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Yang S, Zhou L, Fang Z, Wang Y, Zhou G, Jin X, Cao Y, Zhao J. Proximity-Guaranteed DNA Machine for Accurate Identification of Breast Cancer Extracellular Vesicles. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2194-2202. [PMID: 38621146 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers worldwide. Precise diagnosis and subtyping have important significance for targeted therapy and prognosis prediction of breast cancer. Herein, we design a proximity-guaranteed DNA machine for accurate identification of breast cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs), which is beneficial to explore the subtype features of breast cancer. In our design, two proximity probes are located close on the same EV through specific recognition of coexisting surface biomarkers, thus being ligated with the help of click chemistry. Then, the ligated product initiates the operation of a DNA machine involving catalytic hairpin assembly and clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas12a-mediated trans-cleavage, which finally generates a significant response that enables the identification of EVs expressing both biomarkers. Principle-of-proof studies are performed using EVs derived from the breast cancer cell line BT474 as the models, confirming the high sensitivity and specificity of the DNA machine. When further applied to clinical samples, the DNA machine is shown to be capable of not only distinguishing breast cancer patients with special subtypes but also realizing the tumor staging regarding the disease progression. Therefore, our work may provide new insights into the subtype-based diagnosis of breast cancer as well as identification of more potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhikai Fang
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Guozhang Zhou
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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2
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Nakamoto AA, Joubert PM, Krasileva KV. Intraspecific Variation of Transposable Elements Reveals Differences in the Evolutionary History of Fungal Phytopathogen Pathotypes. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad206. [PMID: 37975814 PMCID: PMC10691877 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) contribute to intraspecific variation and play important roles in the evolution of fungal genomes. However, our understanding of the processes that shape TE landscapes is limited, as is our understanding of the relationship between TE content, population structure, and evolutionary history of fungal species. Fungal plant pathogens, which often have host-specific populations, are useful systems in which to study intraspecific TE content diversity. Here, we describe TE dynamics in five lineages of Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungus that causes blast disease of rice, wheat, and many other grasses. We identified differences in TE content across these lineages and showed that recent lineage-specific expansions of certain TEs have contributed to overall greater TE content in rice-infecting and Setaria-infecting lineages. We reconstructed the evolutionary histories of long terminal repeat-retrotransposon expansions and found that in some cases they were caused by complex proliferation dynamics of one element and in others by multiple elements from an older population of TEs multiplying in parallel. Additionally, we found evidence suggesting the recent transfer of a DNA transposon between rice- and wheat-infecting M. oryzae lineages and a region showing evidence of homologous recombination between those lineages, which could have facilitated such a transfer. By investigating intraspecific TE content variation, we uncovered key differences in the proliferation dynamics of TEs in various pathotypes of a fungal plant pathogen, giving us a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the pathogen itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Nakamoto
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Pierre M Joubert
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ksenia V Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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3
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Zeng X, Wang S, Liang M, Wang W, Jiang Y, Xu F, Liu L, Yan H, Tong Y, Zhang L, Tan GY. An in vitro CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated protocol for direct cloning of large DNA fragments. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102435. [PMID: 37432853 PMCID: PMC10362190 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Large biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) cloning is important for discovering natural product-based drugs and remains challenging in high GC content microorganisms (e.g., Actinobacteria). Here, we present an in vitro CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated protocol for direct cloning of large DNA fragments. We describe steps for crRNA design and preparation, genomic DNA isolation, and CRISPR-Cas12a cleavage and capture plasmid construction and linearization. We then detail target BGC and plasmid DNA ligation and transformation and screening for positive clones. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liang et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuliu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mindong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Leshi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaojun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gao-Yi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Kramer HM, Cook DE, Seidl MF, Thomma BP. Epigenetic regulation of nuclear processes in fungal plant pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011525. [PMID: 37535497 PMCID: PMC10399791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the association of protein complexes to DNA, the eukaryotic nuclear genome is broadly organized into open euchromatin that is accessible for enzymes acting on DNA and condensed heterochromatin that is inaccessible. Chemical and physical alterations to chromatin may impact its organization and functionality and are therefore important regulators of nuclear processes. Studies in various fungal plant pathogens have uncovered an association between chromatin organization and expression of in planta-induced genes that are important for pathogenicity. This review discusses chromatin-based regulation mechanisms as determined in the fungal plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae and relates the importance of epigenetic transcriptional regulation and other nuclear processes more broadly in fungal plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Martin Kramer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David E. Cook
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart P.H.J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
