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Agarwal R, Mohamad A. Gallium-based liquid metals as smart responsive materials: Morphological forms and stimuli characterization. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 329:103183. [PMID: 38788305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) have garnered monumental attention from the scientific community due to their diverse actuation characteristics. These metals possess remarkable characteristics, including high surface tension, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, phase transformation behaviour, minimal viscosity and vapour pressure, lack of toxicity, and biocompatibility. In addition, GaLMs have melting points that are either lower or near room temperature, making them incredibly beneficial when compared to solid metals since they can be easily deformed. Thus, there has been significant progress in developing multifunctional devices using GaLMs, including bio-devices, flexible and self-healing circuits, and actuators. Despite numerous reports on these liquid metals (LMs), there is an urgent need for consolidated and coherent literature regarding their actuation principles linked to the targeted application. This will ensure that the reader gets the flavour of physics behind the actuation mechanism and how it can be utilized in diverse fields. Moreover, the actuation mechanism has been scattered in the literature, and thus, the primary motive of this review is to provide a one-stop solution for the actuation mechanism and the associated dynamics while directing the readers to specialized literature. Thus, addressing this issue, we thoroughly examine and present a detailed account of the actuation mechanisms of GaLMs while highlighting the science behind them. We also discuss the various morphologies of GaLMs and their crucial physical characteristics which decide their targeted application. Furthermore, we also delve into commonly held beliefs about GaLMs in the literature, such as their toxicity and antibacterial properties, to offer readers a more accurate understanding. Finally, we have explored several key unanswered aspects of the LM that should be explored in future research. The core strength of this review lies in its simplistic approach in offering a starting point for researchers venturing this innovative field, while we make use of existing literature to develop a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Abdulmajeed Mohamad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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2
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Wang H, Yuan B, Zhu X, Shan X, Chen S, Ding W, Cao Y, Dong K, Zhang X, Guo R, Yao Y, Wang B, Tang J, Liu J. Multi-stimulus perception and visualization by an intelligent liquid metal-elastomer architecture. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp5215. [PMID: 38787948 PMCID: PMC11122678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp5215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Multi-stimulus responsive soft materials with integrated functionalities are elementary blocks for building soft intelligent systems, but their rational design remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate an intelligent soft architecture sensitized by magnetized liquid metal droplets that are dispersed in a highly stretchable elastomer network. The supercooled liquid metal droplets serve as microscopic latent heat reservoirs, and their controllable solidification releases localized thermal energy/information flows for enabling programmable visualization and display. This allows the perception of a variety of information-encoded contact (mechanical pressing, stretching, and torsion) and noncontact (magnetic field) stimuli as well as the visualization of dynamic phase transition and stress evolution processes, via thermal and/or thermochromic imaging. The liquid metal-elastomer architecture offers a generic platform for designing soft intelligent sensing, display, and information encryption systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhang Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Center of Double Helix, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiyu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Sen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Institute of Data and Information, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Institute of Materials Research, Center of Double Helix, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Institute of Data and Information, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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3
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Roshan U, Mudugamuwa A, Cha H, Hettiarachchi S, Zhang J, Nguyen NT. Actuation for flexible and stretchable microdevices. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2146-2175. [PMID: 38507292 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable microdevices incorporate highly deformable structures, facilitating precise functionality at the micro- and millimetre scale. Flexible microdevices have showcased extensive utility in the fields of biomedicine, microfluidics, and soft robotics. Actuation plays a critical role in transforming energy between different forms, ensuring the effective operation of devices. However, when it comes to actuating flexible microdevices at the small millimetre or even microscale, translating actuation mechanisms from conventional rigid large-scale devices is not straightforward. The recent development of actuation mechanisms leverages the benefits of device flexibility, particularly in transforming conventional actuation concepts into more efficient approaches for flexible devices. Despite many reviews on soft robotics, flexible electronics, and flexible microfluidics, a specific and systematic review of the actuation mechanisms for flexible and stretchable microdevices is still lacking. Therefore, the present review aims to address this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art actuation mechanisms for flexible and stretchable microdevices. We elaborate on the different actuation mechanisms based on fluid pressure, electric, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical sources, thoroughly examining and comparing the structure designs, characteristics, performance, advantages, and drawbacks of these diverse actuation mechanisms. Furthermore, the review explores the pivotal role of materials and fabrication techniques in the development of flexible and stretchable microdevices. Finally, we summarise the applications of these devices in biomedicine and soft robotics and provide perspectives on current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uditha Roshan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Amith Mudugamuwa
