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Goel S, Reynolds M, Girling M, McCutcheon W, Leedumrongwatthanakun S, Srivastav V, Jennings D, Malik M, Pachos JK. Unveiling the Non-Abelian Statistics of D(S_{3}) Anyons Using a Classical Photonic Simulator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:110601. [PMID: 38563919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Simulators can realize novel phenomena by separating them from the complexities of a full physical implementation. Here, we put forward a scheme that can simulate the exotic statistics of D(S_{3}) non-Abelian anyons with minimal resources. The qudit lattice representation of this planar code supports local encoding of D(S_{3}) anyons. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we employ a classical photonic simulator to encode a single qutrit and manipulate it to perform the fusion and braiding properties of non-Abelian D(S_{3}) anyons. The photonic technology allows us to perform the required nonunitary operations with much higher fidelity than what can be achieved with current quantum computers. Our approach can be directly generalized to larger systems or to different anyonic models, thus enabling advances in the exploration of quantum error correction and fundamental physics alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Goel
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Girling
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Will McCutcheon
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vatshal Srivastav
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - David Jennings
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul Malik
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Jiannis K Pachos
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Fernández de Fuentes I, Botzem T, Johnson MAI, Vaartjes A, Asaad S, Mourik V, Hudson FE, Itoh KM, Johnson BC, Jakob AM, McCallum JC, Jamieson DN, Dzurak AS, Morello A. Navigating the 16-dimensional Hilbert space of a high-spin donor qudit with electric and magnetic fields. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1380. [PMID: 38355747 PMCID: PMC11258329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient scaling and flexible control are key aspects of useful quantum computing hardware. Spins in semiconductors combine quantum information processing with electrons, holes or nuclei, control with electric or magnetic fields, and scalable coupling via exchange or dipole interaction. However, accessing large Hilbert space dimensions has remained challenging, due to the short-distance nature of the interactions. Here, we present an atom-based semiconductor platform where a 16-dimensional Hilbert space is built by the combined electron-nuclear states of a single antimony donor in silicon. We demonstrate the ability to navigate this large Hilbert space using both electric and magnetic fields, with gate fidelity exceeding 99.8% on the nuclear spin, and unveil fine details of the system Hamiltonian and its susceptibility to control and noise fields. These results establish high-spin donors as a rich platform for practical quantum information and to explore quantum foundations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Botzem
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A I Johnson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arjen Vaartjes
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Serwan Asaad
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent Mourik
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fay E Hudson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Brett C Johnson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander M Jakob
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - David N Jamieson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S Dzurak
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diraq, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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3
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Ma Y, Hanks M, Kim MS. Non-Pauli Errors Can Be Efficiently Sampled in Qudit Surface Codes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:200602. [PMID: 38039474 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface codes are the most promising candidates for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Single qudit errors are typically modeled as Pauli operators, to which general errors are converted via randomizing methods. In this Letter, we quantify remaining correlations after syndrome measurement for a qudit 2D surface code subject to non-Pauli errors via loops on the lattice, using percolation theory. Below the error correction threshold, remaining correlations are sparse and locally constrained. Syndromes for qudit surface codes are therefore efficiently samplable for non-Pauli errors, independent of the exact forms of the error and decoder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hanks
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M S Kim
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Zache TV, González-Cuadra D, Zoller P. Quantum and Classical Spin-Network Algorithms for q-Deformed Kogut-Susskind Gauge Theories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:171902. [PMID: 37955498 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.171902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Treating the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of non-Abelian gauge theories is an outstanding challenge for classical and quantum simulations. Here, we employ q-deformed Kogut-Susskind lattice gauge theories, obtained by deforming the defining symmetry algebra to a quantum group. In contrast to other formulations, this approach simultaneously provides a controlled regularization of the infinite-dimensional local Hilbert space while preserving essential symmetry-related properties. This enables the development of both quantum as well