1
|
Rahumi O, Rath MK, Meshi L, Rozenblium I, Borodianskiy K. Ni-Doped SFM Double-Perovskite Electrocatalyst for High-Performance Symmetrical Direct-Ammonia-Fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:53652-53664. [PMID: 39325958 PMCID: PMC11472266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia has emerged as a promising fuel for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) owing to its high energy density, high hydrogen content, and carbon-free nature. Herein, the electrocatalytic potential of a novel Ni-doped SFM double-perovskite (Sr1.9Fe0.4Ni0.1Mo0.5O6-δ) is studied, for the first time, as an alternative anode material for symmetrical direct-ammonia SOFCs. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy characterization has revealed the exsolution of Ni-Fe nanoparticles (NPs) from the parent Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 under anode conditions, and X-ray diffraction has identified the FeNi3 phase after exposure to ammonia at 800 °C. The active-exsolved NPs contribute to achieving a maximal ammonia conversion rate of 97.9% within the cell's operating temperatures (550-800 °C). Utilizing 3D-printed symmetrical cells with SFNM-GDC electrodes, the study demonstrates comparable polarization resistances and peak power densities of 430 and 416 mW cm-2 for H2 and NH3 fuels, respectively, with long-term stability and a negligible voltage loss of 0.48% per 100 h during ammonia-fed extended galvanostatic operation. Finally, the ammonia consumption mechanism is elucidated as a multistep process involving ammonia decomposition, followed by hydrogen oxidation. This study provides a promising avenue for improving the performance and stability of ammonia-based SOFCs for potential applications in clean energy conversion technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Or Rahumi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | | - Louisa Meshi
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ilia Rozenblium
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo J, Berenov A, Skinner SJ. In situ investigation of ruthenium doped lanthanum nickel titanium double perovskite and its exsolution behaviour. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:4394-4406. [PMID: 39170972 PMCID: PMC11334975 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Exsolution, an innovative method for fabricating perovskite-based oxides decorated with metal nanoparticles, has garnered significant interest in the fields of catalyst fabrication and electrochemical devices. Although dopant exsolution from single perovskite structures has been extensively studied, the exsolution behaviour of double perovskite structures remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we synthesized B-site double perovskite Ru-doped lanthanum nickel titanates with a 7.5 at% A-site deficiency, and systematically investigated the exsolution process that formed nickel metal nanoparticles on the material surface, across a broad reduction temperature range of 350-1000 °C. Both Ex situ and in situ characterization revealed that small, uniform Ni nanoparticles exsolved at low temperatures, whereas the exsolution of ruthenium required higher reduction temperatures beyond 1000 °C. Within the reduction temperature range of 350-500 °C, a notable finding is the reconstruction of exsolved nanoparticles, implying that Ni particles exist in a thermodynamically metastable state. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed a decreased area specific resistance (ASR) during the progress of exsolution. The increase in current density of a full solid oxide cell (SOC) in electrolysis mode and the doubling of peak power density in fuel cell mode attributed to the exsolution of Ni nanoparticles highlight the potential application of metal exsolution in electrode materials for SOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Andrey Berenov
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Stephen J Skinner
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee Y, Yoon D, Nam YS, Yu S, Lim C, Sim H, Park Y, Han JW, Choi SY, Son J. Accelerating metal nanoparticle exsolution by exploiting tolerance factor of perovskite stannate. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3835-3843. [PMID: 38835315 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00294f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The octahedral symmetry in ionic crystals can play a critical role in atomic nucleation and migration during solid-solid phase transformation. Similarly, octahedron distortion, which is characterized by Goldschmidt tolerance factor, strongly influences the exsolution kinetics in the perovskite lattice framework during high-temperature annealing. However, a fundamental study on manipulating the exsolution process by octahedron distortion is still lacking. In this study, we accelerate Ni metal exsolution on the surface of perovskite stannates by increasing the [BO6] octahedron distortion in the lattices. Decreasing the A-site ionic radius (rBa2+ = 161 pm → rSr2+ = 144 pm → rCa2+ = 134 pm) increased the density of exsolved Ni nanoparticles by up to 640% (i.e., 47 particles μm-2 of Ba(Sn, Ni)O3 → 304 particles μm-2 of Ca(Sn, Ni)O3) after the identical exsolution process. Based on the theoretical calculation and experimental characterization, the decrease in crystal symmetry by octahedral distortion promoted the Ni exsolution owing to the boosted Ni migration by weakening the bond strength and generating domain boundaries. The findings highlight the importance of octahedral distortion to control atomic migration through the perovskite lattice framework and provide a strategy to tailor the density of uniformly populated nanoparticles in nanocomposite oxides for multifunctional material design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseob Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon-Seo Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangbae Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chaesung Lim