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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4
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Lu G, Ni E, Jiang Y, Wu W, Li H. Room-Temperature Liquid Metals for Flexible Electronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304147. [PMID: 37875665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (RT-GaLMs) have garnered significant interest recently owing to their extraordinary combination of fluidity, conductivity, stretchability, self-healing performance, and biocompatibility. They are ideal materials for the manufacture of flexible electronics. By changing the composition and oxidation of RT-GaLMs, physicochemical characteristics of the liquid metal can be adjusted, especially the regulation of rheological, wetting, and adhesion properties. This review highlights the advancements in the liquid metals used in flexible electronics. Meanwhile related characteristics of RT-GaLMs and underlying principles governing their processing and applications for flexible electronics are elucidated. Finally, the diverse applications of RT-GaLMs in self-healing circuits, flexible sensors, energy harvesting devices, and epidermal electronics, are explored. Additionally, the challenges hindering the progress of RT-GaLMs are discussed, while proposing future research directions and potential applications in this emerging field. By presenting a concise and critical analysis, this paper contributes to the advancement of RT-GaLMs as an advanced material applicable for the new generation of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Erli Ni
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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6
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Zhang Z, Shi Z, Ahmed D. SonoTransformers: Transformable acoustically activated wireless microscale machines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314661121. [PMID: 38289954 PMCID: PMC10861920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314661121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Shape transformation, a key mechanism for organismal survival and adaptation, has gained importance in developing synthetic shape-shifting systems with diverse applications ranging from robotics to bioengineering. However, designing and controlling microscale shape-shifting materials remains a fundamental challenge in various actuation modalities. As materials and structures are scaled down to the microscale, they often exhibit size-dependent characteristics, and the underlying physical mechanisms can be significantly affected or rendered ineffective. Additionally, surface forces such as van der Waals forces and electrostatic forces become dominant at the microscale, resulting in stiction and adhesion between small structures, making them fracture and more difficult to deform. Furthermore, despite various actuation approaches, acoustics have received limited attention despite their potential advantages. Here, we introduce "SonoTransformer," the acoustically activated micromachine that delivers shape transformability using preprogrammed soft hinges with different stiffnesses. When exposed to an acoustic field, these hinges concentrate sound energy through intensified oscillation and provide the necessary force and torque for the transformation of the entire micromachine within milliseconds. We have created machine designs to predetermine the folding state, enabling precise programming and customization of the acoustic transformation. Additionally, we have shown selective shape transformable microrobots by adjusting acoustic power, realizing high degrees of control and functional versatility. Our findings open new research avenues in acoustics, physics, and soft matter, offering new design paradigms and development opportunities in robotics, metamaterials, adaptive optics, flexible electronics, and microtechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Zhan Shi
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
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7
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Shklyaev OE, Balazs AC. Interlinking spatial dimensions and kinetic processes in dissipative materials to create synthetic systems with lifelike functionality. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:146-159. [PMID: 38057363 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems spontaneously convert energy input into the actions necessary to survive. Motivated by the efficacy of these processes, researchers aim to forge materials systems that exhibit the self-sustained and autonomous functionality found in nature. Success in this effort will require synthetic analogues of the following: a metabolism to generate energy, a vasculature to transport energy and materials, a nervous system to transmit 'commands', a musculoskeletal system to translate commands into physical action, regulatory networks to monitor the entire enterprise, and a mechanism to convert 'nutrients' into growing materials. Design rules must interconnect the material's structural and kinetic properties over ranges of length (that can vary from the nano- to mesoscale) and timescales to enable local energy dissipations to power global functionality. Moreover, by harnessing dynamic interactions intrinsic to the material, the system itself can perform the work needed for its own functionality. Here, we assess the advances and