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Foster AJ, Johnstone E, Saunders A, Colic E, Lassel N, Holmes J. Unanticipated Large-Scale Deletion in Fusarium graminearum Genome Using CRISPR/Cas9 and Its Impact on Growth and Virulence. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:673. [PMID: 37367609 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, a filamentous fungus, and causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other cereals, leads to significant economic losses globally. This study aimed to investigate the roles of specific genes in F. graminearum virulence using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletions. Illumina sequencing was used to characterize the genomic changes due to editing. Unexpectedly, a large-scale deletion of 525,223 base pairs on chromosome 2, comprising over 222 genes, occurred in two isolates. Many of the deleted genes were predicted to be involved in essential molecular functions, such as oxidoreductase activity, transmembrane transporter activity, hydrolase activity, as well as biological processes, such as carbohydrate metabolism and transmembrane transport. Despite the substantial loss of genetic material, the mutant isolate exhibited normal growth rates and virulence on wheat under most conditions. However, growth rates were significantly reduced under high temperatures and on some media. Additionally, wheat inoculation assays using clip dipping, seed inoculation, and head point inoculation methods were performed. No significant differences in virulence were observed, suggesting that these genes were not involved in infection or alternative compensatory pathways, and allow the fungi to maintain pathogenicity despite the extensive genomic deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam John Foster
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada
| | - Emily Johnstone
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada
| | - Abbey Saunders
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada
| | - Eva Colic
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada
| | - Nicole Lassel
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada
| | - Janesse Holmes
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada
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Liu D, Lun Z, Liu N, Yuan G, Wang X, Li S, Peng YL, Lu X. Identification and Characterization of Novel Candidate Effector Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050574. [PMID: 37233285 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes a large number of effector proteins to facilitate infection, most of which are not functionally characterized. We selected potential candidate effector genes from the genome of M. oryzae, field isolate P131, and cloned 69 putative effector genes for functional screening. Utilizing a rice protoplast transient expression system, we identified that four candidate effector genes, GAS1, BAS2, MoCEP1 and MoCEP2 induced cell death in rice. In particular, MoCEP2 also induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through Agrobacteria-mediated transient gene expression. We further identified that six candidate effector genes, MoCEP3 to MoCEP8, suppress flg22-induced ROS burst in N. benthamiana leaves upon transient expression. These effector genes were highly expressed at a different stage after M. oryzae infection. We successfully knocked out five genes in M. oryzae, MoCEP1, MoCEP2, MoCEP3, MoCEP5 and MoCEP7. The virulence tests suggested that the deletion mutants of MoCEP2, MoCEP3 and MoCEP5 showed reduced virulence on rice and barley plants. Therefore, those genes play an important role in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhou L, Yao S. Recent advances in therapeutic CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing: mechanisms and applications. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:10. [PMID: 37027099 PMCID: PMC10080534 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 derived editing tools had significantly improved our ability to make desired changes in the genome. Wild-type Cas9 protein recognizes the target genomic loci and induced local double strand breaks (DSBs) in the guidance of small RNA molecule. In mammalian cells, the DSBs are mainly repaired by endogenous non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, which is error prone and results in the formation of indels. The indels can be harnessed to interrupt gene coding sequences or regulation elements. The DSBs can also be fixed by homology directed repair (HDR) pathway to introduce desired changes, such as base substitution and fragment insertion, when proper donor templates are provided, albeit in a less efficient manner. Besides making DSBs, Cas9 protein can be mutated to serve as a DNA binding platform to recruit functional modulators to the target loci, performing local transcriptional regulation, epigenetic remolding, base editing or prime editing. These Cas9 derived editing tools, especially base editors and prime editors, can introduce precise changes into the target loci at a single-base resolution and in an efficient and irreversible manner. Such features make these editing tools very promising for therapeutic applications. This review focuses on the evolution and mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas9 derived editing tools and their applications in the field of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zhou
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Renmin Nanlu 17, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaohua Yao
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Renmin Nanlu 17, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Advances and Challenges in CRISPR/Cas-Based Fungal Genome Engineering for Secondary Metabolite Production: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030362. [PMID: 36983530 PMCID: PMC10058990 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent an important source of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which have wide applications in many fields, including medicine, agriculture, human health, and many other industries. The genes involved in SM biosynthesis are usually clustered adjacent to each other into a region known as a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). The recent advent of a diversity of genetic and genomic technologies has facilitated the identification of many cryptic or uncharacterized BGCs and their associated SMs. However, there are still many challenges that hamper the broader exploration of industrially important secondary metabolites. The recent advanced CRISPR/Cas system has revolutionized fungal genetic engineering and enabled the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. In this review, we firstly introduce fungal BGCs and their relationships with associated SMs, followed by a brief summary of the conventional strategies for fungal genetic engineering. Next, we introduce a range of state-of-the-art CRISPR/Cas-based tools that have been developed and review recent applications of these methods in fungi for research on the biosynthesis of SMs. Finally, the challenges and limitations of these CRISPR/Cas-based systems are discussed and directions for future research are proposed in order to expand their applications and improve efficiency for fungal genetic engineering.