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeji Sim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunkyu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Young Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junwoo Son
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu R, Liu S, Yang M, Yang G, Luo Z, Ran R, Zhou W, Shao Z. Advancements and prospects of perovskite-based fuel electrodes in solid oxide cells for CO 2 electrolysis to CO. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11166-11187. [PMID: 39055001 PMCID: PMC11268505 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03306j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) electrolysis to carbon monoxide (CO) is a very promising strategy for economically converting CO2, with high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) being regarded as the most suitable technology due to their high electrode reaction kinetics and nearly 100% faradaic efficiency, while their practical application is highly dependent on the performance of their fuel electrode (cathode), which significantly determines the cell activity, selectivity, and durability. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the recent progress in the understanding and development of fuel electrodes, predominantly based on perovskite oxides, for CO2 electrochemical reduction to CO (CO2RR) in SOECs. Initially, the current understanding of the reaction mechanisms over the perovskite electrocatalyst for CO synthesis from CO2 electrolysis in SOECs is provided. Subsequently, the recent experimental advances in fuel electrodes are summarized, with importance placed on perovskite oxides and their modification, including bulk doping with multiple elements to introduce high entropy effects, various methods for realizing surface nanoparticles or even single atom catalyst modification, and nanocompositing. Additionally, the recent progress in numerical modeling-assisted fast screening of perovskite electrocatalysts for high-temperature CO2RR is summarized, and the advanced characterization techniques for an in-depth understanding of the related fundamentals for the CO2RR over perovskite oxides are also reviewed. The recent pro-industrial application trials of the CO2RR in SOECs are also briefly discussed. Finally, the future prospects and challenges of SOEC cathodes for the CO2RR are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Meiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Guangming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zhixin Luo
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy & Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Ran Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zongping Shao
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy & Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University Perth WA 6102 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen Y, Wang S, Li R, Lv H, Li M, Ta N, Zhang X, Song Y, Fu Q, Wang G, Bao X. In Situ Self-Assembled Active and Stable Ir@MnO x/La 0.7Sr 0.3Cr 0.9Ir 0.1O 3-δ Interfaces for CO 2 Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404861. [PMID: 38738502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Solid oxide electrolysis cells are prospective approaches for CO2 utilization but face significant challenges due to the sluggish reaction kinetics and poor stability of the fuel electrodes. Herein, we strategically addressed the long-standing trade-off phenomenon between enhanced exsolution and improved structural stability via topotactic ion exchange. The surface dynamic reconstruction of the MnOx/La0.7Sr0.3Cr0.9Ir0.1O3-δ (LSCIr) catalyst was visualized at the atomic scale. Compared with the Ir@LSCIr interface, the in situ self-assembled Ir@MnOx/LSCIr interface exhibited greater CO2 activation and easily removable carbonate intermediates, thus reached a 42 % improvement in CO2 electrolysis performance at 1.6 V. Furthermore, an improved CO2 electrolysis stability was achieved due to the uniformly wrapped MnOx shell of the Ir@MnOx/LSCIr cathode. Our approach enables a detailed understanding of the dynamic microstructure evolution at active interfaces and provides a roadmap for the rational design and evaluation of efficient metal/oxide catalysts for CO2 electrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Energy College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Rongtan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Houfu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Mingrun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Na Ta
