1
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Feng S, Su R. Synthetic Chemistry in Flow: From Photolysis & Homogeneous Photocatalysis to Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400064. [PMID: 38608169 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic synthesis of value-added chemicals has gained increasing attention in recent years owing to its versatility in driving many important reactions under ambient conditions. Selective hydrogenation, oxidation, coupling, and halogenation with a high conversion of the reactants have been realized using designed photocatalysts in batch reactors with small volumes at a laboratory scale; however, scaling-up remains a critical challenge due to inefficient utilization of incident light and active sites of the photocatalysts, resulting in poor catalytic performance that hinders its practical applications. Flow systems are considered one of the solutions for practical applications of light-driven reactions and have experienced great success in photolytic and homogeneous photocatalysis, yet their applications in heterogeneous photocatalysis are still under development. In this perspective, we have summarized recent progress in photolytic and photocatalytic synthetic chemistry performed in flow systems from the view of reactor design with a special focus on heterogeneous photocatalysis. The advantages and limitations of different flow systems, as well as some practical considerations of design strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Feng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
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2
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Li Y, He J, Lu G, Wang C, Fu M, Deng J, Yang F, Jiang D, Chen X, Yu Z, Liu Y, Yu C, Cui Y. De novo construction of amine-functionalized metal-organic cages as heterogenous catalysts for microflow catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7044. [PMID: 39147797 PMCID: PMC11327339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microflow catalysis is a cutting-edge approach to advancing chemical synthesis and manufacturing, but the challenge lies in developing efficient and stable multiphase catalysts. Here we showcase incorporating amine-containing metal-organic cages into automated microfluidic reactors through covalent bonds, enabling highly continuous flow catalysis. Two Fe4L4 tetrahedral cages bearing four uncoordinated amines were designed and synthesized. Post-synthetic modifications of the amine groups with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, introducing silane chains immobilized on the inner walls of the microfluidic reactor. The immobilized cages prove highly efficient for the reaction of anthranilamide with aldehydes, showing superior reactivity and recyclability relative to free cages. This superiority arises from the large cavity, facilitating substrate accommodation and conversion, a high mass transfer rate and stable covalent bonds between cage and microreactor. This study exemplifies the synergy of cages with microreactor technology, highlighting the benefits of heterogenous cages and the potential for future automated synthesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguo Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Jialun He
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Guilong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chensheng Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Mengmeng Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Juan Deng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Fu Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Danfeng Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
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3
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Lukas F, Findlay MT, Fillols M, Templ J, Savino E, Martin B, Allmendinger S, Furegati M, Noël T. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Photocatalyst for Decarboxylative C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Couplings via Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405902. [PMID: 38807439 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The development of robust and reliable methods for the construction of C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds is vital for accessing an increased array of structurally diverse scaffolds in drug discovery and development campaigns. While significant advances towards this goal have been achieved using metallaphotoredox chemistry, many of these methods utilise photocatalysts based on precious-metals due to their efficient redox processes and tuneable properties. However, due to the cost, scarcity, and toxicity of these metals, the search for suitable replacements should be a priority. Here, we show the use of commercially available heterogeneous semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) as a photocatalyst, combined with nickel catalysis, for the cross-coupling between aryl halide and carboxylic acid coupling partners. gCN has been shown to engage in single-electron-transfer (SET) and energy-transfer (EnT) processes for the formation of C-X bonds, and in this manuscript we overcome previous limitations to furnish C-C over C-O bonds using carboxylic acids. A broad scope of both aryl halides and carboxylic acids is presented, and recycling of the photocatalyst demonstrated. The mechanism of the reaction is also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lukas