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CRISPR/dCas9-Mediated Gene Silencing in Two Plant Fungal Pathogens. mSphere 2023; 8:e0059422. [PMID: 36655998 PMCID: PMC9942560 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00594-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae and Ustilaginoidea virens are two filamentous fungal pathogens that threaten rice production worldwide. Genetic tools that permit fast gene deletion and silencing are of great interest for functional genomics of fungal pathogens. As a revolutionary genome editing tool, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) enable many innovative applications. Here, we developed a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) toolkit using nuclease activity dead Cas9 (dCas9) to silence genes of interest in M. oryzae and U. virens. We optimized the components of CRISPRi vectors, including transcriptional repression domains, dCas9 promoters, and guide RNA (gRNA) promoters. The CRISPRi tool was tested using nine gRNAs to target the promoters of MoATG3, MoATG7, and UvPal1. The results indicated that a single gRNA could direct the dCas9-fused transcriptional repression domain to efficiently silence the target gene in M. oryzae and U. virens. In both fungi, the target genes were repressed >100-fold, and desired phenotypes were observed in CRISPRi strains. Importantly, we showed that multiple genes could be easily silenced using polycistronic tRNA-gRNA in CRISPRi. Furthermore, gRNAs that bind different promoter regions displayed variable repression levels of target genes, highlighting the importance of gRNA design for CRISPRi efficiency. Together, this study provides an efficient and robust CRISPRi tool for targeted gene silencing in M. oryzae and U. virens. Owing to its simplicity and multiplexity, CRISPRi will be a useful tool for gene function discovery in fungal pathogens. IMPORTANCE Many devastating plant diseases are caused by fungal pathogens that evolve rapidly to adapt to host resistance and environmental changes. Therefore, genetic tools that enable fast gene function discovery are needed to study the pathogenicity and stress adaptation of fungal pathogens. In this study, we adopted the CRISPR/Cas9 system to silence genes in Magnaporthe oryzae and Ustilaginoidea virens, which are two dominant fungal pathogens that threaten rice production worldwide. We present a versatile and robust CRISPRi toolkit that represses target gene expression >100-fold using a single gRNA. We also demonstrated that CRISPRi could simultaneously silence multiple genes using the tRNA-gRNA strategy. The CRISPRi technologies described in this study would accelerate the functional genomics of fungal pathogens.
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Vanegas KG, Rendsvig JKH, Jarczynska ZD, Cortes MVDCB, van Esch AP, Morera-Gómez M, Contesini FJ, Mortensen UH. A Mad7 System for Genetic Engineering of Filamentous Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010016. [PMID: 36675838 PMCID: PMC9865164 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of CRISPR technologies has revolutionized strain engineering in filamentous fungi. However, its use in commercial applications has been hampered by concerns over intellectual property (IP) ownership, and there is a need for implementing Cas nucleases that are not limited by complex IP constraints. One promising candidate in this context is the Mad7 enzyme, and we here present a versatile Mad7-CRISPR vector-set that can be efficiently used for the genetic engineering of four different Aspergillus species: Aspergillus nidulans, A. niger, A. oryzae and A. campestris, the latter being a species that has never previously been genetically engineered. We successfully used Mad7 to introduce unspecific as well as specific template-directed mutations including gene disruptions, gene insertions and gene deletions. Moreover, we demonstrate that both single-stranded oligonucleotides and PCR fragments equipped with short and long targeting sequences can be used for efficient marker-free gene editing. Importantly, our CRISPR/Mad7 system was functional in both non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) proficient and deficient strains. Therefore, the newly implemented CRISPR/Mad7 was efficient to promote gene deletions and integrations using different types of DNA repair in four different Aspergillus species, resulting in the expansion of CRISPR toolboxes in fungal cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Garcia Vanegas
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kræmmer Haar Rendsvig
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zofia Dorota Jarczynska
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Abel Peter van Esch
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martí Morera-Gómez
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabiano Jares Contesini
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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