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Dzaki N, Alenius M. A cilia-bound unconventional secretory pathway for Drosophila odorant receptors. BMC Biol 2024; 22:84. [PMID: 38610043 PMCID: PMC11015608 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational transport is a vital process which ensures that each protein reaches its site of function. Though most do so via an ordered ER-to-Golgi route, an increasing number of proteins are now shown to bypass this conventional secretory pathway. RESULTS In the Drosophila olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), odorant receptors (ORs) are trafficked from the ER towards the cilia. Here, we show that Or22a, a receptor of various esters and alcoholic compounds, reaches the cilia partially through unconventional means. Or22a frequently present as puncta at the somatic cell body exit and within the dendrite prior to the cilia base. These rarely coincide with markers of either the intermediary ER-Golgi-intermediate-compartment (ERGIC) or Golgi structures. ERGIC and Golgi also displayed axonal localization biases, a further indication that at least some measure of OR transport may occur independently of their involvement. Additionally, neither the loss of several COPII genes involved in anterograde trafficking nor ERGIC itself affected puncta formation or Or22a transport to the cilium. Instead, we observed the consistent colocalization of Or22a puncta with Grasp65, the sole Drosophila homolog of mammalian GRASP55/Grh1, a marker of the unconventional pathway. The numbers of both Or22a and Grasp65-positive puncta were furthermore increased upon nutritional starvation, a condition known to enhance Golgi-bypassing secretory activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an alternative route of Or22a transport, thus expanding the repertoire of unconventional secretion mechanisms in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat Dzaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, SE, Sweden
| | - Mattias Alenius
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, SE, Sweden.
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Xiong W, Shu XL, Huang L, He SQ, Liu LH, Li S, Shao ZC, Wang J, Cheng L. Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Validation of Differential Genes and Pathways in Bone Nonunions. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10633-0. [PMID: 38324134 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Non-union fractures pose a significant clinical challenge, often leading to prolonged pain and disability. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying non-union fractures is crucial for developing effective therapeutic interventions. This study integrates bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation to unravel key genes and pathways associated with non-union fractures. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between non-union and fracture healing tissues using bioinformatics techniques. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were employed to elucidate the biological processes and pathways involved. Common DEGs were identified, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Fibronectin-1 (FN1), Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), and Biglycan (BGN) were pinpointed as critical target genes for non-union fracture treatment. Experimental validation involved alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red staining to confirm osteogenic differentiation. Our analysis revealed significant alterations in pathways related to cell behavior, tissue regeneration, wound healing, infection, and immune responses in non-union fracture tissues. FN1, THBS1, and BGN were identified as key genes, with their upregulation indicating potential disruptions in the bone remodeling process. Experimental validation confirmed the induction of osteogenic differentiation. The study provides comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms of non-union fractures, emphasizing the pivotal roles of FN1, THBS1, and BGN in extracellular matrix dynamics and bone regeneration. The findings highlight potential therapeutic targets and pathways for further investigation. Future research should explore interactions between these genes, validate results using in vivo fracture models, and develop tailored treatment strategies for non-union fractures, promising significant advances in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 264, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xing-Li Shu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 264, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lv Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 264, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Su-Qi He
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lang-Hui Liu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 264, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Song Li
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 264, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zi-Chen Shao
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, 330004, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- General Surgery Department of Trauma Center, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Ling Cheng
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 264, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi, China.
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