1
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Koo J, Kim W, Jhun BH, Park S, Song D, You Y, Lee HG. Halogen Atom Transfer-Induced Homolysis of C-F Bonds by the Excited-State Boryl Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22874-22880. [PMID: 39093360 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel reactivity toward C-F bond functionalization has been developed, which could be designated as fluorine atom transfer (FAT). A photoexcited state of an N-heterocyclic carbene-ligated boryl radical exhibits a transcendent reactivity, capable of activating chemically inert carbon-fluorine bonds through homolysis. Combined experimental and computational studies suggest that the ligated boryl radical species directly abstracts a fluorine atom from the organofluoride substrates to provide valuable carbon-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Koo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Weonjeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoon Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Dai D, Zhan Q, Shi T, Wang D, Zheng Y. Spin characteristics in conjugated stable diradicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8997-9006. [PMID: 39081131 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Spin properties are intrinsic characters of electrons. Radical molecules contain unpaired electron(s), and their unique chemical and physical properties make them an ideal platform for investigating spin properties in molecular systems. Among them, the burgeoning interest in stable conjugated diradicals is attributed to their distinctive characteristics, notably the dynamic resonance structures between open-shell and closed-shell forms, the malleability of their spin states, and the profound influence of intermolecular spin-spin interactions. A deep understanding of the spin characteristics of unpaired electrons in stable conjugated diradicals provides guidance for the design, synthesis, and characterization of radical-based materials. In this review, we discuss the unique spin delocalization, spin states, and spin-spin coupling characteristics of conjugated diradicals and emphasize how to precisely control these spin characteristics to understand their role in the molecules and as functional radical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Dai
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianfang Shi
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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3
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Stanitska M, Keruckiene R, Sini G, Volyniuk D, Marsalka A, Shi ZE, Liu CM, Lin YR, Chen CP, Grazulevicius JV. Exploring the Charge-Transport and Optical Characteristics of Organic Doublet Radicals: A Theoretical and Experimental Study with Photovoltaic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:41230-41243. [PMID: 39052450 PMCID: PMC11310911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a series of stable radicals containing a trityl carbon-centered radical moiety exhibiting interesting properties. The radicals demonstrate the most blue-shifted anti-Kasha doublet emission reported so far with high color purity (full width at half-maximum of 46 nm) and relatively high photoluminescence quantum yields of deoxygenated toluene solutions reaching 31%. The stable radicals demonstrate equilibrated bipolar charge transport with charge mobility values reaching 10-4 cm2/V·s at high electric fields. The experimental results in combination with the results of TD-DFT calculations confirm that the blue emission of radicals violates the Kasha rule and originates from higher excited states, whereas the bipolar charge transport properties are found to stem from the particularity of radicals to involve the same molecular orbital(s) in electron and hole transport. The radicals act as the efficient materials for interlayers, passivating interfacial defects and enhancing charge extraction in PSCs. Consequently, this leads to outstanding performance of PSC, with power conversion efficiency surpassing 21%, accompanied by a remarkable increase in open-circuit voltage and exceptional stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Stanitska
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Keruckiene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gjergji Sini
- Laboratoire
de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, CY Paris Cergy Université, EA 2528, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, Cergy-Pontoise, Cedex 95031, France
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Marsalka
- Faculty
of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio st. 9-3, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zhong-En Shi
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University
of Technology, 84 Gunjuan
Road, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ming Liu
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University
of Technology, 84 Gunjuan
Road, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ru Lin
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University
of Technology, 84 Gunjuan
Road, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University
of Technology, 84 Gunjuan
Road, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan, Republic of China
- College
of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of
China
| | - Juozas V. Grazulevicius
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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4
