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Siritanaratkul B, Megarity CF, Herold RA, Armstrong FA. Interactive biocatalysis achieved by driving enzyme cascades inside a porous conducting material. Commun Chem 2024; 7:132. [PMID: 38858478 PMCID: PMC11165005 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An emerging concept and platform, the electrochemical Leaf (e-Leaf), offers a radical change in the way tandem (multi-step) catalysis by enzyme cascades is studied and exploited. The various enzymes are loaded into an electronically conducting porous material composed of metallic oxide nanoparticles, where they achieve high concentration and crowding - in the latter respect the environment resembles that found in living cells. By exploiting efficient electron tunneling between the nanoparticles and one of the enzymes, the e-Leaf enables the user to interact directly with complex networks, rendering simultaneous the abilities to energise, control and observe catalysis. Because dispersion of intermediates is physically suppressed, the output of the cascade - the rate of flow of chemical steps and information - is delivered in real time as electrical current. Myriad enzymes of all major classes now become effectively electroactive in a technology that offers scalability between micro-(analytical, multiplex) and macro-(synthesis) levels. This Perspective describes how the e-Leaf was discovered, the steps in its development so far, and the outlook for future research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare F Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Ryan A Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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2
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Cortes JE. Olutasidenib: a novel mutant IDH1 inhibitor for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2024; 17:211-221. [PMID: 38747392 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2024.2354486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (mIDH1) occur in about 7% to 14% of all cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The discovery of targetable mutations in AML, including IDH mutations, expanded the therapeutic landscape of AML and led to the development of targeted agents. Despite significant advances in current treatment options, remission and overall survival rates remain suboptimal. The IDH1 inhibitor, olutasidenib, demonstrated encouraging safety and clinical benefits as monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) mIDH1 AML. AREAS COVERED This review outlines the olutasidenib drug profile and summarizes key safety and efficacy data, focusing on the 150 mg twice daily dose from the pivotal registrational cohort of the phase 2 trial that formed the basis for the US Food and Drug Administration approval of olutasidenib in patients with R/R AML with a susceptible IDH1 mutation. EXPERT OPINION Olutasidenib offers patients with R/R mIDH1 AML a new treatment option, with improved complete remission and a longer duration of response than other targeted mIDH1 treatment options. Olutasidenib provided clinical benefit with a manageable safety profile. Additional analyses to further characterize the safety and efficacy of olutasidenib in frontline and R/R settings as monotherapy and as combination therapy are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Cortes
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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3
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McCullagh J, Probert F. New analytical methods focusing on polar metabolite analysis in mass spectrometry and NMR-based metabolomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 80:102466. [PMID: 38772215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Following in the footsteps of genomics and proteomics, metabolomics has revolutionised the way we investigate and understand biological systems. Rapid development in the last 25 years has been driven largely by technical innovations in mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. However, despite the modest size of metabolomes relative to proteomes and genomes, methodological capabilities for robust, comprehensive metabolite analysis remain a major challenge. Therefore, development of new methods and techniques remains vital for progress in the field. Here, we review developments in LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR methods in the last few years that have enhanced quantitative and comprehensive metabolome coverage, highlighting the techniques involved, their technical capabilities, relative performance, and potential impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McCullagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Fay Probert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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4
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Forsberg M, Konopleva M. AML treatment: conventional chemotherapy and emerging novel agents. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:430-448. [PMID: 38643058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is driven by complex mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities with profound tumoral heterogeneity, making it challenging to treat. Ten years ago, the 5-year survival rate of patients with AML was only 29% with conventional chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. All attempts to improve conventional therapy over the previous 40 years had failed. Now, new genomic, immunological, and molecular insights have led to a renaissance in AML therapy. Improvements to standard chemotherapy and a wave of new targeted therapies have been developed. However, how best to incorporate these advances into frontline therapy and sequence them in relapse is not firmly established. In this review, we highlight current treatments of AML, targeted agents, and pioneering attempts to synthesize these developments into a rational standard of care (SoC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Forsberg