challenges in dissipative materials design and at the same time aim to spur developments in next-generation functional, 'living' materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Wang D, Ye J, Bai Y, Yang F, Zhang J, Rao W, Liu J. Liquid Metal Combinatorics toward Materials Discovery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303533. [PMID: 37417920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals and their derivatives provide several opportunities for fundamental and practical exploration worldwide. However, the increasing number of studies and shortage of desirable materials to fulfill different needs also pose serious challenges. Herein, to address this issue, a generalized theoretical frame that is termed as "Liquid Metal Combinatorics" (LMC) is systematically presented, and summarizes promising candidate technical routes toward new generation material discovery. The major categories of LMC are defined, and eight representative methods for manufacturing advanced materials are outlined. It is illustrated that abundant targeted materials can be efficiently designed and fabricated via LMC through deep physical combinations, chemical reactions, or both among the main bodies of liquid metals, surface chemicals, precipitated ions, and other materials. This represents a large class of powerful, reliable, and modular methods for innovating general materials. The achieved combinatorial materials not only maintained the typical characteristics of liquid metals but also displayed distinct tenability. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies, wide extensibility, and pivotal applications of LMC are classified. Finally, by interpreting the developmental trends in the area, a perspective on the LMC is provided, which warrants its promising future for society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiao Ye
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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9
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Sisombat F, Devaux T, Haumesser L, Callé S. Contactless deformation of fluid interfaces by acoustic radiation pressure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14703. [PMID: 37679368 PMCID: PMC10485005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible and programmable shaping of surfaces promises wide-ranging applications in tunable optics and acoustic metasurfaces. Based on acoustic radiation pressure, contactless and real-time deformation of fluid interface can be achieved. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study to characterize the spatiotemporal properties of the deformation induced by acoustic radiation pressure. Using localized ultrasonic excitation, we report the possibility of on-demand tailoring of the induced protrusion at water-air interface in space and time, depending on the shape of the input pressure field. The experimental method used to measure the deformation of the water surface in space and time shows close agreement with simulations. We demonstrate that acoustic radiation pressure allows shaping protrusion at fluid interfaces, which could be changed into a various set of spatiotemporal distributions, considering simple parameters of the ultrasonic excitation. This paves the way for novel approach to design programmable space and time-dependent gratings at fluid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Sisombat
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA CVL, CNRS, 41000, Blois, France.
| | - Thibaut Devaux
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA CVL, CNRS, 41000, Blois, France
| | - Lionel Haumesser
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA CVL, CNRS, 41000, Blois, France
| | - Samuel Callé
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA CVL, CNRS, 41000, Blois, France
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10
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Johnson BK, Naris M, Sundaram V, Volchko A, Ly K, Mitchell SK, Acome E, Kellaris N, Keplinger C, Correll N, Humbert JS, Rentschler ME. A multifunctional soft robotic shape display with high-speed actuation, sensing, and control. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4516. [PMID: 37524731 PMCID: PMC10390478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape displays which actively manipulate surface geometry are an expanding robotics domain with applications to haptics, manufacturing, aerodynamics, and more. However, existing displays often lack high-fidelity shape morphing, high-speed deformation, and embedded state sensing, limiting their potential uses. Here, we demonstrate a multifunctional soft shape display driven by a 10 × 10 array of scalable cellular units which combine high-speed electrohydraulic soft actuation, magnetic-based sensing, and control circuitry. We report high-performance reversible shape morphing up to 50 Hz, sensing of surface deformations with 0.1 mm sensitivity and external forces with 50 mN sensitivity in each cell, which we demonstrate across a multitude of applications including user interaction, image display, sensing of object mass, and dynamic manipulation of solids and liquids. This work showcases the rich multifunctionality and high-performance capabilities that arise from tightly-integrating large numbers of electrohydraulic actuators, soft sensors, and controllers at a previously undemonstrated scale in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Johnson
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Naris
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - V Sundaram
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Volchko
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Ly
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S K Mitchell
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Artimus Robotics, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Acome
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Artimus Robotics, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - N Kellaris
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Artimus Robotics, Boulder, CO, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C Keplinger