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuefeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guoxiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Hu H, Zhao Z, Zheng H, Ding X. Enhancing the CO 2 Adsorption of the Cobalt-Free Layered Perovskite Cathode for Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cells Gains Excellent Stability under High Voltages via Oxygen-Defect Adjustment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33548-33558. [PMID: 38902856 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Solid-oxide electrolysis cells are a clean energy conversion device with the ability to directly electrolyze the conversion of CO2 to CO efficiently. However, their practical applications are limited due to insufficient CO2 adsorption performance of the cathode materials. To overcome this issue, the A-site cation deficiency strategy has been applied in a layered perovskite PrBaFe1.6Ni0.4O6-δ (PBFN) cathode for direct CO2 electrolysis. The introduction of 5% deficiency at the Pr/Ba site leads to a significant increase in the concentration of oxygen vacancies (nonstoichiometric number δ of oxygen vacancies increased from 0.093 to 0.132), which greatly accelerates the CO2 adsorption performance as well as the O2- transport capacity toward the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). CO2 temperature-programmed desorption indicates that A-site cation-deficient (PrBa)0.95Fe1.6Ni0.4O6-δ (PB95FN) shows a larger desorption peak area and a higher desorption temperature. PB95FN also exhibits a greater presence of carbonate in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity relaxation test shows that the introduction of the 5% A-site deficiency effectively improves the surface oxygen exchange and diffusion kinetics of PB95FN. The current density of the electrolysis cell with the (PrBa)0.95Fe1.6Ni0.4O6-δ (PB95FN) cathode reaches 0.876 A·cm-2 under 1.5 V at 800 °C, which is 41% higher than that of PB100FN. Moreover, the PB95FN cathode demonstrates excellent long-term stability over 100 h and better short-term stability than PB100FN under high voltages, which can be ascribed to the enhanced CO2 adsorption performance. The PB95FN cathode maintains a porous structure and tightly binds to the electrolyte after stability testing. This study highlights the potential of regulating oxygen defects in layered perovskite PrBaFe1.6Ni0.4O6-δ cathode materials via incorporation of cation deficiency toward high-temperature CO2 electrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Haibo Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Hesheng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xifeng Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang R, Lin W, He Y, Singh M, Fan L. Revealing the detrimental CO 2 reduction effect of La 0.6Sr 0.4FeO 3-δ-derived heterostructure in solid oxide electrolysis cells. iScience 2024; 27:109648. [PMID: 38665210 PMCID: PMC11043879 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid oxide electrolysis cells hold unique Faraday efficiency and favored thermodynamic/kinetics for CO2 reduction to CO. Perovskite oxide-based composite materials are promising alternatives to Ni-based cermet electrodes in SOECs. However, contrary results of the electrocatalytic activity over single-phase perovskite oxide exist and the rationale of the negative effect is not well revealed. In this work, two-phase perovskite materials with various complementary properties and unique interfaces are self-assembled, which was realized by "subtractive" defect-driven phase separation. The obtained heterostructure electrodes showed reduced performance over that of single-phase materials although the cyclic stability was improved. The main reasons for the performance degradation are the decrease of electrical conductivity, oxygen vacancy concentration while increasing the average valence state of B-site Fe cations, and electrode surface Sr aggregation. This work highlights the self-assembly method and insight into the rational design and synthesis of active electrodes/catalysts for CO2 conversion in solid oxide cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of New Energy Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanbin Lin
- Department of New Energy Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunjuan He
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Manish Singh
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Bihar 801106, India
| | - Liangdong Fan
- Department of New Energy Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu F, Chen K, Ling Y, Huang Y, Zhao S, Wang S, Gui L, He B, Zhao L. Smart Dual-Exsolved Self-Assembled Anode Enables Efficient and Robust Methane-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306845. [PMID: 37985567 PMCID: PMC10787062 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite oxides have emerged as alternative anode materials for hydrocarbon-fueled solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Nevertheless, the sluggish kinetics for hydrocarbon conversion hinder their commercial applications. Herein, a novel dual-exsolved self-assembled anode for CH4 -fueled SOFCs is developed. The designed Ru@Ru-Sr2 Fe1.5 Mo0.5 O6-δ (SFM)/Ru-Gd0.1 Ce0.9 O2-δ (GDC) anode exhibits a unique hierarchical structure of nano-heterointerfaces exsolved on submicron skeletons. As a result, the Ru@Ru-SFM/Ru-GDC anode-based single cell achieves high peak power densities of 1.03 and 0.63 W cm-2 at 800 °C under humidified H2 and CH4 , surpassing most reported perovskite-based anodes. Moreover, this anode demonstrates negligible degradation over 200 h in humidified CH4 , indicating high resistance to carbon deposition. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the created metal-oxide heterointerfaces of Ru@Ru-SFM and Ru@Ru-GDC have higher intrinsic activities for CH4 conversion compared to pristine SFM. These findings highlight a viable design of the dual-exsolved self-assembled anode for efficient and robust hydrocarbon-fueled SOFCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kongfa Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yihan Ling