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael T Findlay
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Méritxell Fillols
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Templ
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elia Savino
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Hong BC, Indurmuddam RR. Tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT), a compelling and trailblazing catalyst for visible-light-induced organic photocatalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3799-3842. [PMID: 38651982 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) has recently emerged as an intriguing photocatalyst under visible-light or near-visible-light irradiation in a wide range of organic reactions that were previously not conceivable. Given its ability to absorb visible light and excellent effectiveness in activating unactivated chemical bonds, it is a promising addition to traditional photocatalysts. This review covers some of the contemporary developments in visible-light or near-visible-light photocatalysis reactions enabled by the TBADT catalyst to 2023, with the contents organized by reaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Cherng Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
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5
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Ando H, Takamura H, Kadota I, Tanaka K. Strongly reducing helical phenothiazines as recyclable organophotoredox catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4765-4768. [PMID: 38529587 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00904e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Recyclable phenothiazine organophotoredox catalysts (PTHS 1-3, E1/2ox* = -2.34 to -2.40 V vs. SCE) have been developed. When the recycling performance was evaluated, PTHS-1 could be recovered at least four times without loss of its catalytic activity. These recyclable organophotoredox catalysts represent a promising tool for sustainable organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru Ando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroyoshi Takamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Isao Kadota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Kenta Tanaka
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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6
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Xiao H, Feng Y, Goundry WRF, Karlsson S. Organic Solvent Nanofiltration in Pharmaceutical Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:891-923. [PMID: 38660379 PMCID: PMC11036530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Separation and purification in organic solvents are indispensable procedures in pharmaceutical manufacturing. However, they still heavily rely on the conventional separation technologies of distillation and chromatography, resulting in high energy and massive solvent consumption. As an alternative, organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) offers the benefits of low energy consumption, low solid waste generation, and easy scale-up and incorporation into continuous processes. Thus, there is a growing interest in employing membrane technology in the pharmaceutical area to improve process sustainability and energy efficiency. This Review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress (especially the last 10 years) of organic solvent nanofiltration and its applications in the pharmaceutical industry, including the concentration and purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients, homogeneous catalyst recovery, solvent exchange and recovery, and OSN-assisted peptide/oligonucleotide synthesis. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives of membrane technology in pharmaceutical applications are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- Early
Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Yanyue Feng
- Early
Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - William R. F. Goundry
- Early
Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Staffan Karlsson
- Early
Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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7
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Singh PP, Sinha S, Gahtori P, Tivari S, Srivastava V. Recent advances of decatungstate photocatalyst in HAT process. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2523-2538. [PMID: 38456306 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The decatungstate anion (W10O324-) appears to exhibit especially interesting properties as a photocatalyst. Because of its unique photocatalytic properties, it is now recognised as a promising tool in organic chemistry. This study examines recent advances in decatungstate chemistry, primarily concerned with synthetic and, to some degree, mechanistic challenges. In this short review we have selected to give a number of illustrative examples that demonstrate the various applications of decatungstate in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research, Prayagraj, U.P.-211010, India.
| | - Surabhi Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research, Prayagraj, U.P.-211010, India.
| | - Prashant Gahtori
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, 248002 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shraddha Tivari
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P.-211002, India.
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P.-211002, India.