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - N Correll
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - J S Humbert
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - M E Rentschler
- Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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11
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Chen X, Jian W, Wang Z, Ai J, Kang Y, Sun P, Wang Z, Ma Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Feng X. Wrap-like transfer printing for three-dimensional curvy electronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi0357. [PMID: 37494444 PMCID: PMC10371014 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) curvy electronics has wide-ranging application in biomedical health care, soft machine, and high-density curved imager. Limited by material properties, complex procedures, and coverage ability of existing fabrication techniques, the development of high-performance 3D curvy electronics remains challenging. Here, we propose an automated wrap-like transfer printing prototype for fabricating 3D curvy electronics. Assisted by a gentle and uniform pressure field, the prefabricated planar circuits on the petal-like stamp are integrated onto the target surface intactly with full coverage. The driving pressure for the wrapping is provided by the strain recovery of a prestrained elastic film triggered by the air pressure control. The wrapping configuration and strain distribution of the stamp are simulated by finite element analysis, and the pattern and thickness of the stamps are optimized. Demonstration of this strategy including spherical meander antenna, spherical light-emitting diode array, and spherical solar cell array illustrates its feasibility in the development of complex 3D curvy electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Chen
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Wei Jian
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Jun Ai
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Pengcheng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhouheng Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinji Ma
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Heling Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314000, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314000, China
- Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Pan C, Liu P, Peng L, Liu Z, Li Y, Wang Q, Wu T, Li Z, Majidi C, Jiang L. Coaxially printed magnetic mechanical electrical hybrid structures with actuation and sensing functionalities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4428. [PMID: 37481621 PMCID: PMC10363174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft electromagnetic devices have great potential in soft robotics and biomedical applications. However, existing soft-magneto-electrical devices would have limited hybrid functions and suffer from damaging stress concentrations, delamination or material leakage. Here, we report a hybrid magnetic-mechanical-electrical (MME) core-sheath fiber to overcome these challenges. Assisted by the coaxial printing method, the MME fiber can be printed into complex 2D/3D MME structures with integrated magnetoactive and conductive properties, further enabling hybrid functions including programmable magnetization, somatosensory, and magnetic actuation along with simultaneous wireless energy transfer. To demonstrate the great potential of MME devices, precise and minimally invasive electro-ablation was performed with a flexible MME catheter with magnetic control, hybrid actuation-sensing was performed by a durable somatosensory MME gripper, and hybrid wireless energy transmission and magnetic actuation were demonstrated by an untethered soft MME robot. Our work thus provides a material design strategy for soft electromagnetic devices with unexplored hybrid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Lelun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Zhouming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Tong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Zhe Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Soft Machines Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
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13
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Hu Z, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Lv JA. Bioinspired helical-artificial fibrous muscle structured tubular soft actuators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3350. [PMID: 37352358 PMCID: PMC10289666 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Biological tubular actuators show diverse deformations, which allow for sophisticated deformations with well-defined degrees of freedom (DOF). Nonetheless, synthetic active tubular soft actuators largely only exhibit few simple deformations with limited and undesignable DOF. Inspired by 3D fibrous architectures of tubular muscular hydrostats, we devised conceptually new helical-artificial fibrous muscle structured tubular soft actuators (HAFMS-TSAs) with locally tunable molecular orientations, materials, mechanics, and actuation via a modular fabrication platform using a programmable filament winding technique. Unprecedentedly, HAFMS-TSAs can be endowed with 11 different morphing modes through programmable regulation of their 3D helical fibrous architectures. We demonstrate a single "living" artificial plant rationally structured by HAFMS-TSAs exhibiting diverse photoresponsive behaviors that enable adaptive omnidirectional reorientation of its hierarchical 3D structures in the response to environmental irradiation, resembling morphing intelligence of living plants in reacting to changing environments. Our methodology would be significantly beneficial for developing sophisticated soft actuators with designable and tunable DOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Hu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiu-an Lv
