1
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Wang K, Wu H, Zhang B, Yao X, Zhang J, Oxborrow M, Zhao Q. Tailoring Coherent Microwave Emission from a Solid-State Hybrid System for Room-Temperature Microwave Quantum Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401904. [PMID: 39007198 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quantum electronics operating in the microwave domain are burgeoning and becoming essential building blocks of quantum computers, sensors, and communication devices. However, the field of microwave quantum electronics has long been dominated by the need for cryogenic conditions to maintain delicate quantum characteristics. Here, a solid-state hybrid system, constituted by a photo-excited pentacene triplet spin ensemble coupled to a dielectric resonator, is reported for the first time capable of both coherent microwave quantum amplification and oscillation at X band via the masing process at room temperature. By incorporating external driving and active dissipation control into the hybrid system, efficient tuning of the maser emission characteristics at ≈9.4 GHz is achieved, which is key to optimizing the performance of the maser device. The work not only pushes the boundaries of the operating frequency and functionality of the existing pentacene masers but also demonstrates a universal route for controlling the masing process at room temperature, highlighting opportunities for optimizing emerging solid-state masers for quantum information processing and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipu Wang
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuri Yao
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiakai Zhang
- Xi'an Electronic Engineering Research Institute, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Mark Oxborrow
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Qing Zhao
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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2
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Poh YR, Morozov D, Kazmierczak NP, Hadt RG, Groenhof G, Yuen-Zhou J. Alternant Hydrocarbon Diradicals as Optically Addressable Molecular Qubits. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15549-15561. [PMID: 38798142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
High-spin molecules allow for bottom-up qubit design and are promising platforms for magnetic sensing and quantum information science. Optical addressability of molecular electron spins has also been proposed in first-row transition-metal complexes via optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) mechanisms analogous to the diamond-nitrogen-vacancy color center. However, significantly less progress has been made on the front of metal-free molecules, which can deliver lower costs and milder environmental impacts. At present, most luminescent open-shell organic molecules are π-diradicals, but such systems often suffer from poor ground-state open-shell characters necessary to realize a stable ground-state molecular qubit. In this work, we use alternancy symmetry to selectively minimize radical-radical interactions in the ground state, generating π-systems with high diradical characters. We call them m-dimers, referencing the need to covalently link two benzylic radicals at their meta carbon atoms for the desired symmetry. Through a detailed electronic structure analysis, we find that the excited states of alternant hydrocarbon m-diradicals contain important symmetries that can be used to construct ODMR mechanisms leading to ground-state spin polarization. The molecular parameters are set in the context of a tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical dimer covalently tethered at the meta position, demonstrating the feasibility of alternant m-diradicals as molecular color centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Rui Poh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, St. Gallen 9000, Switzerland
| | - Nathanael P Kazmierczak
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Eaves JD. Multielectron Dynamics in the Condensed Phase: Quantum Structure-Function Relationships. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:437-456. [PMID: 38941526 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Quantum information promises dramatic advances in computing last seen in the digital revolution, but quantum hardware is fragile, noisy, and resource intensive. Chemistry has a role in developing new materials for quantum information that are robust to noise, scalable, and operable in ambient conditions. While molecular structure is the foundation for understanding mechanism and reactivity, molecular structure/quantum function relationships remain mostly undiscovered. Using singlet fission as a specific example of a multielectron process capable of producing long-lived spin-entangled electronic states at high temperatures, I describe how to exploit molecular structure and symmetry to gain quantum function and how some principles learned from singlet fission apply more broadly to quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Eaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA;
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4
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Lin LC, Dill RD, Thorley KJ, Parkin SR, Anthony JE, Johnson JC, Damrauer NH. Revealing the Singlet Fission Mechanism for a Silane-Bridged Thienotetracene Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3982-3992. [PMID: 38717589 PMCID: PMC11129308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene is regarded as a strong candidate for singlet fission-based solar cell applications due to its mixed characteristics of tetracene and pentacene that balance exothermicity and triplet energy. An electronically weakly coupled tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene dimer (Et2Si(TIPSTT)2) with a single silicon atom bridge has been synthesized, providing a new platform to investigate the singlet fission mechanism involving the two acene chromophores. We study the excited state dynamics of Et2Si(TIPSTT)2 by monitoring the evolution of multiexciton coupled triplet states, 1TT to 5TT to 3TT to T1 + S0, upon photoexcitation with transient absorption, temperature-dependent transient absorption, and transient/pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. We find that the photoexcited singlet lifetime is 107 ps, with 90% evolving to form the TT state, and the complicated evolution between the multiexciton states is unraveled, which can be an important reference for future efforts toward tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene-based singlet fission solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ryan D. Dill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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5