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Yonglong Huang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sunce Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sijiao Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liangqi Gui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, 333403, China
| | - Beibei He
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Hangzhou, 311305, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, China University of Geosciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Hangzhou, 311305, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, China University of Geosciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim YH, Jeong H, Won BR, Jeon H, Park CH, Park D, Kim Y, Lee S, Myung JH. Nanoparticle Exsolution on Perovskite Oxides: Insights into Mechanism, Characteristics and Novel Strategies. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:33. [PMID: 38015283 PMCID: PMC10684483 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Supported nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention as a promising catalyst for achieving unique properties in numerous applications, including fuel cells, chemical conversion, and batteries. Nanocatalysts demonstrate high activity by expanding the number of active sites, but they also intensify deactivation issues, such as agglomeration and poisoning, simultaneously. Exsolution for bottom-up synthesis of supported nanoparticles has emerged as a breakthrough technique to overcome limitations associated with conventional nanomaterials. Nanoparticles are uniformly exsolved from perovskite oxide supports and socketed into the oxide support by a one-step reduction process. Their uniformity and stability, resulting from the socketed structure, play a crucial role in the development of novel nanocatalysts. Recently, tremendous research efforts have been dedicated to further controlling exsolution particles. To effectively address exsolution at a more precise level, understanding the underlying mechanism is essential. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the exsolution mechanism, with a focus on its driving force, processes, properties, and synergetic strategies, as well as new pathways for optimizing nanocatalysts in diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongwon Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Won
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Ho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Myung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang S, Huo W, Feng H, Xie Z, Shang JK, Formo EV, Camargo PHC, Fang F, Jiang J. Enhancing Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance in Prussian Blue Analogues: Triple-Play of Metal Exsolution, Hollow Interiors, and Anionic Regulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304494. [PMID: 37473821 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are promising catalysts for green hydrogen production. However, the rational design of high-performing PBAs is challenging, which requires an in-depth understanding of the catalytic mechanism. Here FeMn@CoNi core-shell PBAs are employed as precursors, together with Se powders, in low-temperature pyrolysis in an argon atmosphere. This synthesis method enables the partial dissociation of inner FeMn PBAs that results in hollow interiors, Ni nanoparticles (NPs) exsolution to the surface, and Se incorporation onto the PBA shell. The resulting material presents ultralow oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential (184 mV at 10 mA cm-2 ) and low Tafel slope (43.4 mV dec-1 ), outperforming leading-edge PBA-based electrocatalysts. The mechanism responsible for such a high OER activity is revealed, assisted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the surface examination before and after the OER process. The exsolved Ni NPs are found to help turn the PBAs into Se-doped core-shell metal oxyhydroxides during the OER, in which the heterojunction with Ni and the Se incorporation are combined to improve the OER kinetics. This work shows that efficient OER catalysts could be developed by using a novel synthesis method backed up by a sound understanding and control of the catalytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Wenyi Huo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
- NOMATEN Centre of Excellence, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock, 05-400, Poland
| | - Hanchen Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zonghan Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jian Ku Shang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eric V Formo
- Georgia Electron Microscopy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Pedro H C Camargo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Feng Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jianqing Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang C, Zhu Y, Ling Y, Gong Y, Wang R, Wang H, Jin J, Zhao L, He B. Atomistic Insights into Medium-Entropy Perovskites for Efficient and Robust CO 2 Electrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45905-45914. [PMID: 37748034 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) show great promise in converting CO2 to valuable products. However, their practicality for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is restricted by sluggish kinetics and limited durability. Herein, we propose a novel medium-entropy perovskite, Sr2(Fe1.0Ti0.25Cr0.25Mn0.25Mo0.25)O6-δ (SFTCMM), as a potential electrode