as quantum-inspired classical spin-network algorithms for q-deformed gauge theories. To be explicit, we focus on SU(2)_{k} gauge theories with k∈N that are controlled by the deformation parameter q=e^{2πi/(k+2)}, a root of unity, and converge to the standard SU(2) Kogut-Susskind model as k→∞. In particular, we demonstrate that this formulation is well suited for efficient tensor network representations by variational ground-state simulations in 2D, providing first evidence that the continuum limit can be reached with k=O(10). Finally, we develop a scalable quantum algorithm for Trotterized real-time evolution by analytically diagonalizing the SU(2)_{k} plaquette interactions. Our work gives a new perspective for the application of tensor network methods to high-energy physics and paves the way for quantum simulations of non-Abelian gauge theories far from equilibrium where no other methods are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten V Zache
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel González-Cuadra
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Nikolaeva AS, Kiktenko EO, Fedorov AK. Generalized Toffoli Gate Decomposition Using Ququints: Towards Realizing Grover's Algorithm with Qudits. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:387. [PMID: 36832752 PMCID: PMC9955871 DOI: 10.3390/e25020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Qubits, which are the quantum counterparts of classical bits, are used as basic information units for quantum information processing, whereas underlying physical information carriers, e.g., (artificial) atoms or ions, admit encoding of more complex multilevel states-qudits. Recently, significant attention has been paid to the idea of using qudit encoding as a way for further scaling quantum processors. In this work, we present an efficient decomposition of the generalized Toffoli gate on five-level quantum systems-so-called ququints-that use ququints' space as the space of two qubits with a joint ancillary state. The basic two-qubit operation we use is a version of the controlled-phase gate. The proposed N-qubit Toffoli gate decomposition has O(N) asymptotic depth and does not use ancillary qubits. We then apply our results for Grover's algorithm, where we indicate on the sizable advantage of using the qudit-based approach with the proposed decomposition in comparison to the standard qubit case. We expect that our results are applicable for quantum processors based on various physical platforms, such as trapped ions, neutral atoms, protonic systems, superconducting circuits, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anstasiia S. Nikolaeva
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 121205, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Evgeniy O. Kiktenko
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 121205, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Aleksey K. Fedorov
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 121205, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
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Luo K, Huang W, Tao Z, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Chu J, Liu W, Wang B, Cui J, Liu S, Yan F, Yung MH, Chen Y, Yan T, Yu D. Experimental Realization of Two Qutrits Gate with Tunable Coupling in Superconducting Circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:030603. [PMID: 36763397 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gate-based quantum computation has been extensively investigated using quantum circuits based on qubits. In many cases, such qubits are actually made out of multilevel systems but with only two states being used for computational purpose. While such a strategy has the advantage of being in line with the common binary logic, it in some sense wastes the ready-for-use resources in the large Hilbert space of these intrinsic multidimensional systems. Quantum computation beyond qubits (e.g., using qutrits or qudits) has thus been discussed and argued to be more efficient than its qubit counterpart in certain scenarios. However, one of the essential elements for qutrit-based quantum computation, two-qutrit quantum gate, remains a major challenge. In this Letter, we propose and demonstrate a highly efficient and scalable two-qutrit quantum gate in superconducting quantum circuits. Using a tunable coupler to control the cross-Kerr coupling between two qutrits, our scheme realizes a two-qutrit conditional phase gate with fidelity 89.3% by combining simple pulses applied to the coupler with single-qutrit operations. We further use such a two-qutrit gate to prepare an EPR state of two qutrits with a fidelity of 95.5%. Our scheme takes advantage of a tunable qutrit-qutrit coupling with a large on:off ratio. It therefore offers both high efficiency and low crosstalk between qutrits, thus being friendly for scaling up. Our Letter constitutes an important step toward scalable qutrit-based quantum computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ziyu Tao
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ji Chu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wuxin Liu
- Central Research Institute, 2012 Labs, Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, 518129, China
| | - Biying Wang
- Central Research Institute, 2012 Labs, Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, 518129, China
| | - Jiangyu Cui
- Central Research Institute, 2012 Labs, Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, 518129, China
| | - Song Liu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Man-Hong Yung
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Central Research Institute, 2012 Labs, Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, 518129, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Yuanzhen Chen
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Tongxing Yan
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
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