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8
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Ioannou DI, Capaldo L, Sanramat J, Reek JNH, Noël T. Accelerated Electrophotocatalytic C(sp 3 )-H Heteroarylation Enabled by an Efficient Continuous-Flow Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315881. [PMID: 37972351 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrophotocatalytic transformations are garnering attention in organic synthesis, particularly for accessing reactive intermediates under mild conditions. Moving these methodologies to continuous-flow systems, or flow ElectroPhotoCatalysis (f-EPC), showcases potential for scalable processes due to enhanced irradiation, increased electrode surface, and improved mixing of the reaction mixture. Traditional methods sequentially link photochemical and electrochemical reactions, using flow reactors connected in series, yet struggle to accommodate reactive transient species. In this study, we introduce a new flow reactor concept for electrophotocatalysis (EPC) that simultaneously utilizes photons and electrons. The reactor is designed with a transparent electrode and employs cost-effective materials. We used this technology to develop an efficient process for electrophotocatalytic heteroarylation of C(sp3 )-H bonds. Importantly, the same setup can also facilitate purely electrochemical and photochemical transformations. This reactor represents a significant advancement in electrophotocatalysis, providing a framework for its application in flow for complex synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris I Ioannou
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- SynCat Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Jiri Sanramat
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Fan P, Chen Z, Wang C. Nickel/Photo-Cocatalyzed Three-Component Alkyl-Acylation of Aryl-Activated Alkenes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38048426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a nickel/photo-cocatalyzed three-component alkyl-acylation of aryl-substituted alkenes with aldehydes and electron-withdrawing-group-activated alkyl bromides, providing straightforward access to various ketones under mild and ligand-free conditions. The photocatalyst TBADT plays a dual role in activating the acyl C-H bond of aldehydes via hydrogen atom transfer and reducing the C-Br bond of alkyl bromides via single-electron transfer. While the terminal C-C bond is forged through polarity-matched radical-type addition, nickel is likely involved in the acylation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low Temperature Co-Fired Materials, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232038, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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10
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Yang H, Xu J, Cao H, Wu J, Zhao D. Recovery of homogeneous photocatalysts by covalent organic framework membranes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2726. [PMID: 37169759 PMCID: PMC10175538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-based homogeneous photocatalysts offer a wealth of opportunities for organic synthesis. The most versatile ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes, however, are among the rarest metal complexes. Moreover, immobilizing these precious catalysts for recycling is challenging as their opacity may obstruct light transmission. Recovery of homogeneous catalysts by conventional polymeric membranes is promising but limited, as the modulation of their pore structure and tolerance of polar organic solvents are challenging. Here, we report the effective recovery of homogeneous photocatalysts using covalent organic framework (COF) membranes. An array of COF membranes with tunable pore sizes and superior organic solvent resistance were prepared. Ruthenium and iridium photoredox catalysts were recycled for 10 cycles in various types of photochemical reactions, constantly achieving high catalytical performance, high recovery rates, and high permeance. We successfully recovered the photocatalysts at gram-scale. Furthermore, we demonstrated a cascade isolation of an iridium photocatalyst and purification of a small organic molecule product with COF membranes possessing different pore sizes. Our results indicate an intriguing potential to shift the paradigm of the pharmaceutical and fine chemical synthesis campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Gaware S, Kori S, Serrano JL, Dandela R, Hilton S, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Rapid plugged flow synthesis of nucleoside analogues via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and heck Alkenylation of 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (or cytidine). J Flow Chem 2023; 13:1-18. [PMID: 37359287 PMCID: PMC10019434 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides modification via conventional cross-coupling has been performed using different catalytic systems and found to take place via long reaction times. However, since the pandemic, nucleoside-based antivirals and vaccines have received widespread attention and the requirement for rapid modification and synthesis of these moieties has become a major objective for researchers. To address this challenge, we describe the development of a rapid flow-based cross-coupling synthesis protocol for a variety of C5-pyrimidine substituted nucleosides. The protocol allows for facile access to multiple nucleoside analogues in very good yields in a few minutes compared to conventional batch chemistry. To highlight the utility of our approach, the synthesis of an anti-HSV drug, BVDU was also achieved in an efficient manner using our new protocol. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Gaware
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Kori
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
| | - Jose Luis Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental. Área de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena member of European University of Technology, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Stephen Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802, Crystal Ridge, California, Encinitas CA92024-6615 USA
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
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12
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García-Lacuna J, Baumann M. Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has become the method of choice for many academic and industrial researchers when developing new routes to chemical compounds of interest. With this technology maturing over the last decades, robust and oftentimes automated processes are now commonly exploited to generate fine chemical building blocks. The integration of effective inline analysis and purification tools is thereby frequently exploited to achieve effective and reliable flow processes. This perspective article summarizes recent applications of different inline purification techniques such as chromatography, extractions, and crystallization from academic and industrial laboratories. A discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of these tools is provided as a guide to aid researchers in selecting the most appropriate approach for future applications. It is hoped that this perspective contributes to new developments in this field in the context of process and cost efficiency, sustainability and industrial uptake of new flow chemistry tools developed in academia.
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