1
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Montoya MR, Quanrud GM, Mei L, Moñtano JL, Hong C, Genereux JC. Factors affecting protein recovery during Hsp40 affinity profiling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05362-1. [PMID: 38850318 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The identification and quantification of misfolded proteins from complex mixtures is important for biological characterization and disease diagnosis, but remains a major bioanalytical challenge. We have developed Hsp40 Affinity Profiling as a bioanalytical approach to profile protein stability in response to cellular stress. In this assay, we ectopically introduce the Hsp40 FlagDNAJB8H31Q into cells and use quantitative proteomics to determine how protein affinity for DNAJB8 changes in the presence of cellular stress, without regard for native clients. Herein, we evaluate potential approaches to improve the performance of this bioanalytical assay. We find that although intracellular crosslinking increases recovery of protein interactors, this is not enough to overcome the relative drop in DNAJB8 recovery. While the J-domain promotes Hsp70 association, it does not affect the yield of protein association with DNAJB8 under basal conditions. By contrast, crosslinking and J-domain ablation both substantially increase relative protein interactor recovery with the structurally distinct Class B Hsp40 DNAJB1 but are completely compensated by poorer yield of DNAJB1 itself. Cellular thermal stress promotes increased affinity between DNAJB8H31Q and interacting proteins, as expected for interactions driven by recognition of misfolded proteins. DNAJB8WT does not demonstrate such a property, suggesting that under stress misfolded proteins are handed off to Hsp70. Hence, we find that DNAJB8H31Q is still our most effective recognition element for the recovery of destabilized client proteins following cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen R Montoya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Guy M Quanrud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Liangyong Mei
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - José L Moñtano
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Caleb Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Joseph C Genereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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2
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Skawinski CLS, Shah PS. I'm Walking into Spiderwebs: Making Sense of Protein-Protein Interaction Data. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38556766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are at the heart of the molecular landscape permeating life. Proteomics studies can explore this protein interaction landscape using mass spectrometry (MS). Thanks to their high sensitivity, mass spectrometers can easily identify thousands of proteins within a single sample, but that same sensitivity generates tangled spiderwebs of data that hide biologically relevant findings. So, what does a researcher do when she finds herself walking into spiderwebs? In a field focused on discovery, MS data require rigor in their analysis, experimental validation, or a combination of both. In this Review, we provide a brief primer on MS-based experimental methods to identify PPIs. We discuss approaches to analyze the resulting data and remove the proteomic background. We consider the advantages between comprehensive and targeted studies. We also discuss how scoring might be improved through AI-based protein structure information. Women have been essential to the development of proteomics, so we will specifically highlight work by women that has made this field thrive in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase L S Skawinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Priya S Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, California, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis 95616, California, United States
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3
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Marszalek J, De Los Rios P, Cyr D, Mayer MP, Adupa V, Andréasson C, Blatch GL, Braun JEA, Brodsky JL, Bukau B, Chapple JP, Conz C, Dementin S, Genevaux P, Genest O, Goloubinoff P, Gestwicki J, Hammond CM, Hines JK, Ishikawa K, Joachimiak LA, Kirstein J, Liberek K, Mokranjac D, Nillegoda N, Ramos CHI, Rebeaud M, Ron D, Rospert S, Sahi C, Shalgi R, Tomiczek B, Ushioda R, Ustyantseva E, Ye Y, Zylicz M, Kampinga HH. J-domain proteins: From molecular mechanisms to diseases. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:21-33. [PMID: 38320449 PMCID: PMC10939069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
J-domain proteins (JDPs) are the largest family of chaperones in most organisms, but much of how they function within the network of other chaperones and protein quality control machineries is still an enigma. Here, we report on the latest findings related to JDP functions presented at a dedicated JDP workshop in Gdansk, Poland. The report does not include all (details) of what was shared and discussed at the meeting, because some of these original data have not yet been accepted for publication elsewhere or represented still preliminary observations at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Marszalek
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, Gdansk 80-307, Poland
| | - Paolo De Los Rios
- Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne - EPFL, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne - EPFL, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Cyr
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Vasista Adupa
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claes Andréasson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-10691, Sweden
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- Biomedical Research and Drug Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; The Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia; Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Janice E A Braun
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - J Paul Chapple
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Conz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Dementin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, IMM, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13402, France
| | - Pierre Genevaux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Genest
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, IMM, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13402, France
| | - Pierre Goloubinoff
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jason Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94308, USA
| | - Colin M Hammond
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Justin K Hines
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
| | - Koji Ishikawa
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lukasz A Joachimiak
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute and Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Liberek
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, Gdansk 80-307, Poland
| | - Dejana Mokranjac
- LMU Munich, Biocenter-Cell Biology, Großhadernerstr. 2, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Nadinath Nillegoda
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Dementia and Brain Repair at the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carlos H I Ramos
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Rebeaud
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne - EPFL, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - David Ron
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Rospert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chandan Sahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; IISER Bhopal, Room Number 117, AB3, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Reut Shalgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Bartlomiej Tomiczek
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, Gdansk 80-307, Poland
| | - Ryo Ushioda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Elizaveta Ustyantseva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yihong Ye
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maciej Zylicz
- Foundation for Polish Science, Warsaw 02-611, Poland
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wentink A, Rosenzweig R. Protein disaggregation machineries in the human cytosol. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 83:102735. [PMID: 38000128 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Proteins carry out the vast majority of functions in cells, but can only do so when properly folded. Following stress or mutation, proteins can lose their proper fold, resulting in misfolding, inactivity, and aggregation-posing a threat to cellular health. In order to counteract protein aggregation, cells have evolved a remarkable subset of molecular chaperones, called protein disaggregases, which collaboratively possess the ability to forcibly untangle protein aggregates. Here, we review the different chaperone disaggregation machineries present in the human cytosol and their mechanisms of action. Understanding, how these disaggregases function, is both universally and clinically important, as protein aggregation has been linked to multiple, debilitating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wentink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Rina Rosenzweig
- Chemical and Structural Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel.