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Liu X, Shi C, Zhao M, Li F, Zhang J, Jiang Z, Li Q, Yuan A, Yan H. Robust Radicals Featuring B- and N-Embedded Dioxygen-Bridged Units: Synthesis, Structures, and Optical Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400927. [PMID: 38773816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) group has been widely used for constructing organic radicals, but the poor optical stabilities limit the application prospects of the TTM radicals. In this work, the rigid B- and N-embedded dioxygen-bridged (BO and NO) units were attached to the TTM skeleton as the strong electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups, respectively. The rigidity and strong electronic effect of the BO and NO units contribute to the high chemical and optical stability of BO-TTM and NO-TTM radicals. Notably, NO-TTM exhibits near-infrared emission at 830 nm with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 55 nm (100 meV), while BO-TTM shows blue-shifted luminescence at 635 nm and a narrower FWHM of merely 43 nm (130 meV). This study has developed a methodology to produce highly efficient and enduring luminescent radicals, which could tune emission properties such as wavelength and FWHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chao Shi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feiyang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, P. R. China
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5
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Das A, Saha S, Maji S, Sarkar P, Jose A, Bhatt MM, Bhunia A, Dutta A, Pati SK, Mandal SK. Highly Stable Self-Regenerating Organic Multi-Redox Systems derived from Bicyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes (BICAACs). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303411. [PMID: 38441342 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
An extended class of organic multi-redox systems was derived from bicyclic(alkyl)amino carbenes (BICAACs). The highly-conjugated system undergoes a total of 4 redox events spanning a 1.8 V redox range. These organic compounds exhibited four different stable redox states (dication, radical cation, neutral and radical anion), and all of them were characterized either by single crystal X-ray study and/or various spectroscopic studies. Three of the four redox states are stable to air and moisture. The availability of stable multiple redox states demonstrated promise towards their efficacy in the symmetric H-cell charge/discharge cycling. Among various redox states, the dication/neutral state works efficiently and continuously for 1500 cycles in 2e- charge/discharge process outside glovebox in commercially available DMF with minimum capacity loss (retaining nearly 90 % Coulombic efficiency). Surprisingly, the efficiency of the redox cycle was retained even if the system was exposed to air for 30 days when it slowly regenerated to the initial deep blue radical cation, and it exhibited another 100 charge/discharge cycles with a minimal capacity loss. Such a stable H-cell cycling ability is not well known among organic molecule-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Sukanta Saha
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Subir Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Anex Jose
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Madhur Mahesh Bhatt
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Anup Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
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6
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Zhou Z, Yang K, He L, Wang W, Lai W, Yang Y, Dong Y, Xie S, Yuan L, Zeng Z. Sulfone-Functionalized Chichibabin's Hydrocarbons: Stable Diradicaloids with Symmetry Breaking Charge Transfer Contributing to NIR Emission beyond 900 nm. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6763-6772. [PMID: 38416700 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
While monoradical emitters have emerged as a new route toward efficient organic light-emitting diodes, the luminescence property of organic diradicaloids is still scarcely explored. Herein, by devising a novel radical-radical coupling-based synthetic approach, we report a new class of sulfone-functionalized Chichibabin's hydrocarbon derivatives, SD-1-3, featuring varied substituent patterns and moderate to high diradical characters of 0.44-0.70, as highly stable diradicaloids with rarely seen NIR emission beyond 900 nm. Via comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigations, we reveal that the optoelectronic and magnetic properties of these materials are significantly tuned by the variations of substitutions (H/CF3/OMe) on the molecular skeletons. More importantly, quantum chemical computations indicate that the embedding of sulfone groups has contributed to a breaking of their quasi-C2 symmetry of these diradicaloid molecules and results in an excited-state charge transfer character. Therefore, a remarkably deep NIR emissive wavelength of up to 998 nm, together with a large Stokes shift (∼386 nm), is achieved for the CF3-based SD-2 molecule in tetrahydrofuran. To the best of our knowledge, such a luminescent wavelength of SD-2 has represented the longest wavelengths among the currently reported organic fluorescent radicals. Overall, our work not only establishes a new synthetic approach toward stable Chichibabin's hydrocarbons but also paves the way for designing NIR emissive open-shell materials with both fundamental understanding and feasible control of their luminescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University,Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University,Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Long He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Weiming Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University,Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yinhua Yang
- Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yueguo Dong