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Kim J, Teo HT, Hong Y, Cha H, Kim W, Chi C, Kim D. Elucidating Singlet-Fission-Born Multiexciton Dynamics via Molecular Engineering: A Dilution Principle Extended to Quintet Triplet Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10833-10846. [PMID: 38578848 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiexciton in singlet exciton fission represents a critical quantum state with significant implications for both solar cell applications and quantum information science. Two distinct fields of interest explore contrasting phenomena associated with the geminate triplet pair: one focusing on the persistence of long-lived correlation and the other emphasizing efficient decorrelation. Despite the pivotal nature of multiexciton processes, a comprehensive understanding of their dependence on the structural and spin properties of materials is currently lacking in experimental realizations. To address this gap in knowledge, molecular engineering was employed to modify the TIPS-tetracene structures, enabling an investigation of the structure-property relationships in spin-related multiexciton processes. In lieu of the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance technique, two time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopies were implemented for quantitative analysis of spin-dependent multiexciton dynamics. The utilization of absorption and fluorescence signals as complementary optical readouts, in the presence of a magnetic field, provided crucial insights into geminate triplet pair dynamics. These insights encompassed the duration of multiexciton correlation and the involvement of the spin state in multiexciton decorrelation. Furthermore, simulations based on our kinetic models suggested a role for quintet dilution in multiexciton dynamics, surpassing the singlet dilution principle established by the Merrifield model. The integration of intricate model structures and time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopies served to explicitly elucidate the interplay between structural and spin properties in multiexciton processes. This comprehensive approach not only contributes to the fundamental understanding of these processes but also aligns with and reinforces previous experimental studies of solid states and theoretical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hao Ting Teo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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6
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Hayasaka R, Sakai H, Fuki M, Okamoto T, Khan R, Higashi M, Tkachenko NV, Kobori Y, Hasobe T. The Effect of Torsional Motion on Multiexciton Formation through Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Ferrocene-Bridged Pentacene Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315747. [PMID: 38179830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of ferrocene(Fc)-bridged pentacene(Pc)-dimers [Fc-Ph(2,n)-(Pc)2 : n=number of phenylene spacers] were synthesized to examine the tortional motion effect of Fc-terminated phenylene linkers on strongly coupled quintet multiexciton (5 TT) formation through intramolecular singlet fission (ISF). Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 has a relatively small electronic coupling and large conformational flexibility according to spectroscopic and theoretical analyses. Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 exhibits a high-yield 5 TT together with quantitative singlet TT (1 TT) generation through ISF. This demonstrates a much more efficient ISF than those of other less flexible Pc dimers. The activation entropy in 1 TT spin conversion of Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 is larger than those of the other systems due to the larger conformational flexibility associated with the torsional motion of the linkers. The torsional motion of linkers in 1 TT is attributable to weakened metal-ligand bonding in the Fc due to hybridization of the hole level of Pc to Fc in 1 TT unpaired orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hayasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Okamoto
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ramsha Khan
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Complex Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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7
