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Mwangangi IM, Büchi L, Haefele SM, Rodenburg J. Macronutrient application rescues performance of tolerant sorghum genotypes when infected by the parasitic plant striga. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:59-70. [PMID: 38428944 PMCID: PMC11161562 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Infection by the hemi-parasitic plant Striga hermonthica causes severe host plant damage and seed production losses. Increased availability of essential plant nutrients reduces infection. Whether, how and to what extent it also reduces striga-induced host plant damage has not been well studied. METHODS The effects of improved macro- and micronutrient supply on host plant performance under striga-free and infected conditions were investigated in glasshouse pot assays. One striga-sensitive and two striga-tolerant genotypes were compared. Plants growing in impoverished soils were supplied with (1) 25 % of optimal macro- and micronutrient quantities, (2) 25 % macro- and 100 % micronutrients, (3) 100 % macro- and 25 % micronutrients, or (4) 100 % macro- and micronutrients. KEY RESULTS Photosynthesis rates of striga-infected plants of the sensitive genotype increased with improved nutrition (from 12.2 to 22.1 μmol m-2 s-1) but remained below striga-free levels (34.9-38.8 μmol m-2 s-1). For the tolerant genotypes, increased macronutrient supply offset striga-induced photosynthesis losses. Striga-induced relative grain losses of 100 % for the sensitive genotype were reduced to 74 % by increased macronutrients. Grain losses of 80 % in the tolerant Ochuti genotype, incurred at low nutrient supply, were reduced to 5 % by improved nutrient supply. CONCLUSIONS Increasing macronutrient supply reduces the impact of striga on host plants but can only restore losses when applied to genotypes with a tolerant background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculate M Mwangangi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Lucie Büchi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Stephan M Haefele
- Sustainable Soils and Crops Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jonne Rodenburg
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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2
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Frederica CF, Irving LJ. Hemiparasite Phtheirospermum japonicum growth benefits from a second host and inflicts greater host damage with exogenous N supply. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 296:154238. [PMID: 38581742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
While parasites are likely to connect to multiple host plants in nature, parasitism dynamics under multiple association conditions remain unclear and are difficult to separate from competitive effects. In this study, a five-compartment split root-box was constructed to allow a single facultative root hemiparasite, Phtheirospermum japonicum, to connect to zero, one or two Medicago sativa hosts while maintaining constant plant number and independently controlling nutrient supply. In the first experiment, we found that P. japonicum derived equal, additive benefits from attachment to a second host irrespective of parasite N status. In the second experiment, parasites were grown at four N levels in either parasitic or control conditions. Attachment caused a constant, absolute increase in parasite mass at all N levels, while host damage increased at higher parasite N levels despite an apparent decrease in host to parasite N transfer. Our findings suggest that host damage caused by P. japonicum may be strengthened by exogenous nitrogen supply to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Frances Frederica
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Louis John Irving
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan.
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3
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Dixit S, Upadhyay SK. Melting the wall: plant parasitism entails pectin modification. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2252219. [PMID: 37642396 PMCID: PMC10467513 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2252219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Phtheirospermum japonicum shows induced expression of PjPME and PjPMEI genes during haustoria development in rice and Arabidopsis with increased PME activity, which leads to the modulated cell wall during parasitism. Moreover, how PME and PMEI proteins interact and balance during haustoria development remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Dixit
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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4
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Leso M, Kokla A, Feng M, Melnyk CW. Pectin modifications promote haustoria development in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:229-242. [PMID: 37311199 PMCID: PMC10762509 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants are globally prevalent pathogens with important ecological functions but also potentially devastating agricultural consequences. Common to all parasites is the formation of the haustorium which requires parasite organ development and tissue invasion into the host. Both processes involve cell wall modifications. Here, we investigated a role for pectins during haustorium development in the facultative parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. Using transcriptomics data from infected Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa), we identified genes for multiple P. japonicum pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and their inhibitors (PMEIs) whose expression was upregulated by haustoria formation. Changes in PME and PMEI expression were associated with tissue-specific modifications in pectin methylesterification. While de-methylesterified pectins were present in outer haustorial cells, highly methylesterified pectins were present in inner vascular tissues, including the xylem bridge that connects parasite to host. Specifically blocking xylem bridge formation in the haustoria inhibited several PME and PMEI genes from activating. Similarly, inhibiting PME activity using chemicals or by overexpressing PMEI genes delayed haustoria development. Our results suggest a dynamic and tissue-specific regulation of pectin contributes to haustoria initiation and to the establishment of xylem connections between parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Leso
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Kokla
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Cui S, Inaba S, Suzaki T, Yoshida S. Developing for nutrient uptake: Induced organogenesis in parasitic plants and root nodule symbiosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102473. [PMID: 37826989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved diverse strategies to meet their nutritional needs. Parasitic plants employ haustoria, specialized structures that facilitate invasion of host plants and nutrient acquisition. Legumes have adapted to nitrogen-limited conditions by developing nodules that accommodate nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. The formation of both haustoria and nodules is induced by signals originating from the interacting organisms, namely host plants and rhizobial bacteria, respectively. Emerging studies showed that both organogenesis crucially involves plant hormones such as auxin, cytokinins, and ethylene and also integrate nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen. In this review, we discuss recent advances on hormonal and environmental control of haustoria and nodules development with side-by-side comparison. These underscore the remarkable plasticity of plant organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkui Cui
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shoko Inaba