material for symmetrical SOEC toward CO2RR. Experimental and theoretical results unveil that the configuration entropy of SFTCMM perovskites contributes to the strengthened metal 3d-O 2p hybridization and the reduced O 2p bond center. This variation of electronic structure benefits oxygen vacancy creation and diffusion as well as CO2 adsorption and activation and ultimately accelerates CO2RR and oxygen electrocatalysis kinetics. Notably, the SFTCMM-based symmetrical SOEC delivers an excellent current density of 1.50 A cm-2 at 800 °C and 1.5 V, surpassing the prototype Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ (SFM, 1.04 A cm-2) and most of the state-of-the-art electrodes for symmetrical SOECs. Moreover, the SFTCMM-based symmetrical SOEC demonstrates stable CO2RR operation for 160 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yihan Ling
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yansheng Gong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huanwen Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, China University of Geosciences, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Hangzhou 311305, China
| | - Beibei He
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, China University of Geosciences, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Hangzhou 311305, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin W, Su W, Li Y, Chiu TW, Singh M, Pan Z, Fan L. Enhancing Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells through In Situ A-Site Deficiencies and Surface Carbonate Deposition Induced by Lithium Cation Doping and Exsolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303305. [PMID: 37309303 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) hold enormous potential for efficient conversion of CO2 to CO at low cost and high reaction kinetics. The identification of active cathodes is highly desirable to promote the SOEC's performance. This study explores a lithium-doped perovskite La0.6- x Lix Sr0.4 Co0.7 Mn0.3 O3-δ (x = 0, 0.025 0.05, and 0.10) material with in situ generated A-site deficiency and surface carbonate as SOEC cathodes for CO2 reduction. The experimental results indicate that the SOEC with the La0.55 Li0.05 Sr0.4 Co0.7 Mn0.3 O3-δ cathode exhibits a current density of 0.991 A cm-2 at 1.5 V/800 °C, which is an improvement of ≈30% over the pristine sample. Furthermore, SOECs based on the proposed cathode demonstrate excellent stability over 300 h for pure CO2 electrolysis. The addition of lithium with high basicity, low valance, and small radius, coupled with A-site deficiency, promotes the formation of oxygen vacancy and modifies the electronic structure of active sites, thus enhancing CO2 adsorption, dissociation process, and CO desorption steps as corroborated by the experimental analysis and the density functional theory calculation. It is further confirmed that Li-ion migration to the cathode surface forms carbonate and consequently provides the perovskite cathode with an impressive anti-carbon deposition capability, as well as electrolysis activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanbin Lin
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Weibin Su
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Yanpu Li
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Te-Wei Chiu
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 106, China
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 106, China
| | - Manish Singh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Helmerich Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, 74106, USA
| | - Zehua Pan
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Liangdong Fan
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wei H, Jin H, Mu Z, Chen X, Chen X, Wang P, Guo X, Ding F, Liu X, Ma L. Artificial intelligence-aided preparation of perovskite SrFe xZr 1-xO 3-δ catalysts for ozonation degradation of organic pollutant concentrated water after membrane treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137825. [PMID: 36681194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technology has been widely used to treat wastewater from a variety of industries, but it also results in a large amount of concentrated wastewater containing organic pollutants after membrane treatment, which is challenging to decompose. Here in this work, a series of perovskite SrFexZr1-xO3-δ catalysts were prepared via a modified co-precipitation method and evaluated for catalytic ozone oxidative degradation of m-cresol. An artificial neural intelligence networks (ANN) model was employed to train the experimental data to optimize the preparation parameters of catalysts, with SrFe0.13Zr0.87O3-δ being the optimal catalysts. The resultant catalysts before and after reduction were then thoroughly characterized and tested for m-cresol degradation. It was found that the co-doping of Fe and Zr at the B-site and the improvement of oxygen vacancies and oxygen active species by reduction dramatically increased TOC removal rates up to 5 times compared with ozone alone, with the conversion rate of m-cresol reaching 100%. We also proposed a possible mechanism for m-cresol degradation via investigating the intermediates using GC-MS, and confirmed the good versatility of the reduced SrFe0.13Zr0.87O3-δ catalyst to remove other common organic pollutants in concentrated wastewater. This work demonstrates new prospects for the use of perovskite materials in wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology/College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Huangzhao Wei