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Venugopal S, Watts J. The future paradigm of HMA + VEN or targeted inhibitor approaches: sequencing or triplet combinations in AML therapy. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2023; 2023:192-197. [PMID: 38066868 PMCID: PMC10727059 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2023000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The routine use of next-generation sequencing methods has underscored the genetic and clonal heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), subsequently ushering in an era of precision medicine-based targeted therapies exemplified by the small-molecule inhibitors of FLT3, IDH1/IDH2, and BCL2. This advent of targeted drugs in AML has broadened the spectrum of antileukemic therapies, and the approval of venetoclax in combination with a hypomethylating agent has been a welcome addition to our AML patients unable to tolerate intensive chemotherapy. Mounting evidence demonstrates that molecularly targeted agents combined with epigenetic therapies exhibit synergistic augmented leukemic cell kill compared to single-agent therapy. With such great power comes greater responsibility in determining the appropriate frontline AML treatment regimen in a molecularly defined subset and identifying safe and effective combination therapies with different mechanisms of action to outmaneuver primary and secondary resistance mechanisms in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Venugopal
- Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Justin Watts
- Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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6
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Hernández-Sánchez A, Bullinger L. Recent advances in precision medicine for acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 2023; 35:581-588. [PMID: 37621173 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease, in which treatment response and patient survival are highly conditioned by the leukemia biology. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances in AML classification, risk stratification models, measurable residual disease (MRD) and the increasing number of treatment options that are paving the way towards precision medicine in AML. RECENT FINDINGS AML classification and risk stratification were recently updated by incorporating novel molecular markers that are important for diagnosis and outcome prediction. In addition, the impact of co-mutational patterns is under investigation and novel approaches using machine learning algorithms are starting to be used for individualized risk estimation. Molecular markers are also becoming useful in predicting response to non-intensive treatments. MRD informs of treatment response with high sensitivity, allowing dynamic patient risk assessment and early intervention. Finally, important advances were made in AML therapy, with an increasing number of targeted therapies becoming available and many novel treatment approaches being under development with promising early results. SUMMARY A better understanding of AML biology is leading to improved risk stratification and important advances in treatments, which are allowing the development of precision medicine in AML at an unprecedented pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Hernández-Sánchez
- University Hospital of Salamanca
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL) , Salamanca, Spain
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7
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Abstract
Ivosidenib (Tibsovo®), a first-in-class, oral small molecule, potent and selective inhibitor of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (mIDH1), is approved in the EU and USA for the treatment of adults with pretreated, advanced, mIDH1 cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). It is presumed to exert its cytostatic effects in this setting by suppressing 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite produced by mIDH1 that impairs cellular differentiation and promotes tumorigenesis. In the multinational phase 3 ClarIDHy study in patients with pretreated, advanced mIDH1 CCA, monotherapy with ivosidenib once daily significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and almost doubled the disease control rate compared with placebo. Moreover, it had a favourable effect on overall survival (OS), which was also significantly prolonged after correcting for a high rate of crossover from the placebo group (permitted by the trial protocol). Ivosidenib treatment preserved health-related quality of life (HRQOL) relating to physical function, pain and appetite loss/eating and was generally well tolerated, with the most common treatment-emergent adverse events being low-grade diarrhoea, nausea and fatigue. Thus, ivosidenib represents a novel and valuable targeted therapy for the subset of patients with pretreated, advanced CCA tumors harbouring mIDH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Frampton
- Springer Nature, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 65901, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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8