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
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Kirschner GK, Xiao TT, Jamil M, Al-Babili S, Lube V, Blilou I. A roadmap of haustorium morphogenesis in parasitic plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:7034-7044. [PMID: 37486862 PMCID: PMC10752351 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants invade their host through their invasive organ, the haustorium. This organ connects to the vasculature of the host roots and hijacks water and nutrients. Although parasitism has evolved independently in plants, haustoria formation follows a similar mechanism throughout different plant species, highlighting the developmental plasticity of plant tissues. Here, we compare three types of haustoria formed by the root and shoot in the plant parasites Striga and Cuscuta. We discuss mechanisms underlying the interactions with their hosts and how different approaches have contributed to major understanding of haustoria formation and host invasion. We also illustrate the role of auxin and cytokinin in controlling this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn K Kirschner
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting Ting Xiao
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- BESE Division, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- BESE Division, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinicius Lube
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Zemaitis KJ, Lin VS, Ahkami AH, Winkler TE, Anderton CR, Veličković D. Expanded Coverage of Phytocompounds by Mass Spectrometry Imaging Using On-Tissue Chemical Derivatization by 4-APEBA. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12701-12709. [PMID: 37594382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Probing the entirety of any species metabolome is an analytical grand challenge, especially on a cellular scale. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a common spatial metabolomics assay, but this technique has limited molecular coverage for several reasons. To expand the application space of spatial metabolomics, we developed an on-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD) workflow using 4-APEBA for the confident identification of several dozen elusive phytocompounds. Overall, this new OTCD method enabled the annotation of roughly 280 metabolites, with only a 10% overlap in metabolic coverage when compared to analog negative ion mode MALDI-MSI on serial sections. We demonstrate that 4-APEBA outperforms other derivatization agents by providing: (1) broad specificity toward carbonyls, (2) low background, and (3) introduction of bromine isotopes. Notably, the latter two attributes also facilitate more confidence in our bioinformatics for data processing. The workflow detailed here trailblazes a path toward spatial hormonomics within plant samples, enhancing the detection of carboxylates, aldehydes, and plausibly other carbonyls. As such, several phytohormones, which have various roles within stress responses and cellular communication, can now be spatially profiled, as demonstrated in poplar root and soybean root nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Zemaitis
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Vivian S Lin
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Amir H Ahkami
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Tanya E Winkler
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Dušan Veličković
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Ogawa S, Shirasu K. Strigol induces germination of the facultative parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum in the absence of nitrate ions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2114647. [PMID: 35993137 PMCID: PMC9397475 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root parasitic plants in the family Orobanchaceae, such as Striga and Orobanche spp., infest major crops worldwide, leading to a multibillion-dollar loss annually. Host-derived strigolactones (SLs), recognized by a group of α/β hydrolase receptors (KAI2d) in these parasites, are important determinants for germinating root parasitic plants near the roots of host plants. Phtheirospermum japonicum, a facultative hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae plant, can germinate and grow in the presence or absence of the host and can also exhibit root chemotropism to host-derived SLs that are perceived via KAI2d. However, the importance of SLs in P. japonicum germination remains unclear. In this study, we found that germination of P. japonicum was suppressed in the absence of nitrate ions and that germination of P. japonicum was promoted by exogenous strigol, an SL, under such conditions. We propose a model in which P. japonicum may select either independent living or parasitism in response to ambient nitrogen conditions and host presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Aoki N, Cui S, Ito C, Kumaishi K, Kobori S, Ichihashi Y, Yoshida S. Phenolic signals for prehaustorium formation in Striga hermonthica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1077996. [PMID: 36561443 PMCID: PMC9767415 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1077996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Striga hermonthica is a root parasitic plant that causes considerable crop yield losses. To parasitize host plants, parasitic plants develop a specialized organ called the haustorium that functions in host invasion and nutrient absorption. The initiation of a prehaustorium, the primitive haustorium structure before host invasion, requires the perception of host-derived compounds, collectively called haustorium-inducing factors (HIFs). HIFs comprise quinones, phenolics, flavonoids and cytokinins for S. hermonthica; however, the signaling pathways from various HIFs leading to prehaustorium formation remain largely uncharacterized. It has been proposed that quinones serve as direct signaling molecules for prehaustorium induction and phenolic compounds originating from the host cell wall are the oxidative precursors, but the overlap and distinction of their downstream signaling remain unknown. Here we show that quinone and phenolic-triggered prehaustorium induction in S. hermonthica occurs through partially divergent signaling pathways. We found that ASBr, an inhibitor of acetosyringone in virulence gene induction in the soil bacterium Agrobacterium, compromised prehaustorium formation in S. hermonthica. In addition, LGR-991, a competitive inhibitor of cytokinin receptors, inhibited phenolic-triggered but not quinone-triggered prehaustorium formation, demonstrating divergent signaling pathways of phenolics and quinones for prehaustorium formation. Comparisons of genome-wide transcriptional activation in response to either phenolic or quinone-type HIFs revealed markedly distinct gene expression patterns specifically at the early initiation stage. While quinone DMBQ triggered rapid and massive transcriptional changes in genes at early stages, only limited numbers of genes were induced by phenolic syringic acid. The number of genes that are commonly upregulated by DMBQ and syringic acid is gradually increased, and many genes involved in oxidoreduction and cell wall modification are upregulated at the later stages by both HIFs. Our results show kinetic and signaling differences in quinone and phenolic HIFs, providing useful insights for understanding how parasitic plants interpret different host signals for successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Aoki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Songkui Cui
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chiharu Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kie Kumaishi
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Satoko Yoshida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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