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Zhu L, Fu W, Zhu B, Feng Q, Ying X, Li S, Chen J, Xie X, Pan C, Liu J, Chen C, Chen X, Zhu D. An integrated microfluidic electrochemiluminescence device for point-of-care testing of acute myocardial infarction. Talanta 2023; 262:124626. [PMID: 37244239 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) is an early biomarker for acute myocardial infarction. The concentration of H-FABP in circulation sharply increases during myocardial injury. Therefore, fast and accurate detection of H-FABP is of vital significance. In this study, we developed an electrochemiluminescence device integrated with microfluidic chip (designed as m-ECL device) for on-site detection of H-FABP. The m-ECL device is consisted of a microfluidic chip that enable easy liquid handling as well as an integrated electronic system for voltage supply and photon detection. A sandwich-type ECL immunoassay strategy was employed for H-FABP detection by using Ru (bpy)32+ loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles as ECL probes. This device can directly detect H-FABP in human serum without any pre-treatment, with a wide linear range of 1-100 ng/mL and a low limit of detection of 0.72 ng/mL. The clinical usability of this device was evaluated using clinical serum samples from patients. The results obtained from m-ECL device are well matched with those obtained from ELISA assays. We believe this m-ECL device has extensive application prospects for point-of-care testing of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenxuan Fu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boyu Zhu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Ying
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoya Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenying Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- GuoZhen Health Technology Co., Ltd, 100142, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Danhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Wang Y, Li J, Sun L, Chen H, Ye F, Zhao Y, Shang L. Liquid Metal Droplets-Based Elastomers from Electric Toothbrush-Inspired Revolving Microfluidics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211731. [PMID: 36881673 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM)-based elastomers have a demonstrated value in flexible electronics. Attempts in this area include the development of multifunctional LM-based elastomers with controllable morphology, superior mechanical performances, and great stability. Herein, inspired by the working principle of electric toothbrushes, a revolving microfluidic system is presented for the generation of LM droplets and construction of desired elastomers. The system involves revolving modules assembled by a needles array and 3D microfluidic channels. LM droplets can be generated with controllable size in a high-throughput manner due to the revolving motion-derived drag force. It is demonstrated that by employing a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) matrix as the collection phase, the generated LM droplets can act as conductive fillers for the construction of flexible electronics directly. The resultant LM droplets-based elastomers exhibit high mechanical strength, stable electrical performance, as well as superior self-healing property benefiting from the dynamic exchangeable urea bond of the polymer matrix. Notably, due to the flexible programmable feature of the LM droplets embedded within the elastomers, various patterned LM droplets-based elastomers can be easily achieved. These results indicate that the proposed microfluidic LM droplets-based elastomers have a great potential for promoting the development of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hanxu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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16
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Rumley EH, Preninger D, Shagan Shomron A, Rothemund P, Hartmann F, Baumgartner M, Kellaris N, Stojanovic A, Yoder Z, Karrer B, Keplinger C, Kaltenbrunner M. Biodegradable electrohydraulic actuators for sustainable soft robots. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf5551. [PMID: 36947626 PMCID: PMC10032599 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Combating environmental pollution demands a focus on sustainability, in particular from rapidly advancing technologies that are poised to be ubiquitous in modern societies. Among these, soft robotics promises to replace conventional rigid machines for applications requiring adaptability and dexterity. For key components of soft robots, such as soft actuators, it is thus important to explore sustainable options like bioderived and biodegradable materials. We introduce systematically determined compatible materials systems for the creation of fully biodegradable, high-performance electrohydraulic soft actuators, based on various biodegradable polymer films, ester-based liquid dielectric, and NaCl-infused gelatin hydrogel. We demonstrate that these biodegradable actuators reliably operate up to high electric fields of 200 V/μm, show performance comparable to nonbiodegradable counterparts, and survive more than 100,000 actuation cycles. Furthermore, we build a robotic gripper based on biodegradable soft actuators that is readily compatible with commercial robot arms, encouraging wider use of biodegradable materials systems in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H. Rumley
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David Preninger
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Alona Shagan Shomron
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Rothemund
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Florian Hartmann
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Melanie Baumgartner
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Nicholas Kellaris
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andreas Stojanovic
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Zachary Yoder
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Karrer
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Keplinger
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Martin Kaltenbrunner
- Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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