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Freitas D, Butler IB, Elphick SC, Gilgannon J, Rizzo RE, Plümper O, Wheeler J, Schlepütz CM, Marone F, Fusseis F. Heitt Mjölnir: a heated miniature triaxial apparatus for 4D synchrotron microtomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:150-161. [PMID: 38117694 PMCID: PMC10833432 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523009876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Third- and fourth-generation synchrotron light sources with high fluxes and beam energies enable the use of innovative X-ray translucent experimental apparatus. These experimental devices access geologically relevant conditions whilst enabling in situ characterization using the spatial and temporal resolutions accessible at imaging beamlines. Here, Heitt Mjölnir is introduced, a heated miniature triaxial rig based on the design of Mjölnir, but covering a wider temperature range and larger sample volume at similar pressure capacities. This device is designed to investigate coupled thermal, chemical, hydraulic and mechanical processes from grain to centimetre scales using cylindrical samples of 10 mm × 20 mm (diameter × length). Heitt Mjölnir can simultaneously reach confining (hydraulic) pressures of 30 MPa and 500 MPa of axial stress with independently controlled sample pore fluid pressure < 30 MPa. This internally heated apparatus operates to temperatures up to 573 K with a minimal vertical thermal gradient in the sample of <0.3 K mm-1. This new apparatus has been deployed in operando studies at the TOMCAT (Swiss Light Source), I12 JEEP (Diamond Light Source) and PSICHÉ (Synchrotron SOLEIL) beamlines for 4D X-ray microtomography with scan intervals of a few minutes. Heitt Mjölnir is portable and modular, allowing a wide range of 4D characterizations of low-grade metamorphism and deformational processes. It enables spatially and temporally resolved fluid-rock interaction studies at conditions of crustal reservoirs and is suitable for characterization of material properties in geothermal, carbonation or subsurface gas storage applications. Technical drawings and an operation guide are included in this publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Freitas
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian B. Butler
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Elphick
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - James Gilgannon
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto E. Rizzo
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Oliver Plümper
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Wheeler
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M. Schlepütz
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Florian Fusseis
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
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Szuszik C, Main IG, Kun F. Effect of the loading condition on the statistics of crackling noise accompanying the failure of porous rocks. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230528. [PMID: 38026039 PMCID: PMC10663801 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We test the hypothesis that loading conditions affect the statistical features of crackling noise accompanying the failure of porous rocks by performing discrete element simulations of the tensile failure of model rocks and comparing the results to those of compressive simulations of the same samples. Cylindrical samples are constructed by sedimenting randomly sized spherical particles connected by beam elements representing the cementation of granules. Under a slowly increasing external tensile load, the cohesive contacts between particles break in bursts whose size fluctuates over a broad range. Close to failure breaking avalanches are found to localize on a highly stressed region where the catastrophic avalanche is triggered and the specimen breaks apart along a spanning crack. The fracture plane has a random position and orientation falling most likely close to the centre of the specimen perpendicular to the load direction. In spite of the strongly different strengths, degrees of 'brittleness' and spatial structure of damage of tensile and compressive failure of model rocks, our calculations revealed that the size, energy and duration of avalanches, and the waiting time between consecutive events all obey scale-free statistics with power law exponents which agree within their error bars in the two loading cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csanád Szuszik
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Doctoral School of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, PO Box 400, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ian G. Main
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Ferenc Kun
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Doctoral School of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, PO Box 400, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), PO Box 51, 4001 Debrecen, Hungary
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Kuang H, Li J, Wang X. Karst study of Jinfo Mountain based on image analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19657. [PMID: 37809829 PMCID: PMC10558909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The KDR (karst development rate) of rocks and their PCR(porosity of carbonate rocks) are common research topics in Jinfo Mountain. The use of traditional carbonate research methods (TCRMs) for karst studies has been shown to be costly and time-consuming. Therefore, this study attempted to find a new, reliable, low-cost, and time-saving method for karst research. The Jinfo Mountain area is a typical carbonate rock area that is suitable for karst research. In this study, many images of rock samples from the Jinfo Mountain were obtained using rock-polarizing microscopes, which provided a good basis for the karst study of Jinfo Mountain. Furthermore, in this study, image analysis technology was used to find the karst development rate of rocks and their porosity. To ensure the accuracy of these research results, we compared the research results obtained using the image analysis techniques with those obtained using TCRM. The comparison showed that the image analysis technology is a feasible research techniques for studying karst in the Jinfo Mountain area. Furthermore, it has good reference significance for other karst study outside the Jinfo Mountain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Kuang
- School of Geographical Sciences, SouthWest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghao Li
- School of Geographical Sciences, SouthWest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiyao Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences, SouthWest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, China
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Bolton DC, Marone C, Saffer D, Trugman DT. Foreshock properties illuminate nucleation processes of slow and fast laboratory earthquakes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3859. [PMID: 37386022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the connection between seismic activity and the earthquake nucleation process is a fundamental goal in earthquake seismology with important implications for earthquake early warning systems and forecasting. We use high-resolution acoustic emission (AE) waveform measurements from laboratory stick-slip experiments that span a spectrum of slow to fast slip rates to probe spatiotemporal properties of laboratory foreshocks and nucleation processes. We measure waveform similarity and pairwise differential travel-times (DTT) between AEs throughout the seismic cycle. AEs broadcasted prior to slow labquakes have small DTT and high waveform similarity relative to fast labquakes. We show that during slow stick-slip, the fault never fully locks, and waveform similarity and pairwise differential travel times do not evolve throughout the seismic cycle. In contrast, fast laboratory earthquakes are preceded by a rapid increase in waveform similarity late in the seismic cycle and a reduction in differential travel times, indicating that AEs begin to coalesce as the fault slip velocity increases leading up to failure. These observations point to key differences in the nucleation process of slow and fast labquakes and suggest that the spatiotemporal evolution of laboratory foreshocks is linked to fault slip velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bolton
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
- Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Chris Marone
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Departimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Universita di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Demian Saffer
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daniel T Trugman
- Nevada Seismological Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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