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Herold RA, Schofield CJ, Armstrong FA. Electrochemical Nanoreactor Provides a Comprehensive View of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Cancer-drug Kinetics. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202309149. [PMID: 38529044 PMCID: PMC10962547 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202309149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The ability to control enzyme cascades entrapped in a nanoporous electrode material (the "Electrochemical Leaf", e-Leaf) has been exploited to gain detailed kinetic insight into the mechanism of an anti-cancer drug. Ivosidenib, used to treat acute myeloid leukemia, acts on a common cancer-linked variant of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1 R132H) inhibiting its "gain-of-function" activity-the undesired reduction of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). The e-Leaf quantifies the kinetics of IDH1 R132H inhibition across a wide and continuous range of conditions, efficiently revealing factors underlying the inhibitor residence time. Selective inhibition of IDH1 R132H by Ivosidenib and another inhibitor, Novartis 224, is readily resolved as a two-stage process whereby initial rapid non-inhibitory binding is followed by a slower step to give the inhibitory complex. These kinetic features are likely present in other allosteric inhibitors of IDH1/2. Such details, essential for understanding inhibition mechanisms, are not readily resolved in conventional steady-state kinetics or by techniques that rely only on measuring binding. Extending the new method and analytical framework presented here to other enzyme systems will be straightforward and should rapidly reveal insight that is difficult or often impossible to obtain using other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Herold
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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9
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Herold RA, Schofield CJ, Armstrong FA. Electrochemical Nanoreactor Provides a Comprehensive View of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Cancer-drug Kinetics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309149. [PMID: 37607127 PMCID: PMC10962598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control enzyme cascades entrapped in a nanoporous electrode material (the "Electrochemical Leaf", e-Leaf) has been exploited to gain detailed kinetic insight into the mechanism of an anti-cancer drug. Ivosidenib, used to treat acute myeloid leukemia, acts on a common cancer-linked variant of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1 R132H) inhibiting its "gain-of-function" activity-the undesired reduction of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). The e-Leaf quantifies the kinetics of IDH1 R132H inhibition across a wide and continuous range of conditions, efficiently revealing factors underlying the inhibitor residence time. Selective inhibition of IDH1 R132H by Ivosidenib and another inhibitor, Novartis 224, is readily resolved as a two-stage process whereby initial rapid non-inhibitory binding is followed by a slower step to give the inhibitory complex. These kinetic features are likely present in other allosteric inhibitors of IDH1/2. Such details, essential for understanding inhibition mechanisms, are not readily resolved in conventional steady-state kinetics or by techniques that rely only on measuring binding. Extending the new method and analytical framework presented here to other enzyme systems will be straightforward and should rapidly reveal insight that is difficult or often impossible to obtain using other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Herold
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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10
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Zhuo FF, Li L, Liu TT, Liang XM, Yang Z, Zheng YZ, Luo QW, Lu JH, Liu D, Zeng KW, Tu PF. Lycorine promotes IDH1 acetylation to induce mitochondrial dynamics imbalance in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2023; 573:216364. [PMID: 37648148 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2, as essential enzymes in energy metabolism, contribute to the survival and drug resistance of a variety of solid tumors, especially for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying molecular mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, IDH1 was identified as a crucial cellular target of a natural-derived anti-CRC small molecule lycorine, using the unbiased thermal proteome profiling (TPP) strategy. We found that lycorine directly targeted a unique C-terminal domain of IDH1, and disrupted IDH1 interaction with deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), thereby significantly promoting IDH1 acetylation modification. Then, lycorine noticeably triggered oxidative stress in CRC cells to cause mitochondrial membranes injury, and subsequently facilitated mitochondrial fission. Specific knockdown of IDH1 or SIRT1 markedly aggrieved lycorine-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial fragmentation in CRC cells. Furthermore, the combination of lycorine and sirtuins blocker nicotinamide (NAM) exhibited a synergic therapeutic effect in CRC cells. Collectively, our results reveal that IDH1 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for CRC via pharmacologically driving oxidative stress-dependent mitochondrial dynamics imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yong-Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian-Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Proteomics Laboratory, Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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11
