating stable ionic-junction on curved surfaces remains a challenge. Here, we developed a polyelectrolyte based ionic-junction fiber via an integrated opposite charge grafting method capable of large-scale continuous fabrication. The ionic-junction fibers can be integrated into functions such as ionic diodes and ionic bipolar junction transistors, where rectification and switching of input signals are implemented. Moreover, synaptic functionality has also been demonstrated by utilizing the fiber memory capacitance. The connection between the ionic-junction fiber and sciatic nerves of the mouse simulating end-to-side anastomosis is further performed to realize effective nerve signal conduction, verifying the capability for next-generation artificial neural pathways in implantable bioelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, Center for the Reconstruction of Limb Function, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Institute of Hand Surgery, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueguang Si
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Qilin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Center for the Reconstruction of Limb Function, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Institute of Hand Surgery, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Center for the Reconstruction of Limb Function, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Institute of Hand Surgery, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Eletro-optical Engineering, 210007, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Song
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Eletro-optical Engineering, 210007, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Center for the Reconstruction of Limb Function, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Institute of Hand Surgery, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang T, Yuan D, Wan W, Zhang B. Numerical Study of Viscoelastic Microfluidic Particle Manipulation in a Microchannel with Asymmetrical Expansions. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14050915. [PMID: 37241539 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic microparticle manipulation is currently widely used in environmental, bio-chemical, and medical applications. Previously we proposed a straight microchannel with additional triangular cavity arrays to manipulate microparticles with inertial microfluidic forces, and experimentally explored the performances within different viscoelastic fluids. However, the mechanism remained poorly understood, which limited the exploration of the optimal design and standard operation strategies. In this study, we built a simple but robust numerical model to reveal the mechanisms of microparticle lateral migration in such microchannels. The numerical model was validated by our experimental results with good agreement. Furthermore, the force fields under different viscoelastic fluids and flow rates were carried out for quantitative analysis. The mechanism of microparticle lateral migration was revealed and is discussed regarding the dominant microfluidic forces, including drag force, inertial lift force, and elastic force. The findings of this study can help to better understand the different performances of microparticle migration under different fluid environments and complex boundary conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Wang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wuyi Wan
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Boran Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li H, Li L, Zhang H, Wei J, Xu Z, Chen T. Cell Differentiation-Inspired, Salt-Induced Multifunctional Gels for an Intelligent Soft Robot with an Artificial Reflex Arc. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5910-5920. [PMID: 36657404 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To make soft robotics intelligent, dazzling artificial skin and actuators have been created. However, compared to rigid commercial robots, the sophisticated demands of raw materials become a key challenge for autonomous soft actuators to realize manufacturing repeatability and reproducibility. Inspired by the stem cell, which has the potential to differentiate into multifunctional cells with the same original compositions, a potential multifunctional gel is presented. With well-designed polymer chains, the gel has a salt-induced regulating module, conductivity, and other bionic properties. Making use of this advantage, the gel acts as a double-duty electrode for both the actuator and sensor. An artificial reflex arc is therefore formed by their tight integration via an e-brain: a computing unit that specifically responds to organism intervention. This efficient strategy to obtain diverse components with minimal raw materials is promising for effortlessly fabricating fully soft robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Junjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Li P, Zhang K, Wang X. Temporary Actuation of Bilayer Polymer Hydrogels Mediated by the Enzymatic Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15433-15441. [PMID: 36459698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Most soft actuators have the ability of monotonic responsiveness. That is, there is only one response action after being stimulated once. In this work, a temporarily responsive bilayer hydrogel actuator is designed and fabricated by combining a tertiary amine-containing pH-responsive layer and a urease-containing non-responsive layer. The hydrogel actuator can achieve programed deformation and recovery driven by chemical fuels (i.e., acidic urea solutions), which is essentially regulated by rapid acidification and slow enzymatic production of ammonia for recovering the pH of the system. The actuation extent and duration can be simply controlled by the fuel levels, and the repeated actuations are also possible via refueling. Furthermore, we fabricate several hydrogel devices that can display specific patterns or lift an item. This enzymatic method shows new possibilities to control the temporary actuation of polymer hydrogels potentially useful in many fields such as soft robotics, biomimetic devices, and environmental sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong, China
| | - Panpan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong, China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dong L, Ren M, Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang S, Wei X, He J, Cui B, Zhao Y, Xu P, Wang X, Di J, Li Q. Artificial neuromuscular fibers by multilayered coaxial integration with dynamic adaption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7703. [PMID: 36383669 PMCID: PMC9668289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrating sense in a thin artificial muscle fiber for environmental adaption and actuation path tracing, as a snail tentacle does, is highly needed but still challenging because of the interfacing mismatch between the fiber's actuation and sensing components. Here, we report an artificial neuromuscular fiber by wrapping a carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber core in sequence with an elastomer layer, a nanofiber network, and an MXene/CNT thin sheath, achieving the ingenious sense-judge-act intelligent system in an elastic fiber. The CNT/elastomer components provide actuation, and the sheath enables touch/stretch perception and hysteresis-free cyclic actuation tracing due to its strain-dependent resistance. As a whole, the coaxial structure builds a dielectric capacitor that enables sensitive touchless perception. The key to seamless integration is to use a nanofiber interface that allows the sensing layer to adaptively trace but not restrict actuation. This work provides promising solutions for closed-loop control for future intelligent soft robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Dong
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shiqin Zhang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xulin Wei
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bo Cui
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Programmable Microfluidic Manipulations for Biomedical Applications. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|