- Tianjin Jiuri New Material Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Sheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University,Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University,Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University,Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
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7
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Mizuno A, Matsuoka R, Mibu T, Kusamoto T. Luminescent Radicals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1034-1121. [PMID: 38230673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Organic radicals are attracting increasing interest as a new class of molecular emitters. They demonstrate electronic excitation and relaxation dynamics based on their doublet or higher multiplet spin states, which are different from those based on singlet-triplet manifolds of conventional closed-shell molecules. Recent studies have disclosed luminescence properties and excited state dynamics unique to radicals, such as highly efficient electron-photon conversion in OLEDs, NIR emission, magnetoluminescence, an absence of heavy atom effect, and spin-dependent and spin-selective dynamics. These are difficult or sometimes impossible to achieve with closed-shell luminophores. This review focuses on luminescent organic radicals as an emerging photofunctional molecular system, and introduces the material developments, fundamental properties including luminescence, and photofunctions. Materials covered in this review range from monoradicals, radical oligomers, and radical polymers to metal complexes with radical ligands demonstrating radical-involved emission. In addition to stable radicals, transiently formed radicals generated in situ by external stimuli are introduced. This review shows that luminescent organic radicals have great potential to expand the chemical and spin spaces of luminescent molecular materials and thus broaden their applicability to photofunctional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Mizuno
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takuto Mibu
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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8
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Feng Z, Zhou J, He X, Wang B, Xie G, Qiao X, Liu L, Xie Z, Ma Y. Extremely Stable Perylene Bisimide-Bridged Regioisomeric Diradicals and Their Redox Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302943. [PMID: 37803935 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Excellent stability is an essential premise for organic diradicals to be used in organic electronic and spintronic devices. We have attached two tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical building blocks to the two sides of perylene bisimide (PBI) bridges and obtained two regioisomeric diradicals (1,6-TTM-PBI and 1,7-TTM-PBI). Both of the isomers show super stability rather than the monomeric TTM under ambient conditions, due to the increased conjugation and the electron-withdrawing effects of the PBI bridges. The diradicals show distinct and reversible multistep redox processes, and a spectro-electrochemistry investigation revealed the generation of organic mixed-valence (MV) species during reduction processes. The two diradicals have singlet ground states, very small singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔES-T ) and a pure open-shell character (with diradical character y0 =0.966 for 1,6-TTM-PBI and 0.967 for 1,7-TTM-PBI). This work opens a window to developing very stable diradicals and offers the opportunity of their further application in optical, electronic and magnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Feng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiandong He
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Bohan Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guojing Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Qiao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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9
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Shi J, Xu W, Yu H, Wang X, Jin F, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Peng Q, Abdurahman A, Wang M. A Highly Luminescent Metallo-Supramolecular Radical Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24081-24088. [PMID: 37796113 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent metal-radicals have recently received increasing attention due to their unique properties and promising applications in materials science. However, the luminescence of metal-radicals tends to be quenched after formation of metallo-complexes. It is challenging to construct metal-radicals with highly luminescent properties. Herein, we report a highly luminescent metallo-supramolecular radical cage (LMRC) constructed by the assembly of a tritopic terpyridinyl ligand RL with tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical and Zn2+. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), traveling-wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS), X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) confirm the formation of a prism-like supramolecular radical cage. LMRC exhibits a remarkable photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 65%, which is 5 times that of RL; meanwhile, LMRC also shows high photostability. Notably, significant magnetoluminescence can be observed for the high-concentration LMRC (15 wt % doped in PMMA film); however, the magnetoluminescence of 0.1 wt % doped LMRC film vanishes, revealing negligible spin-spin interactions between two radical centers in LMRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingming Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Alim Abdurahman
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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10