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Uson Junior PLS, Borad MJ. Clinical Utility of Ivosidenib in the Treatment of IDH1-Mutant Cholangiocarcinoma: Evidence To Date. Cancer Manag Res 2023; 15:1025-1031. [PMID: 37746315 PMCID: PMC10516216 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s326060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivosidenib is an isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) inhibitor that is FDA approved for patients with IDH1 mutation and acute myeloid leukemia and previously treated locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. In the Phase III trial ClarIDHy ivosidenib improved progression-free survival, 2.7 months versus 1.4 months (p < 0.0001) and overall survival (OS), median OS was 10.8 months for ivosidenib and 9.7 months for the placebo arm (p = 0.06) for patients with previously treated and IDH1 mutated cholangiocarcinoma. In this review article, we will address the mechanism of action of ivosidenib and data from early trials and safety from the randomized trial in cholangiocarcinoma. As a conclusion, future perspectives of IDH1 inhibition in IDH1 mutated tumors and possible strategies of sequencing and combinations will be reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson Junior
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- HCOR, Hospital do Coração, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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12
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Venugopal S, Watts J. Olutasidenib: from bench to bedside. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4358-4365. [PMID: 37196640 PMCID: PMC10432604 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023009854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the resounding success of molecularly targeted therapies in related myeloid malignancies swiftly prompted the development of IDH1mut inhibitors. Olutasidenib (formerly known as FT-2102) is an orally administered novel IDH1mut inhibitor that entered clinical development in 2016, proceeded briskly through the developmental process, and was granted regular approval to treat patients with R/R IDH1mut AML on 1 December 2022. Single agent olutasidenib, a potent and selective IDH1mut inhibitor, demonstrated highly durable remission rates along with meaningful outcomes, such as transfusion independence, in patients with R/R IDH1mut AML. This review will examine the preclinical and clinical development and the positioning of olutasidenib in the IDH1mut AML treatment landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Venugopal
- Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Justin Watts
- Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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13
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Kim HM, Zheng X, Lee E. Experimental Insights into the Interplay between Histone Modifiers and p53 in Regulating Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11032. [PMID: 37446210 PMCID: PMC10342072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin structure plays a fundamental role in regulating gene expression, with histone modifiers shaping the structure of chromatin by adding or removing chemical changes to histone proteins. The p53 transcription factor controls gene expression, binds target genes, and regulates their activity. While p53 has been extensively studied in cancer research, specifically in relation to fundamental cellular processes, including gene transcription, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression, its association with histone modifiers has received limited attention. This review explores the interplay between histone modifiers and p53 in regulating gene expression. We discuss how histone modifications can influence how p53 binds to target genes and how this interplay can be disrupted in cancer cells. This review provides insights into the complex mechanisms underlying gene regulation and their implications for potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Min Kim
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China
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14
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Liu S, Abboud M, Mikhailov V, Liu X, Reinbold R, Schofield CJ. Differentiating Inhibition Selectivity and Binding Affinity of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 Variant Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5279-5288. [PMID: 36952395 PMCID: PMC10108345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 gain-of-function variants catalyze the production of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate and are validated targets for leukemia treatment. We report binding and inhibition studies on 13 IDH1/2 variant inhibitors, including clinical candidates and drugs, with wild-type (wt) IDH1 and its cancer-associated variant, IDH1 R132H. Interestingly, all the variant inhibitors bind wt IDH1 despite not, or only weakly, inhibiting it. Selective inhibition of the IDH1 R132H variant over wt IDH1 does not principally relate to the affinities of the inhibitors for the resting forms of the enzymes. Rather, the independent binding of Mg2+ and 2-oxoglutarate to the IDH1 variant makes the variant more susceptible to allosteric inhibition, compared to the tighter binding of the isocitrate-Mg2+ complex substrate to wt IDH1. The results highlight that binding affinity need not correlate with inhibition selectivity and have implications for interpretation of inhibitor screening results with IDH and related enzymes using turnover versus binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Mikhailov
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Liu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Reinbold
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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15