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Gilligan AT, Owens R, Miller EG, Pompetti NF, Damrauer NH. Enhancing NIR-to-visible upconversion in a rigidly coupled tetracene dimer: approaching statistical limits for triplet-triplet annihilation using intramolecular multiexciton states. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1283-1296. [PMID: 38274080 PMCID: PMC10806848 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Important applications of photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation require conversion of near-IR photons to visible light. Generally, however, efficiencies in this spectral region lag behind bluer analogues. Herein we consider potential benefits from a conformationally well-defined covalent dimer annihilator TIPS-BTX in studies that systematically compare function to a related monomer model TIPS-tetracene (TIPS-Tc). TIPS-BTX exhibits weak electronic coupling between chromophores juxtaposed about a polycyclic bridge. We report an upconversion yield ϕUC for TIPS-BTX that is more than 20× larger than TIPS-Tc under comparable conditions (0.16%). While the dimer ϕUC is low compared to bluer champion systems, this yield is amongst the largest so-far reported for a tetracenic dimer system and is achieved under unoptimized conditions suggesting a significantly higher ceiling. Further investigation shows the ϕUC enhancement for the dimer is due exclusively to the TTA process with an effective yield more that 30× larger for TIPS-BTX compared to TIPS-Tc. The ϕTTA enhancement for TIPS-BTX relative to TIPS-Tc is indicative of participation by intramolecular multiexciton states with evidence presented in spin statistical arguments that the 5TT is involved in productive channels. For TIPS-BTX we report a spin-statistical factor f = 0.42 that matches or exceeds values found in champion annihilator systems such as DPA. At the same time, the poor relative efficiency of TIPS-Tc suggests involvement of non-productive bimolecular channels and excimeric states are suspected. Broadly these studies indicate that funneling of photogenerated electronic states into productive pathways, and avoiding parasitic ones, remains central to the development of champion upconversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Gilligan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Raythe Owens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Ethan G Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Nicholas F Pompetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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8
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Yamauchi A, Tanaka K, Fuki M, Fujiwara S, Kimizuka N, Ryu T, Saigo M, Onda K, Kusumoto R, Ueno N, Sato H, Kobori Y, Miyata K, Yanai N. Room-temperature quantum coherence of entangled multiexcitons in a metal-organic framework. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi3147. [PMID: 38170775 PMCID: PMC10775993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission can generate an exchange-coupled quintet triplet pair state 5TT, which could lead to the realization of quantum computing and quantum sensing using entangled multiple qubits even at room temperature. However, the observation of the quantum coherence of 5TT has been limited to cryogenic temperatures, and the fundamental question is what kind of material design will enable its room-temperature quantum coherence. Here, we show that the quantum coherence of singlet fission-derived 5TT in a chromophore-integrated metal-organic framework can be over hundred nanoseconds at room temperature. The suppressed motion of the chromophores in ordered domains within the metal-organic framework leads to the enough fluctuation of the exchange interaction necessary for 5TT generation but, at the same time, does not cause severe 5TT decoherence. Furthermore, the phase and amplitude of quantum beating depend on the molecular motion, opening the way to room-temperature molecular quantum computing based on multiple quantum gate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Saiya Fujiwara
- RIKEN, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaki Saigo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryota Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nami Ueno
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Harumi Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyata
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- FOREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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9
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Reid OG, Johnson JC, Eaves JD, Damrauer NH, Anthony JE. Molecular Control of Triplet-Pair Spin Polarization and Its Optoelectronic Magnetic Resonance Probes. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:59-69. [PMID: 38103045 PMCID: PMC10765369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusPreparing and manipulating pure magnetic states in molecular systems are the key initial requirements for harnessing the power of synthetic chemistry to drive practical quantum sensing and computing technologies. One route for achieving the requisite higher spin states in organic systems exploits the phenomenon of singlet fission, which produces pairs of triplet excited states from initially photoexcited singlets in molecular assemblies with multiple chromophores. The resulting spin states are characterized by total spin (quintet, triplet, or singlet) and its projection onto a specified molecular or magnetic field axis. These excited states are typically highly polarized but exhibit an impure spin population pattern. Herein, we report the prediction and experimental verification of molecular design rules that drive the population of a single pure magnetic state and describe the progress toward its experimental realization.A vital feature of this work is the close partnership among theory, chemical synthesis, and spectroscopy. We begin by presenting our theoretical framework for understanding spin manifold interconversion in singlet fission systems. This theory makes specific testable predictions about the intermolecular structure and orientation relative to an external magnetic field that should lead to pure magnetic state preparation and provides a powerful tool for interpreting magnetic spectra. We then test these predictions through detailed magnetic spectroscopy experiments on a series of new molecular architectures that meet one or more of the identified structural criteria. Many of these architectures rely on the synthesis of molecules with features unique to this effort: rigid bridges between chromophores in dimers, heteroacenes with tailored singlet/triplet-pair energy level matching, or side-group engineering to produce specific crystal structures. The spin evolution of these systems is revealed through our application and development of several magnetic resonance methods, each of which has different