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5
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Makeeva VS, Dyrkheeva NS, Lavrik OI, Zakian SM, Malakhova AA. Mutant-Huntingtin Molecular Pathways Elucidate New Targets for Drug Repurposing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16798. [PMID: 38069121 PMCID: PMC10706709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases known today is quite extensive. The complexities of their research and treatment lie not only in their diversity. Even many years of struggle and narrowly focused research on common pathologies such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other brain diseases have not brought cures for these illnesses. What can be said about orphan diseases? In particular, Huntington's disease (HD), despite affecting a smaller part of the human population, still attracts many researchers. This disorder is known to result from a mutation in the HTT gene, but having this information still does not simplify the task of drug development and studying the mechanisms of disease progression. Nonetheless, the data accumulated over the years and their analysis provide a good basis for further research. Here, we review studies devoted to understanding the mechanisms of HD. We analyze genes and molecular pathways involved in HD pathogenesis to describe the action of repurposed drugs and try to find new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladlena S. Makeeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.); (S.M.Z.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Nadezhda S. Dyrkheeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Suren M. Zakian
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.); (S.M.Z.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Anastasia A. Malakhova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.); (S.M.Z.); (A.A.M.)
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6
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Abayev-Avraham M, Salzberg Y, Gliksberg D, Oren-Suissa M, Rosenzweig R. DNAJB6 mutants display toxic gain of function through unregulated interaction with Hsp70 chaperones. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7066. [PMID: 37923706 PMCID: PMC10624832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are essential cellular components that aid in protein folding and preventing the abnormal aggregation of disease-associated proteins. Mutations in one such chaperone, DNAJB6, were identified in patients with LGMDD1, a dominant autosomal disorder characterized by myofibrillar degeneration and accumulations of aggregated protein within myocytes. The molecular mechanisms through which such mutations cause this dysfunction, however, are not well understood. Here we employ a combination of solution NMR and biochemical assays to investigate the structural and functional changes in LGMDD1 mutants of DNAJB6. Surprisingly, we find that DNAJB6 disease mutants show no reduction in their aggregation-prevention activity in vitro, and instead differ structurally from the WT protein, affecting their interaction with Hsp70 chaperones. While WT DNAJB6 contains a helical element regulating its ability to bind and activate Hsp70, in LGMDD1 disease mutants this regulation is disrupted. These variants can thus recruit and hyperactivate Hsp70 chaperones in an unregulated manner, depleting Hsp70 levels in myocytes, and resulting in the disruption of proteostasis. Interfering with DNAJB6-Hsp70 binding, however, reverses the disease phenotype, suggesting future therapeutic avenues for LGMDD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Abayev-Avraham
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Yehuda Salzberg
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Dar Gliksberg
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Meital Oren-Suissa
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Rina Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel.
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7
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Münch C, Kirstein J. Protein quality control: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic intervention-EMBO workshop, May 21-26 2023, Srebreno, Croatia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:631-640. [PMID: 37731161 PMCID: PMC10746685 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control pathways ensure a functional proteome and rely on a complex proteostasis network (PN) that is composed of molecular chaperones and proteases. Failures in the PN can lead to a broad spectrum of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and a range of motor neuron diseases. The EMBO workshop "Protein quality control: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic intervention" covered all aspects of protein quality control from underlying molecular mechanisms of chaperones and proteases to stress signaling pathways and medical implications. This report summarizes the workshop and highlights selected presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging/Fritz-Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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Elena-Real CA, Urbanek A, Lund XL, Morató A, Sagar A, Fournet A, Estaña A, Bellande T, Allemand F, Cortés J, Sibille N, Melki R, Bernadó P. Multi-site-specific isotopic labeling accelerates high-resolution structural investigations of pathogenic huntingtin exon-1. Structure 2023:S0969-2126(23)00126-0. [PMID: 37119819 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease neurodegeneration occurs when the number of consecutive glutamines in the huntingtin exon-1 (HTTExon1) exceeds a pathological threshold of 35. The sequence homogeneity of HTTExon1 reduces the signal dispersion in NMR spectra, hampering its structural characterization. By simultaneously introducing three isotopically labeled glutamines in a site-specific manner in multiple concatenated samples, 18 glutamines of a pathogenic HTTExon1 with 36 glutamines were unambiguously assigned. Chemical shift analyses indicate the α-helical persistence in the homorepeat and the absence of an emerging toxic conformation around the pathological threshold. Using the same type of samples, the recognition mechanism of Hsc70 molecular chaperone has been investigated, indicating that it binds to the N17 region of HTTExon1, inducing the partial unfolding of the poly-Q. The proposed strategy facilitates high-resolution structural and functional studies in low-complexity regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Elena-Real
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Annika Urbanek
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Xamuel L Lund
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France; Institut Laue Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Morató
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Amin Sagar
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Fournet
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Alejandro Estaña
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France; LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Tracy Bellande
- Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Fontenay-aux-Roses Bâtiment 61, 18, route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Rses cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Allemand
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Cortés
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Sibille
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Fontenay-aux-Roses Bâtiment 61, 18, route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Rses cedex, France
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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