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Gorgon S, Lv K, Grüne J, Drummond BH, Myers WK, Londi G, Ricci G, Valverde D, Tonnelé C, Murto P, Romanov AS, Casanova D, Dyakonov V, Sperlich A, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Li F, Friend RH, Evans EW. Reversible spin-optical interface in luminescent organic radicals. Nature 2023; 620:538-544. [PMID: 37587296 PMCID: PMC10432275 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecules present a versatile platform for quantum information science1,2 and are candidates for sensing and computation applications3,4. Robust spin-optical interfaces are key to harnessing the quantum resources of materials5. To date, carbon-based candidates have been non-luminescent6,7, which prevents optical readout via emission. Here we report organic molecules showing both efficient luminescence and near-unity generation yield of excited states with spin multiplicity S > 1. This was achieved by designing an energy resonance between emissive doublet and triplet levels, here on covalently coupled tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl-carbazole radicals and anthracene. We observed that the doublet photoexcitation delocalized onto the linked acene within a few picoseconds and subsequently evolved to a pure high-spin state (quartet for monoradical, quintet for biradical) of mixed radical-triplet character near 1.8 eV. These high-spin states are coherently addressable with microwaves even at 295 K, with optical readout enabled by reverse intersystem crossing to emissive states. Furthermore, for the biradical, on return to the ground state the previously uncorrelated radical spins either side of the anthracene shows strong spin correlation. Our approach simultaneously supports a high efficiency of initialization, spin manipulations and light-based readout at room temperature. The integration of luminescence and high-spin states creates an organic materials platform for emerging quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gorgon
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kuo Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jeannine Grüne
- Experimental Physics VI, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - William K Myers
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Gaetano Ricci
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Danillo Valverde
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Petri Murto
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics VI, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sperlich
- Experimental Physics VI, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | | | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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11
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Gao S, Cui Z, Li F. Doublet-emissive materials for organic light-emitting diodes: exciton formation and emission processes. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2875-2885. [PMID: 37052349 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00772j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Doublet-emission is mainly discovered in stable radicals, lanthanide-metal complexes with an f1 electron configuration and transition-metal complexes with a low-spin d5 electron configuration, and has a distinct radiation mechanism from closed-shell luminescent molecules and thus technology opportunities. There exists an unpaired electron in the frontier molecular orbitals which enables efficient nanosecond-scale luminescence in these materials due to the spin-allowed transitions between doublet-spin states. In this review, we summarize recent advances in these materials and their application in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The photoluminescence and electroluminescence mechanisms of different doublet-emissive molecular systems are discussed, in addition to the photophysical phenomena arising from doublet states. We also outline the current challenges faced by each molecular system, and the potential outlook on the future research trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
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12
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Li X, Wang YL, Chen C, Han YF. Luminescent Crystalline Carbon- and Nitrogen-Centered Organic Radicals Based on N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Triphenylamine Hybrids. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203242. [PMID: 36331436 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Developing luminescent radicals with tunable emission is a challenging task due to the limitation of alternative skeletons. Herein, a series of carbene-triphenylamine hybrids were prepared by the direct C2-arylation of N-heterocyclic carbenes with 4-bromo-N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline. These hybrids showed multiple redox-active properties and could be converted to carbon-centered luminescent radicals with blue-to-cyan emissions (λmax : 436-486 nm) or nitrogen-centered luminescent radicals with orange emissions (λmax : 590-623 nm) through chemical reduction or oxidation, respectively. The radical species were characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffractometry analysis. Notably, the corresponding nitrogen-centered radicals exhibited good stability in atmospheric air, and their thermal decomposition temperatures were determined to be above 200 °C. In addition, spectral and theoretical calculations indicate that all radicals exhibit anti-Kasha emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and, Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and, Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Can Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and, Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and, Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
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