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Bhansali RS, Pratz KW, Lai C. Recent advances in targeted therapies in acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 36966300 PMCID: PMC10039574 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. While survival for younger patients over the last several decades has improved nearly sixfold with the optimization of intensive induction chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), this effect has been largely mitigated in older and less fit patients as well as those with adverse-risk disease characteristics. However, the last 10 years has been marked by major advances in the molecular profiling of AML characterized by a deeper understanding of disease pathobiology and therapeutic vulnerabilities. In this regard, the classification of AML subtypes has recently evolved from a morphologic to a molecular and genetic basis, reflected by recent updates from the World Health Organization and the new International Consensus Classification system. After years of stagnation in new drug approvals for AML, there has been a rapid expansion of the armamentarium against this disease since 2017. Low-intensity induction therapy with hypomethylating agents and venetoclax has substantially improved outcomes, including in those previously considered to have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, targeted oral therapies against driver mutations in AML have been added to the repertoire. But with an accelerated increase in treatment options, several questions arise such as how to best sequence therapy, how to combine therapies, and if there is a role for maintenance therapy in those who achieve remission and cannot undergo alloHSCT. Moreover, certain subtypes of AML, such as those with TP53 mutations, still have dismal outcomes despite these recent advances, underscoring an ongoing unmet need and opportunity for translational advances. In this review, we will discuss recent updates in the classification and risk stratification of AML, explore the literature regarding low-intensity and novel oral combination therapies, and briefly highlight investigative agents currently in early clinical development for high-risk disease subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Bhansali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Lai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Liu X, Reinbold R, Liu S, Herold RA, Rabe P, Duclos S, Yadav RB, Abboud MI, Thieffine S, Armstrong FA, Brewitz L, Schofield CJ. Natural and synthetic 2-oxoglutarate derivatives are substrates for oncogenic variants of human isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102873. [PMID: 36621625 PMCID: PMC9939733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) alter metabolism in cancer cells by catalyzing the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to (2R)-hydroxyglutarate. However, it is unclear how derivatives of 2OG can affect cancer cell metabolism. Here, we used synthetic C3- and C4-alkylated 2OG derivatives to investigate the substrate selectivities of the most common cancer-associated IDH1 variant (R132H IDH1), of two cancer-associated IDH2 variants (R172K IDH2, R140Q IDH2), and of WT IDH1/2. Absorbance-based, NMR, and electrochemical assays were employed to monitor WT IDH1/2 and IDH1/2 variant-catalyzed 2OG derivative turnover in the presence and absence of 2OG. Our results reveal that 2OG derivatives can serve as substrates of the investigated IDH1/2 variants, but not of WT IDH1/2, and have the potential to act as 2OG-competitive inhibitors. Kinetic parameters reveal that some 2OG derivatives, including the natural product 3-methyl-2OG, are equally or even more efficient IDH1/2 variant substrates than 2OG. Furthermore, NMR and mass spectrometry studies confirmed IDH1/2 variant-catalyzed production of alcohols in the cases of the 3-methyl-, 3-butyl-, and 3-benzyl-substituted 2OG derivatives; a crystal structure of 3-butyl-2OG with an IDH1 variant (R132C/S280F IDH1) reveals active site binding. The combined results highlight the potential for (i) IDH1/2 variant-catalyzed reduction of 2-oxoacids other than 2OG in cells, (ii) modulation of IDH1/2 variant activity by 2-oxoacid natural products, including some present in common foods, (iii) inhibition of IDH1/2 variants via active site binding rather than the established allosteric mode of inhibition, and (iv) possible use of IDH1/2 variants as biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Reinbold
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan A Herold
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Rabe
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Martine I Abboud
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fraser A Armstrong
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lennart Brewitz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Herold RA, Reinbold R, Schofield CJ, Armstrong FA. NADP(H)-dependent biocatalysis without adding NADP(H). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214123120. [PMID: 36574703 PMCID: PMC9910440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214123120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) naturally copurifies and crystallizes in a resting state with a molecule of its exchangeable cofactor, NADP+/NADPH, bound in each monomer of the homodimer. We report electrochemical studies with IDH1 that exploit this property to reveal the massive advantage of nanoconfinement to increase the efficiency of multistep enzyme-catalyzed cascade reactions. When coloaded with ferredoxin NADP+ reductase in a nanoporous conducting indium tin oxide film, IDH1 carries out the complete electrochemical oxidation of 6 mM isocitrate (in 4mL) to 2-oxoglutarate (2OG), using only the NADP(H) that copurified with IDH1 and was carried into the electrode pores as cargo-the system remains active for days. The entrapped cofactor, now quantifiable by cyclic voltammetry, undergoes ~160,000 