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology/College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhao Mu
- Institute of Applied Chemical Technology for Oilfield/ College of New Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Chen Ping Laboratory of TIANS Engineering Technology Group Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xinru Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology/College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology/College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology/College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fuchen Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology/College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology/College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, Beijing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Z, Meng Y, Singh M, Jing Y, Asghar MI, Lund P, Fan L. Ni/NiO Exsolved Perovskite La 0.2Sr 0.7Ti 0.9Ni 0.1O 3-δ for Semiconductor-Ionic Fuel Cells: Roles of Electrocatalytic Activity and Physical Junctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:870-881. [PMID: 36538651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A semiconductor-ionic fuel cell (SIFC) is recognized as a promising technology and an alternative approach to reduce the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells. The development of alternative semiconductors substituting easily reduced transition metal oxide is a great challenge as high activity and durability should be satisfied simultaneously. In this study, the B-site Ni-doped La0.2Sr0.7Ti0.9Ni0.1O3-δ (LSTN) perovskite is synthesized and used as a potential semiconductor for SIFC. The in situ exsolution and A-site deficiency strategy enable the homogeneous decoration of Ni/NiO nanoparticles as reactive sites to improve the electrode reaction kinetics. It also supports the formation of basic ingredient of the Schottky junction to improve the charge separation efficiency. Furthermore, additional symmetric Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05LiO2-δ (NCAL) electrocatalytic electrode layers significantly enhance the electrode reaction activity and cells' charge separation efficiency, as confirmed by the superior open circuit voltage of 1.13 V (close to Nernst's theoretical value) and peak power density of 650 mW cm-2 at 550 °C, where the latter is one order of magnitude higher than NCAL electrode-free SIFC. Additionally, a bulk heterojunction effect is proposed to illustrate the electron-blocking and ion-promoting processes of the semiconductor-ionic composite electrolyte in SIFCs, based on the energy band values of the applied materials. Overall, we found that the energy conversion efficiency of novel SIFC can be remarkably improved through in situ exsolution and intentional introduction of the catalytic functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Wang
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanjing Meng
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, Guangdong, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Manish Singh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Helmerich Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, Oklahoma74106, United States
| | - Yifu Jing
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, Guangdong, China
- New Energy Technologies Group, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, FI-00076Aalto, Finland
| | - Muhammad Imran Asghar
- New Energy Technologies Group, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, FI-00076Aalto, Finland
| | - Peter Lund
- New Energy Technologies Group, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, FI-00076Aalto, Finland
| | - Liangdong Fan
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhen S, Zhang L, Xu C, Zhang D, Yi Q, Sun W, Sun K. Ti/Ni co-doped perovskite cathode with excellent catalytic activity and CO2 chemisorption ability via nanocatalysts exsolution for solid oxide electrolysis cell. Front Chem 2022; 10:1027713. [PMID: 36300026 PMCID: PMC9589057 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1027713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is the main cause of global warming and has a significant effect on both climate change and human health. In this study, Ni/Ti co-doped Sr1.95Fe1.2Ni0.1Ti0.2Mo0.5O6-δ (SFNTM) double perovskite oxides were prepared and used as solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) cathode materials for effective CO2 reduction. Ti-doping enhances the structural stability of the cathode material and increases the oxygen vacancy concentration. After treatment in 10% H2/Ar at 800°C, Ni nanoparticles were exsolved in situ on the SFNTM surface (Ni@SFNTM), thereby improving its chemisorption and activation capacity for CO2. Modified by the Ti-doping and the in situ exsolved Ni nanoparticles, the single cell with Ni@SFNMT cathode exhibits improved catalytic activity for CO2 reduction, exhibiting a current density of 2.54 A cm−2 at 1.8 V and 800°C. Furthermore, the single cell shows excellent stability after 100 h at 1.4 V, indicating that Ni/Ti co-doping is an effective strategy for designing novel cathode material with high electrochemical performance for SOEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Zhen
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunming Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Yi, ; Wang Sun,
| | - Wang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Yi, ; Wang Sun,
| | - Kening Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|