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Ganguly S, Pesquera D, Garcia DM, Saeed U, Mirzamohammadi N, Santiso J, Padilla J, Roque JMC, Laulhé C, Berenguer F, Villanueva LG, Catalan G. Photostrictive Actuators Based on Freestanding Ferroelectric Membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310198. [PMID: 38546029 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Complex oxides offer a wide range of functional properties, and recent advances in the fabrication of freestanding membranes of these oxides are adding new mechanical degrees of freedom to this already rich functional ecosystem. Here, photoactuation is demonstrated in freestanding thin film resonators of ferroelectric Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) and paraelectric Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3). The free-standing films, transferred onto perforated supports, act as nano-drums, oscillating at their natural resonance frequency when illuminated by a frequency-modulated laser. The light-induced deflections in the ferroelectric BaTiO3 membranes are two orders of magnitude larger than in the paraelectric SrTiO3 ones. Time-resolved X-ray micro-diffraction under illumination and temperature-dependent holographic interferometry provide combined evidence for the photostrictive strain in BaTiO3 originating from a partial screening of ferroelectric polarization by photo-excited carriers, which decreases the tetragonality of the unit cell. These findings showcase the potential of photostrictive freestanding ferroelectric films as wireless actuators operated by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptam Ganguly
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Pesquera
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Moreno Garcia
- Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Umair Saeed
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nona Mirzamohammadi
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Santiso
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jessica Padilla
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Caicedo Roque
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Claire Laulhé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, 91190, France
| | - Felisa Berenguer
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Luis Guillermo Villanueva
- Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Gustau Catalan
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, 08010, Catalonia
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Yun S, le Cozannet TE, Christoffersen CH, Brand E, Jespersen TS, Pryds N. Strain Engineering: Perfecting Freestanding Perovskite Oxide Fabrication. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310782. [PMID: 38431927 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Freestanding oxide membranes provide a promising path for integrating devices on silicon and flexible platforms. To ensure optimal device performance, these membranes must be of high crystal quality, stoichiometric, and their morphology free from cracks and wrinkles. Often, layers transferred on substrates show wrinkles and cracks due to a lattice relaxation from an epitaxial mismatch. Doping the sacrificial layer of Sr3Al2O6 (SAO) with Ca or Ba offers a promising solution to overcome these challenges, yet its effects remain critically underexplored. A systematic study of doping Ca into SAO is presented, optimizing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) conditions, and adjusting the supporting polymer type and thickness, demonstrating that strain engineering can effectively eliminate these imperfections. Using SrTiO3 as a case study, it is found that Ca1.5Sr1.5Al2O6 offers a near-perfect match and a defect-free freestanding membrane. This approach, using the water-soluble Bax/CaxSr3-xAl2O6 family, paves the way for producing high-quality, large freestanding membranes for functional oxide devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinhee Yun
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 310, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Thomas Emil le Cozannet
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 310, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Eric Brand
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 310, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Thomas Sand Jespersen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 310, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Nini Pryds
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 310, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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Lin Z, Mikhael C, Dai C, Cho JH. Self-Assembly for Creating Vertically-Aligned Graphene Micro Helices with Monolayer Graphene as Chiral Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401451. [PMID: 38630988 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Graphene's emergence enables creating chiral metamaterials in helical shapes for terahertz (THz) applications, overcoming material limitations. However, practical implementation remains theoretical due to fabrication challenges. This paper introduces a dual-component self-assembly technique that enables creating vertically-aligned continuous monolayer graphene helices at microscale with great flexibility and high controllability. This assembly process not only facilitates the creation of 3D microstructures, but also positions the 3D structures from a horizontal to a vertical orientation, achieving an aspect ratio (height/width) of ≈2700. As a result, an array of vertically-aligned graphene helices is formed, reaching up to 4 mm in height, which is equivalent to 4 million times the height of monolayer graphene. The benefit of these 3D chiral structures made from graphene is their capability to infinitely extend in height, interacting with light in ways that are not possible with traditional 2D layering methods. Such an impressive height elevates a level of interaction with light that far surpasses what is achievable with traditional 2D layering methods, resulting in a notable enhancement of optical chirality properties. This approach is applicable to various 2D materials, promising advancements in innovative research and diverse applications across fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Carol Mikhael
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Chunhui Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Zhang Z, Shi Z, Ahmed D. SonoTransformers: Transformable acoustically activated wireless microscale machines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314661121. [PMID: 38289954 PMCID: PMC10861920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314661121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Shape transformation, a key mechanism for organismal survival and adaptation, has gained importance in developing synthetic shape-shifting systems with diverse applications ranging from robotics to bioengineering. However, designing and controlling microscale shape-shifting materials remains a fundamental challenge in various actuation modalities. As materials and structures are scaled down to the microscale, they often exhibit size-dependent characteristics, and the underlying physical mechanisms can be significantly affected or rendered ineffective. Additionally, surface forces such as van der Waals forces and electrostatic forces become dominant at the microscale, resulting in stiction and adhesion between small structures, making them fracture and more difficult to deform. Furthermore, despite various actuation approaches, acoustics have received limited attention despite their potential advantages. Here, we introduce "SonoTransformer," the acoustically activated micromachine that delivers shape transformability using preprogrammed soft hinges with different stiffnesses. When exposed to an acoustic field, these hinges concentrate sound energy through intensified oscillation and provide the necessary force and torque for the transformation of the entire micromachine within milliseconds. We have created machine designs to predetermine the folding state, enabling precise programming and customization of the acoustic transformation. Additionally, we have shown selective shape transformable microrobots by adjusting acoustic power, realizing high degrees of control and functional versatility. Our findings open new research avenues in acoustics, physics, and soft matter, offering new design paradigms and development opportunities in robotics, metamaterials, adaptive optics, flexible electronics, and microtechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Zhan Shi
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
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Kim MS, Heo JK, Rodrigue H, Lee HT, Pané S, Han MW, Ahn SH. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Actuators: The Role of Material, Form, and Scaling Effects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208517. [PMID: 37074738 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials that are widely used to create intelligent devices because of their high energy density, actuation strain, and biocompatibility characteristics. Given their unique properties, SMAs are found to have significant potential for implementation in many emerging applications in mobile robots, robotic hands, wearable devices, aerospace/automotive components, and biomedical devices. Here, the state-of-the-art of thermal and magnetic SMA actuators in terms of their constituent materials, form, and scaling effects are summarized, including their surface treatments and functionalities. The motion performance of various SMA architectures (wires, springs, smart soft composites, and knitted/woven actuators) is also analyzed. Based on the assessment, current challenges of SMAs that need to be addressed for their practical application are emphasized. Finally, how to advance SMAs by synergistically considering the effects of material, form, and scale is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Kim
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Jae-Kyung Heo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hugo Rodrigue
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggido, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Taek Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Salvador Pané
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Min-Woo Han
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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