turnovers during the process. The results from a variety of electrocatalysis experiments imply that the local concentrations of the two nanoconfined enzymes lie around the millimolar range. The combination of crowding and entrapment results in a 102 to 103-fold increase in the efficiency of NADP(H) redox cycling. The ability of the method to drive cascade catalysis in either direction (oxidation or reduction) and remove and replace substrates was exploited to study redox-state dependent differences in cofactor binding between wild-type IDH1 and the cancer-linked R132H variant that catalyzes the "gain of function" reduction of 2OG to 2-hydroxyglutarate instead of isocitrate oxidation. The combined results demonstrate the power of nanoconfinement for facilitating multistep enzyme catalysis (in this case energized and verified electrochemically) and reveal insights into the dynamic role of nicotinamide cofactors as redox (hydride) carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Reinbold
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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Uson Junior PLS, Bearss J, Babiker HM, Borad MJ. Novel precision therapies for cholangiocarcinoma: an overview of clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:69-75. [PMID: 36714945 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2173064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment landscape of biliary cancers is rapidly changing. Inhibitors against the actionable targets FGFR and IDH1 are now being included in the treatment guidelines of multiple countries for patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma. However, there remains an unmet need in identifying the mechanisms of resistance and treatment strategies involving possible tumor sequencing. AREAS COVERED In this review article, we address clinical trials evaluating FGFR, IDH, BRAF and HER2 inhibitors in advanced cholangiocarcinoma. We also review the mechanisms of resistance described thus far and approaches to overcome them. Articles selected for this review were based on reported studies indexed in PubMed (2010-2022). EXPERT OPINION Precision medicine in biliary cancers has already been incorporated into the treatment landscape of the disease in many countries. Fusions of FGFR2 and mutations in IDH1 are the first drivers with targetable treatments approved in these cancers. HER2 and BRAF would be the next drivers with possible tumor-agnostic or cholangiocarcinoma-specific approvals. The advent of ctDNA could improve the accessibility of sequencing and recruitment in these clinical trials. However, limitations of detecting fusions should be considered and addressed in these platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson Junior
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Center for Personalized Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeremiah Bearss
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Hani M Babiker
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic,Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Armstrong FA, Cheng B, Herold RA, Megarity CF, Siritanaratkul B. From Protein Film Electrochemistry to Nanoconfined Enzyme Cascades and the Electrochemical Leaf. Chem Rev 2022; 123:5421-5458. [PMID: 36573907 PMCID: PMC10176485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein film electrochemistry (PFE) has given unrivalled insight into the properties of redox proteins and many electron-transferring enzymes, allowing investigations of otherwise ill-defined or intractable topics such as unstable Fe-S centers and the catalytic bias of enzymes. Many enzymes have been established to be reversible electrocatalysts when attached to an electrode, and further investigations have revealed how unusual dependences of catalytic rates on electrode potential have stark similarities with electronics. A special case, the reversible electrochemistry of a photosynthetic enzyme, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR), loaded at very high concentrations in the 3D nanopores of a conducting metal oxide layer, is leading to a new technology that brings PFE to myriad enzymes of other classes, the activities of which become controlled by the primary electron exchange. This extension is possible because FNR-based recycling of NADP(H) can be coupled to a dehydrogenase, and thence to other enzymes linked in tandem by the tight channelling of cofactors and intermediates within the nanopores of the material. The earlier interpretations of catalytic wave-shapes and various analogies with electronics are thus extended to initiate a field perhaps aptly named "cascade-tronics", in which the flow of reactions along an enzyme cascade is monitored and controlled through an electrochemical analyzer. Unlike in photosynthesis where FNR transduces electron transfer and hydride transfer through the unidirectional recycling of NADPH, the "electrochemical leaf" (e-Leaf) can be used to drive reactions in both oxidizing and reducing directions. The e-Leaf offers a natural way to study how enzymes are affected by nanoconfinement and crowding, mimicking the physical conditions under which enzyme cascades operate in living cells. The reactions of the trapped enzymes, often at very high local concentration, are thus studied electrochemically, exploiting the potential domain to control rates and direction and the current-rate analogy to derive kinetic data. Localized NADP(H) recycling is very efficient, resulting in very high cofactor turnover numbers and new opportunities for controlling and exploiting biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Beichen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan A. Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
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