sensitivities and relevance in environments relevant to quantum applications.Our theoretical predictions prove to be remarkably consistent with our experimental results, though experimentally meeting all the structural prescriptions demanded by theory for true pure-state preparation remains a challenge. Our magnetic spectra agree with our model of triplet-pair behavior, including funneling of the population to the ms = 0 magnetic sublevel of the quintet under specified conditions in dimers and crystals, showing that this phenomenon is subject to control through molecular design. Moreover, our demonstration of novel and/or highly sensitive detection mechanisms of spin states in singlet fission systems, including photoluminescence (PL), photoinduced absorption (PA), and magnetoconductance (MC), points the way toward both a deeper understanding of how these systems evolve and technologically feasible routes toward experiments at the single-molecule quantum limit that are desirable for computational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obadiah G. Reid
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel D. Eaves
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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10
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Lin LC, Smith T, Ai Q, Rugg BK, Risko C, Anthony JE, Damrauer NH, Johnson JC. Multiexciton quintet state populations in a rigid pyrene-bridged parallel tetracene dimer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11554-11565. [PMID: 37886089 PMCID: PMC10599476 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiexciton quintet state, 5TT, generated as a singlet fission intermediate in pairs of molecular chromophores, is a promising candidate as a qubit or qudit in future quantum information science schemes. In this work, we synthesize a pyrene-bridged parallel tetracene dimer, TPT, with an optimized interchromophore coupling strength to prevent the dissociation of 5TT to two decorrelated triplet (T1) states, which would contaminate the spin-state mixture. Long-lived and strongly spin-polarized pure 5TT state population is observed via transient absorption spectroscopy and transient/pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its lifetime is estimated to be >35 µs, with the dephasing time (T2) for the 5TT-based qubit measured to be 726 ns at 10 K. Direct relaxation from 1TT to the ground state does diminish the overall excited state population, but the exclusive 5TT population at large enough persistent density for pulsed echo determination of spin coherence time is consistent with recent theoretical models that predict such behavior for strict parallel chromophore alignment and large exchange coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Tanner Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Brandon K Rugg
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
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11
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Miller EG, Singh M, Parkin S, Sammakia T, Damrauer NH. Preparation of a Rigid and Nearly Coplanar Bis-tetracene Dimer through an Application of the CANAL Reaction. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12251-12256. [PMID: 37607040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A rigid tetracene dimer with a substantial interchromophore distance has been prepared through an application of the recently developed catalytic arene-norbornene annulation (CANAL) reaction. An iterative cycloaddition route was found to be unsuccessful, so a shorter route was adopted whereby fragments were coupled in the penultimate step to form a 13:1 mixture of two diastereomers, the major of which was isolated and crystallized. Constituent tetracene moieties are linked with a rigid, well-defined bridge and feature a near-co-planar mutual orientation of the acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Madhu Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Tarek Sammakia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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12
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Dill RD, Joshi G, Thorley KJ, Anthony JE, Fluegel B, Johnson JC, Reid OG. Near-Infrared Absorption Features of Triplet-Pair States Assigned by Photoinduced-Absorption-Detected Magnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2387-2394. [PMID: 36848633 PMCID: PMC10009807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission proceeds through a manifold of triplet-pair states that are exceedingly difficult to distinguish spectroscopically. Here, we introduce a new implementation of photoinduced-absorption-detected magnetic resonance (PADMR) and use it to understand the excited-state absorption spectrum of a tri-2-pentylsilylethynyl pentadithiophene (TSPS-PDT) film. These experiments allow us to directly correlate magnetic transitions driven by RF with electronic transitions in the visible and near-infrared spectrum with high sensitivity. We find that the new near-infrared excited-state transitions that arise in thin films of TSPS-PDT are correlated with the magnetic transitions of T1, not 5TT. Thus, we assign these features to the excited-state absorption of 1TT, which is depleted when T1 states are driven to a spin configuration that forbids subsequent fusion. These results clarify the disputed origin of triplet-associated near-infrared absorption features in singlet-fission materials and demonstrate an incisive general purpose tool for studying the evolution of high-spin excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Dill
- University
of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gajadhar Joshi
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- University
of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- University
of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Brian Fluegel
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Obadiah G. Reid
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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